Brooklyn: Difference between revisions

{{Short description|Borough ofand county in New York, United CityStates}}

{{Use mdy dates|date=OctoberMay 20232024}}

<!-- Basic info -->| name = Brooklyn

| perrow = 1/2/2/13

| caption2 = [[Brooklyn Bridge|Brooklyn Bridge]]

| caption3 = [[Coney Island|Coney Island]]

| caption4 = [[Brooklyn Museum|Brooklyn Museum]]

| image_flagimage_seal = FlagFile:Seal of Brooklyn, New York.svg

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| image_map = {{Maplink|frame=yes|plain=yes|frame-width=300|frame-align=center|type=shape|fill=#ffffff|fill-opacity=0|stroke-width=3|title=Brooklyn}}

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| map_caption = Interactive map outlining Brooklyn

| image_map1pushpin_map = Map of = New York highlightingCity#New Kings County.svgYork#USA#Earth

<!-- Location -->| subdivision_type = Country

| subdivision_name = {{flag|United States}}

| subdivision_name1subdivision_type1 = [[NewU.S. York (state)|New YorkState]]

| subdivision_type2subdivision_name1 = [[List of counties in New York (state)|CountyNew York]]

| subdivision_name2 = Kings (coterminous)

| subdivision_name3subdivision_type3 = [[List of cities in New York (state)|City]]

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<!-- PoliticsArea -->| area_total_sq_mi = 97

<!-- Population -->| population_as_of = [[2020 United States census|2020]]

| population_blank1 = Brooklynite<ref>Moynihan, Colin. [https://www.nytimes.com/1999/09/19/nyregion/fyi-530409.html "F.Y.I."], ''[[The New York Times]]'', September 19, 1999. Accessed December 17, 2019. "There are well-known names for inhabitants of four boroughs: Manhattanites, Brooklynites, Bronxites, and Staten Islanders. But what are residents of Queens called?"</ref>

<!-- GDP ----------->| demographics_type2 = GDP

<!-- General information -->| coordinates = {{coord|40|41|34|N|73|59|25|W|region:US-NYC|display=inline,title}}

| postal_code_type = [[ZIP Code]] prefix

| postal_code = 112

| area_codes = [[Area codes 718, 347, and 929|718/347/929]], [[Area code 917|917]]

| blank_name_sec2 = Congressional districts

| blank_info_sec2 = [[New York's 7th congressional district|7th]], [[New York's 8th congressional district|8th]], [[New York's 9th congressional district|9th]], [[New York's 10th congressional district|10th]], [[New York's 11th congressional district|11th]]

| website = {{URL|httphttps://www.brooklyn-usabrooklynbp.org/nyc.gov|brooklynbp.nyc.gov}}

| flag_link = Flags of New York City

Brooklyn was founded by [[New Netherland|the Dutch]] in the 17th{{nbsp}}century and grew into a busy port city by the 19th{{nbsp}}century. On January{{nbsp}}1, 1898, after a long political campaign and public-relations battle during the 1890s and despite opposition from Brooklyn residents, [[City of Greater New York|Brooklyn was consolidated in and annexed]] (along with other areas) to form the current five-borough structure of New York City in accordance to the new municipal charter of "[[City of Greater New York|Greater New York]]".<ref>[https://archaeology.cityofnewyork.us/collection/nyc-timeline/consolidation-of-the-five-borough-city Consolidation of the Five-Borough City: 1898], [[New York City Landmarks Preservation Commission]]. Accessed January 18, 2024. "On January 1, 1898, the separate jurisdictions of New York (Manhattan), Brooklyn, the Bronx, Queens, and Staten Island joined together to form a single metropolis: the City of Greater New York..... Resistance was strongest among residents of Brooklyn, who did not want to see their city’s independent identity smothered by New York and their Republican government swamped by the huge numbers of Democrats in Manhattan. The question was put to a public referendum and in the end, the Greater New York movement won by a razor thin margin – 64,744 votes for consolidation, 64,467 against."</ref> The borough continues to maintain some [[Culture of Brooklyn|distinct culture]]. Many [[List of Brooklyn neighborhoods|Brooklyn neighborhoods]] are [[ethnic enclave]]s. Having a largerWith [[Jews in New York City|Jewish populationJews]] thanforming around a [[Jerusalem]]quarter of its population, the borough has been described as "the most Jewish spot on Earth", with Jews forming around a quarter of its population.<ref name=PopRel>{{cite web|url=https://jerusaleminstitute.org.il/wp-content/uploads/2022/05/shnaton_C0922.pdf|title=Table III/9 - Population in Israel and in Jerusalem, by Religion, 1988 - 2020|year=2022|website=Jerusalem Institute for Policy Research |access-date=December 27, 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Danailova |first1=Hilary |title=Brooklyn, the Most Jewish Spot on Earth |url=https://www.hadassahmagazine.org/2018/01/11/brooklyn-jewish-spot-earth/ |publisher=[[Hadassah Magazine]] |date=January 2018}}</ref> Brooklyn's official motto, displayed on the borough seal and [[Flags of New York City's boroughs#Brooklyn|flag]], is {{lang|nl|Eendraght Maeckt Maght}}, which translates from early modern [[Dutch language|Dutch]] as '[[Unity makes strength]]'.<ref>Sherman, John. [https://www.bkmag.com/2014/08/06/why-is-brooklyns-flag-so-lame/ "Why Is Brooklyn's Flag So Lame?"], ''[[Brooklyn Magazine]]'', August 6, 2014. Accessed January 18, 2024. "If you aren’t familiar, Brooklyn has a flag. And it’s a bummer. It’s plain white, first of all, with a sort of wonky blue oval shape at the center. Inside the oval is a bored-looking woman in a yellow robe, carrying a fasces, a symbol of unity. The oval is ringed with a motto, in Dutch, Een Draght Maekt Maght ('Unity Makes Strength'), and the words Borough of Brooklyn."</ref>

In the first decades of the 21st{{nbsp}}century, Brooklyn has experienced a renaissance as a destination for [[hipster (contemporary subculture)|hipsters]],<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2013/05/02/fashion/williamsburg.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130502021525/http://www.nytimes.com/2013/05/02/fashion/williamsburg.html |archive-date=May 2, 2013 |url-access=subscription |url-status=live|title=How I Became a Hipster|author=Henry Alford|newspaper=The New York Times|date=May 1, 2013|access-date=March 30, 2016}}</ref> with concomitant [[gentrification]], dramatic house-price increases, and a decrease in housing affordability.<ref>{{cite news|title=Brooklyn Home Prices Jump 18% to Record as Buyers Compete|author=Oshrat Carmiel|newspaper=Bloomberg.com|publisher=Bloomberg, L.P|date=April 9, 2015|url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2015-04-09/brooklyn-home-prices-jump-18-to-record-as-buyers-compete|access-date=July 27, 2020}}</ref> Some new developments are required to include affordable housing units.<ref>{{CitationCite web needed|title=Mandatory Inclusionary Housing- DCP |url=https://www.nyc.gov/site/planning/plans/mih/mandatory-inclusionary-housing.page |access-date=July2024-05-21 2023|website=www.nyc.gov}}</ref> Since the 2010s, parts of Brooklyn have evolved into a hub of entrepreneurship, high-technology [[startup company|startup firms]],<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.cbinsights.com/blog/brooklyn-hot-startup-list-investments/|title=19 Reasons Why Brooklyn Is New York's New Start-Up Hotspot|publisher=CB Insights|date=October 19, 2015|access-date=March 30, 2016}}</ref><ref name=BrooklynDesignHub/> [[postmodern art]],<ref name=BrooklynArt1>{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2016/04/29/t-magazine/art/dustin-yellin-vr-google-tilt-brush-art.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160430133339/http://www.nytimes.com/2016/04/29/t-magazine/art/dustin-yellin-vr-google-tilt-brush-art.html |archive-date=April 30, 2016 |url-access=subscription |url-status=live|title=One Celebrated Brooklyn Artist's Futuristic New Practice|author=Alexandria Symonds|newspaper=The New York Times|date=April 29, 2016|access-date=April 29, 2016}}</ref> and design.<ref name=BrooklynDesignHub>{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2016/05/01/fashion/brooklyn-wearables-revolution.html|title=Brooklyn's Wearable Revolution|author=Vanessa Friedman|newspaper=The New York Times|date=April 30, 2016|access-date=April 30, 2016}}</ref>

*[[Brooklyn Heights, Brooklyn|Brooklyn Heights]]: chartered as ''Breuckelen'' in 1646, after the town now spelled [[Breukelen]], [[Netherlands]]. Breuckelen was along Fulton Street (now Fulton Mall) between Hoyt Street and Smith Street (according to H. Stiles and P. Ross). Brooklyn Heights, or Clover Hill, is where the village of Brooklyn was founded in 1816;

Brooklyn is referred to as the twin city of New York in the 1883 poem, "[[The New Colossus]]" by [[Emma Lazarus]], which appears on a plaque inside the [[Statue of Liberty]]. The poem calls New York Harbor "the air-bridged harbor that twin cities frame". As a twin city to New York, it played a role in national affairs that was later overshadowed by decades of subordination by its old partner and rival.

Toward the end of the 19th century, the City of Brooklyn experienced its final, explosive growth spurt. Park Slope was rapidly urbanized, with its eastern summit soon emerging as the city's third "Gold Coast" district alongside Brooklyn Heights and The Hill; notable residents of the era included [[American Chicle Company]] co-founder Thomas Adams, Jr. and [[New York Central Railroad]] executive Clinton L. Rossiter. East of The Hill, [[Bedford-Stuyvesant, Brooklyn|Bedford-Stuyvesant]] coalesced as an upper middle class enclave for lawyers, shopkeepers, and merchants of German and Irish descent (notably exemplified by John C. Kelley, a water meter magnate and close friend of President [[Grover Cleveland]]), with nearby [[Crown Heights, Brooklyn|Crown Heights]] gradually fulfilling an analogous role for the city's Jewish population as development continued through the early 20th century. Northeast of Bedford-Stuyvesant, Bushwick (by now a working class, predominantly German district) established a considerable [[brewery]] industry; the so-called "Brewer's Row" encompassed 14 breweries operating in a 14-block area in 1890. On the southwestern waterfront of Kings County, railroads and industrialization spread to [[Sunset Park, Brooklyn|Sunset Park]] (then coterminous with the city's sprawling, sparsely populated Eighth Ward) and adjacent [[Bay Ridge, Brooklyn|Bay Ridge]] (hitherto a resort-like subsection of the Town of [[New Utrecht]]). Within a decade, the city had annexed the Town of [[New Lots, Brooklyn|New Lots]] in 1886; the Towns of [[Flatbush, Brooklyn|Flatbush]], [[Gravesend, Brooklyn|Gravesend]] and New Utrecht in 1894; and the Town of [[Flatlands, Brooklyn|Flatlands]] in 1896. Brooklyn had reached its natural municipal boundaries at the ends of Kings County.

The borough attracts people previously living in other cities in the United States. Of these, most come from [[Chicago]], [[Detroit]], [[San Francisco]], [[Washington, D.C.]], [[Baltimore]], [[Philadelphia]], [[Boston]], [[Cincinnati]], and [[Seattle]].<ref>[http://www.encyclopedia.chicagohistory.org/pages/27.html "African Americans", Encyclopedia of Chicago]. Retrieved March 1, 2008.</ref><ref>Gibson, Campbell (June 1998). [https://www.census.gov/population/www/documentation/twps0027/twps0027.html Population of the 100 Largest Cities and Other Urban Places in the United States: 1790 to 1990], [[United States Census Bureau]]. Retrieved November 19, 2016.</ref><ref>{{cite news |last=Ritter |first=John |url=https://www.usatoday.com/news/nation/2007-08-26-urban-blacks_N.htm |title=San Francisco Hopes to Reverse Black Flight |work=USA Today |date=August 28, 2007 |access-date=October 24, 2010}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2007/09/12/nyregion/12census.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070916082045/http://www.nytimes.com/2007/09/12/nyregion/12census.html |archive-date=September 16, 2007 |url-access=subscription |url-status=live|title=Census Shows More Black Residents Are Leaving New York and Other Cities|date=September 12, 2007|work=The New York Times}}</ref><ref name="US Census Bureau, California, racial breakdown">{{cite web|url=http://quickfacts.census.gov/qfd/states/06000.html |title=State & County QuickFacts: California |publisher=U.S. Census Bureau |access-date=February 11, 2007 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091228054319/http://quickfacts.census.gov/qfd/states/06000.html |archive-date=December 28, 2009 }}</ref><ref>Brooklyn Economic Development Corporation. Comprehensive Economic Development Strategy Report, 2002. [http://www.bedc.org/statistics/domestic_migration.htm www.bedc.org]. {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150201022144/http://www.bedc.org/statistics/domestic_migration.htm |date=February 1, 2015 }}</ref><ref>Muhammad, Nisa Islam. [https://www.finalcall.com/artman/publish/National_News_2/D_C_exodus_sparks_district_renewal_efforts_for_Whi_3633.shtml "D.C. 'exodus' sparks district renewal efforts for Whites"], ''[[The Final Call (newspaper)|The Final Call]]'', June 21, 2007. Retrieved June 25, 2007.</ref>

Given New York City's role as a crossroads for immigration from around the world, Brooklyn has evolved a globally [[cosmopolitanism|cosmopolitan]] ambiance of its own, demonstrating a robust and growing demographic and cultural diversity with respect to metrics including nationality, religion, race, and [[domestic partnership|domiciliary partnership]]. In 2010, 51.6% of the population was counted as members of religious congregations.<ref>This figure may be too small as members of historically African-American denominations were underrepresented due to incomplete information. {{cite web | title = County Membership Report Kings County (New York) | url = http://www.thearda.com/rcms2010/rcms2010A.asp?U=36047&T=county&Y=2010&S=adh | website = The [[Association of Religion Data Archives]] | date = 2010 | access-date = January 1, 2020 | archive-date = July 27, 2020 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20200727044309/http://www.thearda.com/rcms2010/rcms2010A.asp?U=36047&T=county&Y=2010&S=adh | url-status = dead }}</ref> In 2014, there were 914 religious organizations in Brooklyn, the 10th most of all counties in the nation.<ref>{{cite web | title = Social Capital Variables Spreadsheet for 2014 | url = https://aese.psu.edu/nercrd/community/social-capital-resources/social-capital-variables-for-2014/social-capital-variables-spreadsheet-for-2014 | website = PennState College of Agricultural Sciences, Northeast Regional Center for Rural Development | date = December 8, 2017 | access-date = December 30, 2019 | archive-date = December 31, 2019 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20191231001016/https://aese.psu.edu/nercrd/community/social-capital-resources/social-capital-variables-for-2014/social-capital-variables-spreadsheet-for-2014 | url-status = dead }}</ref> Brooklyn contains dozens of distinct neighborhoods representing many of the major culturally identified groups found within New York City. Among the most prominent are listed below:

Over 600,000 [[Jews]], particularly [[Orthodox Judaism|Orthodox]] and [[Hasidic Judaism|Hasidic Jews]], have become concentrated in such historically Jewish areas as [[Borough Park, Brooklyn|Borough Park]], [[Williamsburg, Brooklyn|Williamsburg]], and [[Midwood, Brooklyn|Midwood]], where there are many [[yeshiva]]s, [[synagogue]]s, and [[kosher]] restaurants, as well as a variety of Jewish businesses. Adjacent to Borough Park, the [[Kensington, Brooklyn|Kensington]] area housed a significant population of [[Conservative Judaism|Conservative Jews]] (under the aegis of such nationally prominent midcentury rabbis as [[Jacob Bosniak]] and Abraham Heller)<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1975/03/01/archives/abraham-heller-rabbi-dies-at-76-conservative-led-flatbush-jewish.html |title=Abraham Heller, Rabbi. Dies at 76 |work=The New York Times |date=March 1, 1975 |page=28 |access-date=December 12, 2023}}</ref> when it was still considered to be a subsection of Flatbush; many of their defunct facilities have been repurposed to serve extensions of the Borough Park Hasidic community. Other notable religious Jewish neighborhoods with a longstanding cultural lineage include [[Canarsie, Brooklyn|Canarsie]], [[Sea Gate, Brooklyn|Sea Gate]], and [[Crown Heights, Brooklyn|Crown Heights]], home to the [[Chabad]] world headquarters. Neighborhoods with largely defunct yet historically notable Jewish populations include central Flatbush, East Flatbush, Brownsville, East New York, Bensonhurst and Sheepshead Bay (particularly its Madison subsection). Many hospitals in Brooklyn were started by Jewish charities, including [[Maimonides Medical Center]] in Borough Park and Brookdale Hospital in East Flatbush.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.maimonidesmed.org/Main/Public/WeSpeakYourLanguage.aspx |title=We Speak Your Language |work=maimonidesmed.org |access-date=May 16, 2015 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150518094656/http://www.maimonidesmed.org/Main/Public/WeSpeakYourLanguage.aspx |archive-date=May 18, 2015 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2008/05/11/nyregion/thecity/11hosp.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080511093518/http://www.nytimes.com/2008/05/11/nyregion/thecity/11hosp.html |archive-date=May 11, 2008 |url-access=subscription |url-status=live|title='Scrubs' Near the D Train|date=May 11, 2008|work=The New York Times}}</ref>

In the aftermath of [[World War II]] and subsequent [[urban renewal]] initiatives that decimated longtime Manhattan enclaves (most notably on the [[Upper West Side]]), Puerto Rican migrants began to settle in such waterfront industrial neighborhoods as [[Sunset Park, Brooklyn|Sunset Park]], [[Red Hook, Brooklyn|Red Hook]] and [[Gowanus, Brooklyn|Gowanus]], near the shipyards and factories where they worked. The borough's Hispanic population diversified after the 1965 [[Hart-Cellar Act]] loosened restrictions on immigration from elsewhere in Latin America.

After a 43-year hiatus, professional baseball returned to the borough in 2001 with the [[Brooklyn Cyclones]], a [[minor league baseball|minor league]] team that plays in [[MCU Park]] in [[Coney Island]]. They are an affiliate of the [[New York Mets]].

The minor-league [[New York Cosmos (2010)|New York Cosmos]] soccer club played its home games at MCU Park in 2017.<ref>Elstein, Aaron. [http://www.crainsnewyork.com/article/20170911/NEWS/170919987/soccers-historic-new-york-cosmos-team-faces-possible-extinction-amidst-relegation-threat "Renowned Cosmos soccer team faces possible extinction sport's governing body has moved to relegate the team Pele once played for to a lower division"], ''[[Crain Communications|Crain's New York Business]]'', September 11, 2017. Retrieved September 16, 2017. "In 2009 the NASL was revived, and the Cosmos reappeared soon after. But few attended games at Hofstra University on Long Island, and, after piling up about $30 million in losses, the Cosmos were about to shut down again last year when Commisso rescued the team and moved it to [[Coney Island]]'s [[MCU Park]], the 7,000-seat home of the Brooklyn Cyclones minor-league baseball team."</ref> A new [[Brooklyn FC (USL)|Brooklyn FC]] will begin play in 2024, fielding a women's team in the first-division [[USL Super League]] and a men's team in the second-division [[USL Championship]] beginning in 2025.<ref>{{cite web |title=USL Super League Awards Franchise to Brooklyn for 2024/25 Inaugural Season |url=https://www.uslsuperleague.com/news/2024/02/09/usl-super-league-awards-franchise-to-brooklyn-for-2024-25-inaugural-season/ |website=uslsuperleague.com |publisher=United Soccer League |access-date=13 April 13, 2024 |date=9 February 9, 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Brooklyn FC Moves to USL Championship Ahead of Men’sMen's 2025 Inaugural Season |url=https://www.uslsoccer.com/news_article/show/1303990 |website=uslsoccer.com |publisher=United Soccer League |access-date=13 April 13, 2024 |date=14 March 14, 2024}}</ref>

* [[Anzio|Anzio, Lazio]], [[Italy]] (since 1990)

* [[Huế]], [[Vietnam]]

* [[Gdynia]], [[Poland]] (since 1991)<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.gdynia.pl/eng/european/city/twin/cities/4908_38739.html |title=Gdynia: Twin Cities |publisher=Gdynia.pl |archive-date=January 21, 2016 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160121103655/http://www.gdynia.pl/eng/european/city/twin/cities/4908_38739.html }}</ref>

* [[Beşiktaş|Beşiktaş, Istanbul Province]], [[Turkey]] (since 2005)<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.brooklyn-usa.org/Pages/OIB/OIB_05/may.htm |title=Brooklyn Borough President |publisher=Brooklyn-usa.org |access-date=October 24, 2010 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110525135822/http://www.brooklyn-usa.org/Pages/OIB/OIB_05/may.htm |archive-date=May 25, 2011 }}</ref>

* [[Leopoldstadt|Leopoldstadt, Vienna]], [[Austria]] (since 2007)<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.brooklyn-usa.org/Press/2007/mar05.htm |title=BP ''(Borough Pres.)'' Markowitz joins Vienna deputy mayor to announce new "district partnership" (March&nbsp;05) |publisher=Brooklyn-usa.org |date=March 5, 2007 |access-date=October 24, 2010 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110525135920/http://www.brooklyn-usa.org/Press/2007/mar05.htm |archive-date=May 25, 2011 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.wieninternational.at/de/node/3254 |title=Vienna in New York 2007 |publisher=Wieninternational.at |date=March 15, 2007 |access-date=October 24, 2010 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110706100435/http://www.wieninternational.at/de/node/3254 |archive-date=July 6, 2011 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.wieninternational.at/en/node/4478 |title=Brooklyn in Leopoldstadt |date=July 5, 2007|publisher=Wieninternational.at |access-date=October 24, 2010 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100914015209/http://www.wieninternational.at/en/node/4478 |archive-date=September 14, 2010 }}</ref>

* [[London Borough of Lambeth]], [[United Kingdom]]<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.icfj.org/our-work/beyond-capitals-uk |title=International Center for Journalists |access-date=September 9, 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140910201256/http://www.icfj.org/our-work/beyond-capitals-uk |archive-date=September 10, 2014 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

* [[Bnei Brak]], [[Israel]]<ref>{{cite web| url = http://www.brooklynpaper.com/stories/31/38/31_38_mm_marty_in_israel.html| website= The Brooklyn Paper| date = September 19, 2008|title = Marty is in Israel! Beep says he's there for tourism business, not sightseeing|first = Mike|last= McLaughlin}}</ref>