Editing Blacklisting

{{Short description|Practice of prohibiting people or entities}}
{{Other uses|Blacklist (disambiguation)}}
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'''Blacklisting''' is the action of a group or authority compiling a '''blacklist''' of people, countries or other entities to be avoided or distrusted as being deemed unacceptable to those making the [[list]]; if people are on a blacklist, then they are considered to have done something wrong, or they are considered to be untrustworthy. As a [[verb]], blacklist can mean to put an individual or entity on such a list.<ref name="Collins English Dictionary 2017">{{cite web | title=Blacklist definition and meaning | website=Collins English Dictionary | date=7 March 2017 | url=https://www.collinsdictionary.com/dictionary/english/blacklist | access-date=7 March 2017}}</ref> A blacklist is synonymous with a list of banned persons or organisations, and is the opposite of a [[whitelist]].

== Origins of the term ==
The English dramatist [[Philip Massinger]] used the phrase "black list" in his 1639 tragedy ''[[The Unnatural Combat]]''.<ref name="Chadjtlington2005">{{cite book|author=Peter Chadlington|title=The Real McCoy: Understanding Peculiar English|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KzEjAQAAIAAJ|year=2005|publisher=Icon|isbn=978-1-84046-684-3|page=43}}<br>{{cite book|author=Philip Massinger|title=Dramatic Works: A new way to pay old debts. The great Duke of Florence. The unnatural combat. The bashful lover|year=1761|url=https://archive.org/details/dramaticworksofp03massuoft/page/194/mode/2up|publisher=T. Davies|page=[https://archive.org/details/dramaticworksofp02massiala/page/194 194]|quotation=Might write me down in the black List of those That have nor Fire, nor Spirit of their own}}</ref>

After the [[Stuart Restoration|restoration of the English monarchy]] brought [[Charles II of England]] to the throne in 1660, a [[List of regicides of Charles I|list of regicides]] named those to be punished for the [[Execution of Charles I|execution of his father]].<ref name="McFedries2008">{{cite book|author=Paul McFedries|title=The Complete Idiot's Guide to Weird Word Origins|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-macyDTIfaMC&pg=PA14|date=August 5, 2008|publisher=DK Publishing|isbn=978-1-101-21718-4|page=14}}</ref> The state papers of Charles II say "If any innocent soul be found in this black list, let him not be offended at me, but consider whether some mistaken principle or interest may not have misled him to vote".<ref name="Office1968">{{cite book|author=Great Britain. Public Record Office|title=Calendar of state papers, domestic series, of the reign of Charles II: preserved in the state paper department of Her Majesty's Public Record Office|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VPNVAAAAYAAJ|year=1968|publisher=Longman, Green, Longman & Roberts}}</ref> In a 1676 history of the events leading up to the Restoration, [[James Heath (historian)|James Heath]] (a supporter of Charles II) alleged that [[Parliament of England|Parliament]] had passed an Act requiring the sale of estates, "And into this black list the [[James Stanley, 7th Earl of Derby|Earl of Derby]] was now put, and other unfortunate [[Cavalier|Royalists]]".<ref name="HeathPhillips1676">{{cite book|author1=James Heath|author2=John Phillips|title=A Chronicle of the Late Intestine War in the Three Kingdoms of England, Scotland and Ireland: With the Intervening Affairs of Treaties, and Other Occurrences Relating Thereunto. As Also the Several Usurpations, Forreign Wars, Differences and Interests Depending Upon It, to the Happy Restitution of Our Sacred Soveraign K. Charles II. In Four Parts, Viz. The Commons War, Democracie, Protectorate, Restitution|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rrTDBmQ0at4C|year=1676|publisher=J. C.}}</ref>

[[Edward Gibbon]] wrote in ''[[The History of the Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire]]'' (1776) of [[Andronikos I Komnenos|Andronicus]] that "His memory was stored with a black list of the enemies and rivals, who had traduced his merit, opposed his greatness, or insulted his misfortunes".<ref>{{Cite book |url=http://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/25717 |title=The History of the Decline and Fall of the Roman EmpireTable of Contents with links in the HTML file to the two Project Gutenberg editions (12 volumes) |last1=Gibbon |first1=Edward |last2=Milman |first2=Henry Hart |date=2008-06-07 |editor-last=Widger |editor-first=David |volume=VIII |language=en}}</ref>

== History ==

=== Employment ===
{{Main|Blacklist (employment)}}
The first published reference to [[Blacklist (employment)|blacklisting of an employee]] dates from 1774. This became a significant employment issue in American [[Mining community|mining towns]] and [[company town]]s, where blacklisting could mean a complete loss of livelihood for workers who went on strike.<ref name="Weir2013">{{cite book|author=Robert E. Weir|title=Workers in America: A Historical Encyclopedia|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Feb0w1622soC&pg=PA71|year=2013|publisher=ABC-CLIO|isbn=978-1-59884-718-5|pages=71–72}}</ref> The 1901 Report of the [[Industrial Commission]] stated "There was no doubt in the minds of workingmen of the existence of the blacklisting system, though it was practically impossible to obtain evidence of it." It cited a news report that in 1895 a former [[Conductor (rail)|conductor]] on the [[Atlantic and Pacific Railroad]] committed suicide, having been out of work ever since a strike: "Wherever he went, the blacklist was ahead of him".<ref name="CommissionMeyer1901">{{cite book|author1=United States Industrial Commission|author2=Balthasar Henry Meyer|author3=Roswell Cheney McCrea|title=Report of the Industrial Commission on Transportation, including testimony, review and topical digest of evidence, and special reports on railway legislation|url=https://archive.org/details/reportindustria00mccrgoog|year=1901|publisher=U.S. Government Printing Office}}</ref>

Though the [[National Labor Relations Act]] of 1935 outlawed punitive blacklists against employees who supported [[trade union]]s or criticised their employers, the practice continued in common use. The [[Labor Management Relations Act of 1947|Taft-Hartley Act]] of 1947 made amendments which sustained blacklisting by affirming the right of employers to be [[Union busting|anti-union]], and by requiring [[trade union]] leaders to make [[loyalty oath]]s which had the same effect as the [[Hollywood blacklist]]. Since then, lawsuits for [[unfair dismissal]] have led to blacklisting being covert or informal, but it remains common.<ref name="Weir2013" />

In 1981 following the [[Professional Air Traffic Controllers Organization (1968)|PATCO]] workers' refusal to return to work, the Reagan administration fired the 11,345 striking air traffic controllers who had ignored the order,<ref>{{cite news |last=Early |first=Steve |date=July 31, 2006 |title=An old lesson still holds for unions |url=http://www.boston.com/news/globe/editorial_opinion/oped/articles/2006/07/31/an_old_lesson_still_holds_for_unions/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080512043055/https://www.boston.com/news/globe/editorial_opinion/oped/articles/2006/07/31/an_old_lesson_still_holds_for_unions/ |archive-date=2008-05-12 |access-date=August 15, 2007 |work=[[The Boston Globe]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite magazine |url = http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,962487,00.html |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20070903094708/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,962487,00.html |url-status = dead |archive-date = September 3, 2007 |title = Unhappy Again |magazine = [[Time (magazine)|Time]] |date = October 6, 1986 |access-date = August 15, 2007 }}</ref> and banned them from federal service for life.

==== Hollywood blacklist ====
{{Main|Hollywood blacklist}}
The [[Hollywood blacklist]] was an entertainment industry blacklist instituted in 1947 to block [[screenwriter]]s and other Hollywood professionals who were purported to have [[Communism|Communist]] sympathies from obtaining employment. It started by listing 151 entertainment industry professionals and lasted until 1960 when it was effectively broken by the acknowledgement that blacklisted professionals had been working under assumed names for many years.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Wilkerson |first=William |author-link=William Wilkerson |date=1946-07-29 |title=A Vote For Joe Stalin |page=1 |periodical=The Hollywood Reporter}}</ref><ref name="Baum">{{cite news |last=Baum |first=Gary |author2=Daniel Miller |date=November 19, 2012 |title=Blacklist: THR Addresses Role After 65 Years |work=Hollywood Reporter |url=http://www.hollywoodreporter.com/news/blacklist-thr-addresses-role-65-391931 |access-date=20 November 2012}}</ref>

=== Spanish Civil War and communists blacklisted ===
At least one volunteer ([[George Drever]]) in the [[International Brigades]] who went to [[Spain]] to fight [[Francoist Spain|Franco]]'s fascists and who was also well known in the [[Communist Party of Great Britain|British Communist Party]] in the 1930s was informed by the police [[Special Branch (Metropolitan Police)|Special Branch]] that his failure to progress in military or career was due to his volunteering in this cause and his beliefs.<ref>Gray, Daniel (2013). ''Homage to Caledonia: Scotland and the Spanish Civil War'' ([International version] ed.). New York: Luath Press Ltd. pp.68, 267.</ref>

=== World Wars I and II ===
During [[World War I]], the British government adopted a "blacklist" based on an [[Order in Council]] of 23 December 1915, prohibiting British subjects from trade with specified firms and individuals in neutral countries; the lists were published in the ''[[The London Gazette|London Gazette]]''.<ref>[[wikisource:The Encyclopedia Americana (1920)/Blacklist, The|The Encyclopedia Americana (1920), Blacklist]]</ref>

In the summer of 1940, the [[Schutzstaffel|SS]] printed a secret list{{of what|date=October 2023}} called ''[[The Black Book (list)|Sonderfahndungsliste G.B.]]'' ("Special Search List [[Great Britain]]") as part of [[Nazi Germany]]'s preparations for invasion code-named [[Operation Sea Lion]] – when this booklet was found after the war, it was commonly called the [[The Black Book (list)|Black Book]] and described as a blacklist.<ref name="GoodenLewis2014">{{cite book |author1 = Philip Gooden |author2 = Peter Lewis |title = The Word at War: World War Two in 100 Phrases |url = https://books.google.com/books?id=TwlpBAAAQBAJ&pg=PT22 |date = September 25, 2014 |publisher = Bloomsbury Publishing |isbn = 978-1-4729-0490-4 |page = 22 }}</ref>

=== Medical context ===
{{See also|Patient abuse}}
In 1907, the Transvaal Medical Union in South Africa blacklisted patients if they could not pay cash in advance.<ref name="Deacon">{{cite book | title = The Cape Doctor in the Nineteenth Century: A Social History (Clio Medica, 74) | editor-first=Harriet |editor-last=Deacon | editor2-first=Howard | editor2-last= Phillips | editor3-first=Elizabeth | editor3-last=van Heyningen | publisher = Editions Rodipi B.V. | year = 2004 | isbn=9042010649 }}</ref> There was a physical list kept by the community of [[physician]]s.

=== 2004 Venezuelan recall referendum ===
{{Main|Tascón List}}
After the [[2004 Venezuelan recall referendum]], ruling party deputy [[Luis Tascón]] published on his website a database of more than 2,400,000 Venezuelans who had signed the petition to recall President [[Hugo Chávez]], together with their national identity card numbers (''cédula'').<ref>{{Citation |title=Tascón: Comenzó fotocopiado de planillas de la oposición |url=http://buscador.eluniversal.com/2004/01/31/pol_ava_31A430433.shtml |journal=El Universal |year=2004 |surname1= |given1=}}</ref><ref name="jefevendio">''El Universal'', 21 April 2005, [http://www.eluniversal.com/2005/04/21/pol_ava_21A553215.shtml Tascón: Alto jefe de Súmate vendió la lista por miles de dólares]</ref> The list "made [[sectarianism]] official", and Venezuelans who signed against Chávez were denied jobs, benefits, and documents, and often subjected to harassment.<ref name="p100">{{cite book |last1=Carroll |first1=Rory |url=https://archive.org/details/comandantemythre0000carr/page/100 |title=Comandante : myth and reality in Hugo Chávez's Venezuela |date=2013 |publisher=New York |isbn=9781594204579 |location=Penguin Press |pages=[https://archive.org/details/comandantemythre0000carr/page/100 100–104] |url-access=registration}}</ref> Once the list was posted, Chávez, on a ''[[Venezolana de Televisión]]'' broadcast, encouraged use of the website to "verify illicit use of national identity cards". Roger Capella, Minister of Health declared that "those who signed against President Chávez would be fired because they are committing an act of terrorism".<ref>''El Universal'', 21 March 2004, {{in lang|es}} [http://www.eluniversal.com/2004/03/21/pol_art_21108A.shtml "Firmar contra Chávez es un acto de terrorismo"]</ref> There was a public outcry, in particular by the organization [[Súmate]], and because of reports that people who worked for the government were fired, denied work, or denied issuance of official documents because of their appearance on the list.<ref>[https://www.bloomberg.com/apps/news?pid=newsarchive&sid=abASlsAyXgoE&refer=latin_america-redirectoldpage Chavez's Blacklist of Venezuelan Opposition Intimidates Voters]</ref><ref>{{cite web |last=Malinarich |first=Nathalie |date=27 November 2006 |title=Venezuela: A nation divided |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/americas/6179612.stm |accessdate=10 January 2010 |publisher=[[BBC News]]}}</ref> In July 2004, access to the database under management of [[Mission Florentino|Comando Maisanta]] was granted to members of the "Batallones Bolivarianos de Internet (BBI)" (Internet Bolivarian Battalions), which previously had to register on Tascón's website to gain access under the strict requisite that they had not signed the petition for the referendum.<ref>{{Citation |title=Diputado Tascón inició registro de Batallones Bolivarianos por Internet |url=http://www.rnv.gov.ve/noticias/index.php?act=ST&f=2&t=6565 |journal=Gobierno Bolivariano de Venezuela-Radio Nacional de Venezuela |df=dmy-all |year=2004 |url-status=dead |surname1=Morales Flores |given1=Miyeilis |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070930155553/http://www.rnv.gov.ve/noticias/index.php?act=ST&f=2&t=6565 |archivedate=30 September 2007}}</ref>

== Computing ==
[[File:Blacklist-irc.jpg|thumb|right|400px|Blacklisting in [[online chat]] ([[IRC]])]]
<!-- This section is linked from [[DEFLATE]] [[IP address]] [[Windows 2000]] [[Proxy server]] and probably many others -->
{{Main|Blacklist (computing)}}
In computing, a blacklist is an [[access control]] system that denies entry to a specific list (or a defined range) of users, programs, or network addresses.

== See also ==
{{columns-list|colwidth=30em|* [[Affaire Des Fiches]]
* [[Blackballing]]
* [[Blacklisting (Soviet policy)]]
* [[Black Book (gaming)]]
* [[Book censorship]]
* [[Cancel culture]]
* [[Closure (sociology)]]
* [[Debarment]]
* [[Deplatforming]]
* [[Involuntary unemployment]]
* [[List of books banned by governments]]
* [[Ostracon]]
* [[Opt-out]]
* [[Media transparency]]
* [[Persona non grata]]
* [[Redlining]]
* [[Social exclusion]]
* [[Social rejection]]
* [[Social undermining]]
* [[Whitelisting]]
}}

== References ==
{{Reflist|2}}

== Further reading ==
{{Wiktionary|blacklist}}
{{Americana Poster|Blacklisting}}
* {{Cite book | first = James J. | last = Lorence | title = The Suppression of Salt of the Earth: How Hollywood, Big Labor, and Politicians Blacklisted a Movie in Cold War America | publisher = University of New Mexico Press | year = 1999 | isbn = 0-8263-2027-9 }}

{{Conformity}}
{{Authority control}}

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