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There is over 570,100 Jews living in Jerusalem today, more than in Brooklyn. Tags: Mobile edit Mobile web edit Advanced mobile edit |
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{{Short description|Borough
{{About|the borough in New York City}}
{{Use mdy dates|date=
{{Infobox settlement
<!-- Basic info -->| name = Brooklyn
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| image_caption =
| image_flag = Flag of Brooklyn, New York.svg
| flag_size = 110px
| image_seal = File:Seal of Brooklyn, New York.svg
| seal_size = 90px
| image_shield =
| shield_size =
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| leader_title = [[Borough President]]
| leader_name = [[Antonio Reynoso]] ([[Democratic Party (United States)|D]]) <br />— ''(Borough of Brooklyn)''
| leader_title1 = [[Brooklyn District Attorney|District Attorney]]
| leader_name1 = [[Eric Gonzalez (lawyer)|Eric Gonzalez]] (D) <br />— ''(Kings County)''
| established_title = Settled
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| blank_name_sec2 = Congressional districts
| blank_info_sec2 = [[New York's 7th congressional district|7th]], [[New York's 8th congressional district|8th]], [[New York's 9th congressional district|9th]], [[New York's 10th congressional district|10th]], [[New York's 11th congressional district|11th]]
| website = {{URL|
| flag_link = Flags of New York City
| image_map1 = Map of New York highlighting Kings County.svg
| map_caption1 = Brooklyn in New York State
}}
'''Brooklyn''' is a [[Boroughs of New York City|borough]] of [[New York City]]. Located on the westernmost end of [[Long Island]], it is coextensive with '''Kings County''' in the [[U.S. state]] of [[New York (state)|New York]]. With 2,736,074 residents as of the [[2020 United States census]],<ref name="2020CensusMap"/> Kings County is the most populous of the five boroughs of New York City and the most populous [[Administrative divisions of New York (state)#County|county]] in the State of New York.<ref name=Counties2020NYS>[https://www.health.ny.gov/statistics/vital_statistics/2020/table02.htm Table 2: Population, Land Area, and Population Density by County, New York State - 2020], [[New York State Department of Health]]. Accessed January 2, 2024.</ref><ref name="GR1">[http://www2.census.gov/geo/docs/maps-data/data/gazetteer/county_sub_list_36.txt 2010 Gazetteer for New York State], [[United States Census Bureau]]. Accessed September 18, 2016.</ref> The population density of Brooklyn was {{Convert|37,339.9|PD/sqmi}} in 2022, making it the [[County statistics of the United States#Most densely populated|second-most-densely-populated county]] in the United States, behind [[Manhattan]],<ref name=CensusDensity2022>[https://www.census.gov/popclock/embed.php?component=density Highest Density States, Counties and Cities (2022)], [[United States Census Bureau]]. Accessed January 2, 2024.</ref> and it had the ninth-highest population of any county nationwide.<ref name=CensusPopulation2022>[https://www.census.gov/popclock/embed.php?component=populous Most Populaous States, Counties and Cities (2022)], [[United States Census Bureau]]. Accessed January 2, 2024.</ref> Were Brooklyn still an independent city, it would be the [[List of United States cities by population|fourth most populous in the U.S.]] after the rest of [[New York City]], [[Los Angeles]], and [[Chicago]].<ref name=CensusPopulation2022/>
Named after the Dutch town of [[Breukelen]] in the Netherlands, Brooklyn shares a border with the borough of [[Queens]]. It has several bridge and tunnel connections to the borough of Manhattan, across the [[East River]], and is connected to [[Staten Island]] by way of the [[Verrazzano-Narrows Bridge]]. With a land area of {{convert|69.38|sqmi}} and a water area of {{convert|27.48|sqmi}}, Kings County is the state of New York's fourth-smallest county by land area and third smallest by total area.<ref>[https://www2.census.gov/geo/docs/maps-data/data/gazetteer/2020_Gazetteer/2020_gaz_counties_36.txt 2020 Census Gazetteer for New York State], [[United States Census Bureau]]. Accessed January 2, 2024.</ref>
Brooklyn was founded by [[New Netherland|the Dutch]] in the 17th{{nbsp}}century and grew into a busy port city by the 19th{{nbsp}}century. On January{{nbsp}}1, 1898, after a long political campaign and public-relations battle during the 1890s and despite opposition from Brooklyn residents, [[City of Greater New York|Brooklyn was consolidated in and annexed]] (along with other areas) to form the current five-borough structure of New York City in accordance to the new municipal charter of "[[City of Greater New York|Greater New York]]".<ref>[https://archaeology.cityofnewyork.us/collection/nyc-timeline/consolidation-of-the-five-borough-city Consolidation of the Five-Borough City: 1898], [[New York City Landmarks Preservation Commission]]. Accessed January 18, 2024. "On January 1, 1898, the separate jurisdictions of New York (Manhattan), Brooklyn, the Bronx, Queens, and Staten Island joined together to form a single metropolis: the City of Greater New York..... Resistance was strongest among residents of Brooklyn, who did not want to see their city’s independent identity smothered by New York and their Republican government swamped by the huge numbers of Democrats in Manhattan. The question was put to a public referendum and in the end, the Greater New York movement won by a razor thin margin – 64,744 votes for consolidation, 64,467 against."</ref> The borough continues to maintain some [[Culture of Brooklyn|distinct culture]]. Many [[List of Brooklyn neighborhoods|Brooklyn neighborhoods]] are [[ethnic enclave]]s.
In the first decades of the 21st{{nbsp}}century, Brooklyn has experienced a renaissance as a destination for [[hipster (contemporary subculture)|hipsters]],<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2013/05/02/fashion/williamsburg.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130502021525/http://www.nytimes.com/2013/05/02/fashion/williamsburg.html |archive-date=May 2, 2013 |url-access=subscription |url-status=live|title=How I Became a Hipster|author=Henry Alford|newspaper=The New York Times|date=May 1, 2013|access-date=March 30, 2016}}</ref> with concomitant [[gentrification]], dramatic house-price increases, and a decrease in housing affordability.<ref>{{cite news|title=Brooklyn Home Prices Jump 18% to Record as Buyers Compete|author=Oshrat Carmiel|newspaper=Bloomberg.com|publisher=Bloomberg, L.P|date=April 9, 2015|url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2015-04-09/brooklyn-home-prices-jump-18-to-record-as-buyers-compete|access-date=July 27, 2020}}</ref> Some new developments are required to include affordable housing units.<ref>{{
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The [[Dutch Republic|Dutch]] were the first Europeans to settle Long Island's western edge, which was then largely inhabited by the [[Lenape]], an Algonquian-speaking [[Native Americans in the United States|American Indian]] tribe often referred to in European documents by a variation of the place name "[[Canarsie]]". Bands were associated with place names, but the colonists thought their names represented different tribes. The ''Breuckelen'' settlement was named after [[Breukelen]] in the [[Netherlands]]; it was part of [[New Netherland]]. The [[Dutch West India Company]] lost little time in chartering the six original parishes (listed here by their later English town names):<ref>[http://www.bklyn-genealogy-info.com/Town/Bushwick/index.html ''Brooklyn Daily Eagle''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140629011359/http://www.bklyn-genealogy-info.com/Town/Bushwick/index.html |date=June 29, 2014 }}, "Map of six townships"</ref>
*[[Gravesend, Brooklyn|Gravesend]]: in 1645, settled under Dutch patent by English followers of [[Anabaptist]] [[Deborah Moody]], named for [['s-Gravenzande]], Netherlands, or [[Gravesend]], England;
*[[Brooklyn Heights, Brooklyn|Brooklyn Heights]]: chartered as ''Breuckelen'' in 1646, after the town now spelled [[Breukelen]],
*[[Flatlands, Brooklyn|Flatlands]]: chartered as ''Nieuw [[Amersfoort]]'' in 1647;
*[[Flatbush, Brooklyn|Flatbush]]: chartered as ''[[Midwood, Brooklyn|Midwout]]'' in 1652;
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Brooklyn's neighborhoods are dynamic in ethnic composition. For example, the early to mid-20th century, [[Brownsville, Brooklyn|Brownsville]] had a majority of [[Jews in New York City|Jewish]] residents; since the 1970s it has been majority African American. [[Midwood, Brooklyn|Midwood]] during the early 20th century was filled with ethnic [[Irish American|Irish]], then filled with Jewish residents for nearly 50 years, and is slowly becoming a [[Pakistani Americans|Pakistani]] enclave. Brooklyn's most populous racial group, white, declined from 97.2% in 1930 to 46.9% by 1990.<ref name="Gibson2005">Gibson, Campbell; and Jung, Kay. [https://www.census.gov/population/www/documentation/twps0076/twps0076.html "Historical Census Statistics on Population Totals by Race, 1790 to 1990, and by Hispanic Origin, 1970 to 1990, for Large Cities and Other Urban Places in the United States"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120812191959/http://www.census.gov/population/www/documentation/twps0076/twps0076.html |date=August 12, 2012 }}, [[United States Census Bureau]], February 2005. Retrieved November 19, 2016.</ref>
The borough attracts people previously living in other cities in the United States. Of these, most come from [[Chicago]], [[Detroit]], [[San Francisco]], [[Washington, D.C.]], [[Baltimore]], [[Philadelphia]], [[Boston]], [[Cincinnati]], and [[Seattle]].<ref>[http://www.encyclopedia.chicagohistory.org/pages/27.html "African Americans", Encyclopedia of Chicago]. Retrieved March 1, 2008.</ref><ref>Gibson, Campbell (June 1998). [https://www.census.gov/population/www/documentation/twps0027/twps0027.html Population of the 100 Largest Cities and Other Urban Places in the United States: 1790 to 1990], [[United States Census Bureau]]. Retrieved November 19, 2016.</ref><ref>{{cite news |last=Ritter |first=John |url=https://www.usatoday.com/news/nation/2007-08-26-urban-blacks_N.htm |title=San Francisco Hopes to Reverse Black Flight |work=USA Today |date=August 28, 2007 |access-date=October 24, 2010}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2007/09/12/nyregion/12census.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070916082045/http://www.nytimes.com/2007/09/12/nyregion/12census.html |archive-date=September 16, 2007 |url-access=subscription |url-status=live|title=Census Shows More Black Residents Are Leaving New York and Other Cities|date=September 12, 2007|work=The New York Times}}</ref><ref name="US Census Bureau, California, racial breakdown">{{cite web|url=http://quickfacts.census.gov/qfd/states/06000.html |title=State & County QuickFacts: California |publisher=U.S. Census Bureau |access-date=February 11, 2007 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091228054319/http://quickfacts.census.gov/qfd/states/06000.html |archive-date=December 28, 2009 }}</ref><ref>Brooklyn Economic Development Corporation. Comprehensive Economic Development Strategy Report, 2002. [http://www.bedc.org/statistics/domestic_migration.htm www.bedc.org]. {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150201022144/http://www.bedc.org/statistics/domestic_migration.htm |date=February 1, 2015 }}</ref><ref>Muhammad, Nisa Islam. [https://www.finalcall.com/artman/publish/National_News_2/D_C_exodus_sparks_district_renewal_efforts_for_Whi_3633.shtml "D.C. 'exodus' sparks district renewal efforts for Whites"], ''[[The Final Call (newspaper)|The Final Call]]'', June 21, 2007. Retrieved June 25, 2007.</ref>
===Community diversity===
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[[File:Hasidic Family in Street - Borough Park - Hasidic District - Brooklyn.jpg|thumb|The world's largest metropolitan [[Hasidic Judaism|Hasidic Jewish]] community resides in Brooklyn.]]
{{main|Jews in New York City}}
Over 600,000 [[Jews]], particularly [[Orthodox Judaism|Orthodox]] and [[Hasidic Judaism|Hasidic Jews]], have become concentrated in such historically Jewish areas as [[Borough Park, Brooklyn|Borough Park]], [[Williamsburg, Brooklyn|Williamsburg]], and [[Midwood, Brooklyn|Midwood]], where there are many [[yeshiva]]s, [[synagogue]]s, and [[kosher]] restaurants, as well as a variety of Jewish businesses. Adjacent to Borough Park, the [[Kensington, Brooklyn|Kensington]] area housed a significant population of [[Conservative Judaism|Conservative Jews]] (under the aegis of such nationally prominent midcentury rabbis as [[Jacob Bosniak]] and Abraham Heller)<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1975/03/01/archives/abraham-heller-rabbi-dies-at-76-conservative-led-flatbush-jewish.html |title=Abraham Heller, Rabbi. Dies at 76 |work=The New York Times |date=March 1, 1975 |page=28 |access-date=December 12, 2023}}</ref> when it was still considered to be a subsection of Flatbush; many of their defunct facilities have been repurposed to serve extensions of the Borough Park Hasidic community. Other notable religious Jewish neighborhoods with a longstanding cultural lineage include [[Canarsie, Brooklyn|Canarsie]], [[Sea Gate, Brooklyn|Sea Gate]], and [[Crown Heights, Brooklyn|Crown Heights]], home to the [[Chabad]] world headquarters. Neighborhoods with largely defunct yet historically notable Jewish populations include central Flatbush, East Flatbush, Brownsville, East New York, Bensonhurst and Sheepshead Bay (particularly its Madison subsection). Many hospitals in Brooklyn were started by Jewish charities, including [[Maimonides Medical Center]] in Borough Park and Brookdale Hospital in East Flatbush.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.maimonidesmed.org/Main/Public/WeSpeakYourLanguage.aspx |title=We Speak Your Language |work=maimonidesmed.org |access-date=May 16, 2015 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150518094656/http://www.maimonidesmed.org/Main/Public/WeSpeakYourLanguage.aspx |archive-date=May 18, 2015 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2008/05/11/nyregion/thecity/11hosp.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080511093518/http://www.nytimes.com/2008/05/11/nyregion/thecity/11hosp.html |archive-date=May 11, 2008 |url-access=subscription |url-status=live|title='Scrubs' Near the D Train|date=May 11, 2008|work=The New York Times}}</ref>
According to the American Jewish Population Project in 2020, Brooklyn was home to over 480,000 Jews.<ref>{{Cite web |title=US Jewish Population Estimates 2020 - American Jewish Population Project |url=https://ajpp.brandeis.edu/us_jewish_population_2020 |access-date=2024-07-10 |website=ajpp.brandeis.edu}}</ref> In 2023, the [[UJA-Federation of New York]] estimated that Brooklyn is home to 462,000 Jews, a large decrease compared to the 561,000 estimated in 2011.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Gergely |first=Julia |date=2024-05-09 |title=Nearly 1 million Jews live in NYC, new study finds |url=https://www.jta.org/2024/05/09/ny/nearly-1-million-jews-live-in-nyc-new-study-finds |access-date=2024-07-10 |website=Jewish Telegraphic Agency |language=en-US}}</ref>
The predominantly Jewish, Crown Heights (and later East Flatbush)-based Madison Democratic Club served as the borough's primary "clubhouse" political venue for decades until the ascendancy of [[Meade Esposito]]'s rival, Canarsie-based Thomas Jefferson Democratic Club in the 1960s and 1970s, playing an integral role in the rise of such figures as [[Speaker of the New York State Assembly]] [[Irwin Steingut]]; his son, fellow Speaker [[Stanley Steingut]]; [[New York City Mayor]] [[Abraham Beame]]; real estate developer [[Fred Trump]]; Democratic district leader Beadie Markowitz; and political fixer Abraham "Bunny" Lindenbaum.
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After a 43-year hiatus, professional baseball returned to the borough in 2001 with the [[Brooklyn Cyclones]], a [[minor league baseball|minor league]] team that plays in [[MCU Park]] in [[Coney Island]]. They are an affiliate of the [[New York Mets]].
The minor-league [[New York Cosmos (2010)|New York Cosmos]] soccer club played its home games at MCU Park in 2017.<ref>Elstein, Aaron. [http://www.crainsnewyork.com/article/20170911/NEWS/170919987/soccers-historic-new-york-cosmos-team-faces-possible-extinction-amidst-relegation-threat "Renowned Cosmos soccer team faces possible extinction sport's governing body has moved to relegate the team Pele once played for to a lower division"], ''[[Crain Communications|Crain's New York Business]]'', September 11, 2017. Retrieved September 16, 2017. "In 2009 the NASL was revived, and the Cosmos reappeared soon after. But few attended games at Hofstra University on Long Island, and, after piling up about $30 million in losses, the Cosmos were about to shut down again last year when Commisso rescued the team and moved it to [[Coney Island]]'s [[MCU Park]], the 7,000-seat home of the Brooklyn Cyclones minor-league baseball team."</ref> A new [[Brooklyn FC (USL)|Brooklyn FC]] will begin play in 2024, fielding a women's team in the first-division [[USL Super League]] and a men's team in the second-division [[USL Championship]] beginning in 2025.<ref>{{cite web |title=USL Super League Awards Franchise to Brooklyn for 2024/25 Inaugural Season |url=https://www.uslsuperleague.com/news/2024/02/09/usl-super-league-awards-franchise-to-brooklyn-for-2024-25-inaugural-season/ |website=uslsuperleague.com |publisher=United Soccer League |access-date=
Brooklyn once had a [[National Football League]] team named the [[Brooklyn Lions]] in 1926, who played at [[Ebbets Field]].<ref>[https://www.pro-football-reference.com/stadiums/BRK00.htm Ebbets Field History], [[Pro-Football-Reference.com]]. Retrieved September 16, 2017.</ref>
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==Partnerships with districts of foreign cities==
{{See also|New York City#Sister cities}}
* [[Anzio|Anzio, Lazio]],
* [[Huế]],
* [[Gdynia]],
* [[Beşiktaş|Beşiktaş, Istanbul Province]],
* [[Leopoldstadt|Leopoldstadt, Vienna]],
* [[London Borough of Lambeth]],
* [[Bnei Brak]],
* [[Konak, İzmir]], Turkey (since 2010)<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.brooklyn-usa.org/pdf/MartyWinter2010_WEBsmall.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101213054734/http://www.brooklyn-usa.org/pdf/MartyWinter2010_WEBsmall.pdf|url-status=dead|title=Brooklyn Borough President|archive-date=December 13, 2010}}</ref>
* [[Chaoyang District, Beijing]], China (since 2014)<ref name="Brooklyn Borough President">{{Cite web|url=http://www.brooklyn-usa.org/press/2014/may22_MA.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140910215719/http://www.brooklyn-usa.org/press/2014/may22_MA.htm|url-status=dead|title=Brooklyn Borough President|archive-date=September 10, 2014}}</ref>
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