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The term "brainwashing" was first used in English by [[Edward Hunter (U.S. journalist)|Edward Hunter]] in 1950 to describe how the [[Chinese government]] appeared to make people cooperate with them during the [[Korean War]]. Research into the concept also looked at [[Nazi Germany]] and present-day [[North Korea]], at some criminal cases in the United States, and at the actions of [[Human trafficking|human traffickers]].
In the late 1960s and 1970s, the CIA's [[MKUltra]] experiments failed with no operational use of the subjects.
Brainwashing has become a common theme in popular culture, especially in [[science fiction]].<ref>{{cite book|author=O'Brien, Terry|title=The Greenwood Encyclopedia of Science Fiction and Fantasy: Themes, Works, and Wonders|publisher=Greenwood Publishing Group|year=2005|editor=Westfahl, Gary|volume=1}} {{ISBN?}}</ref> In casual speech, "brainwashing" and its verb form, "brainwash", are used [[Literal and figurative language|figuratively]] to describe the use of [[propaganda]] to sway [[public opinion]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/brainwash|title=Brainwash Definition & Meaning|date=22 July 2023|publisher=Merriam-Webster Dictionary|access-date=23 November 2022|archive-date=23 November 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221123204547/https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/brainwash|url-status=live}}</ref>
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