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'''''Byssoloma''''' is a [[genus]] of [[foliicolous lichen|leaf-dwelling lichens]] in the family [[Pilocarpaceae]].<ref name="Wijayawardene et al. 2020"/>
==Taxonomy==
The genus was [[circumscription (taxonomy)|circumscribed]] by the Italian botanist [[Vittore Benedetto Antonio Trevisan de Saint-Léon]] in 1853.<ref name="Trevisan 1853"/>
==Description==
Species in genus ''Byssoloma'' form [[crustose lichen|crustose]], effuse (spreading) lichens that lack a {{lichengloss|cortex}} (outer protective layer). Their {{lichengloss|photobiont}}, or [[photosynthesis|photosynthetic]] partner, is of the {{lichengloss|chlorococcoid}} type, a form of [[green alga]]e.<ref name="Cannon et al. 2022"/>
The [[apothecia]] (fruiting bodies), are {{lichengloss|sessile}} (directly attached to the thallus without a stalk) and approximately circular in shape. They lack a {{lichengloss|thalline margin}} (a rim formed by the lichen thallus) and possess a {{lichengloss|true exciple}}, which is a layer of loosely arranged hyphae that can appear hairy or web-like ({{lichengloss|tomentose}}-{{lichengloss|arachnoid}}) in some species. The [[hymenium]], the spore-bearing tissue, reacts with [[iodine]] to turn blue (I+ blue). The {{lichengloss|hamathecium}}, consisting of [[paraphyses]] (filamentous support structures), is unbranched or slightly branched and not or only slightly thickened at the tips.<ref name="Cannon et al. 2022"/>
The {{lichengloss|hypothecium}}, a layer beneath the hymenium, is dark red-brown and may turn purple when treated with [[potassium hydroxide]] (K) solution in European species. The [[ascus|asci]], which are the sac-like structures where spores develop, typically contain eight spores. They have thick walls and a blue-staining apical dome with a darker blue tubular ring structure and an [[amyloid (mycology)|amyloid]] (starch-like) gelatinous coat.<ref name="Cannon et al. 2022"/>
The {{lichengloss|ascospores}} are three-[[septum|septate]] (having three internal partitions), colourless, and found in European species. Asexual reproductive structures, the [[pycnidia]], are also sessile and roughly spherical, usually covered by a layer of loosely interwoven [[hypha]]e. The [[conidiophore]]s (spore-producing cells) are unbranched, forming flask-shaped, {{lichengloss|bacillar}} (rod-like), or ellipsoidal [[conidia]] (asexual spores) that are constricted in the middle.<ref name="Cannon et al. 2022"/>
Chemically, [[argopsin]], a [[secondary metabolite]] ([[lichen product]]), is sometimes detected in one species, but otherwise, ''Byssoloma'' lacks lichen products.<ref name="Cannon et al. 2022"/>
==Species==
[[File:Byssoloma meadii - Flickr - pellaea.jpg|thumb|right|''Byssoloma meadii'']]
[[File:Byssoloma subdiscordans 99142347.jpg|thumb|right|''Byssoloma subdiscordans'']]
{{As of|2024|
*''[[Byssoloma annuum]]'' {{small|(Vain.) G.Thor, Lücking & Tat.Matsumoto (2000)}}
*''[[Byssoloma aurantiacum]]'' {{small|Kalb & Vězda (1990)}}<ref name="Kalb & Vězda 1990"/>
*''[[Byssoloma australiense]]'' {{small|P.M.McCarthy & Elix (2018)}}<ref name="Elix & McCarthy 2018"/>
*''[[Byssoloma braulioi]]'' {{small|Lücking (2008)}}<ref name="Lücking 2008"/>
*''[[Byssoloma brunneodiscum]]'' {{small|W.C.Wang & J.C.Wei (2020)}}<ref name="Wang et al. 2020 pp. 387–396"/> – China
*''[[Byssoloma carneum]]'' {{small|Rain.Schub., Greber & Lücking (2003)}}<ref name="Schubert et al. 2003"/>
*''[[Byssoloma catarinense]]'' {{small|L.I.Ferraro & Lücking (2008)}}<ref name="Lücking 2008"/>
*''[[Byssoloma catillariosporum]]'' {{small|M.Cáceres, M.W.O.Santos & Aptroot (2013)}}<ref name="Cáceres et al. 2013"/>
*''[[Byssoloma chlorinum]]'' {{small|(Vain.) Zahlbr. (1932)}}
*''[[Byssoloma confusum]]'' {{small|Farkas & Vězda (1993)}}<ref name="Farkas & Vězda 1993"/>
*''[[Byssoloma diederichii]]'' {{small|Sérus. (1998)}}<ref name="Sérusiaux 1998"/>
*''[[Byssoloma dimerelloides]]'' {{small|Sipman & Aptroot (1991)}}<ref name="Sipman & Aptroot 1991"/>
*''[[Byssoloma discordans]]'' {{small|(Vain.) Zahlbr. (1923)}}
*''[[Byssoloma fuscothallinum]]'' {{small|Lücking (2006)}}<ref name="Lücking 2006"/>
*''[[Byssoloma fuscum]]'' {{small|van den Boom (2016)}}<ref name="Van den Boom 2016"/>
*''[[Byssoloma humboldtianum]]'' {{small|Lücking & Kalb (2000)}}<ref name="Lücking & Kalb 2000"/>
*''[[Byssoloma hypophyllum]]'' {{small|Lücking & Kalb (2000)}}<ref name="Lücking & Kalb 2000"/>
*''[[Byssoloma kakouettae]]'' {{small|(Sérus.) Lücking & Sérus. (2002)}}
*''[[Byssoloma laurisilvae]]'' {{small|Breuss (2013)}}<ref name="Breuss 2013"/> – Europe
*''[[Byssoloma leucoblepharum]]'' {{small|(Nyl.) Vain. (1926)}}
*''[[Byssoloma llimonae]]'' {{small|Sérus., Gómez-Bolea, Longán & Lücking (2002)}}<ref name="Sérusiaux 2002"/>
*''[[Byssoloma maderense]]'' {{small|Breuss (2014)}}<ref name="Breuss 2014"/>
*''[[Byssoloma marginatum]]'' {{small|(Arnold) Sérus. (1992)}}
*''[[Byssoloma meadii]]'' {{small|(Tuck.) S.
*''[[Byssoloma melanodiscocarpum]]'' {{small|W.C.Wang & J.C.Wei (2020)}}<ref name="Wang et al. 2020 pp. 387–396"/> – China
*''[[Byssoloma microcarpum]]'' {{small|Kalb & Vězda (1994)}}<ref name="Kalb & Vězda 1994"/>
*''[[Byssoloma multipunctatum]]'' {{small|Lücking (2008)}}<ref name="Lücking 2008"/>
*''[[Byssoloma murinum]]'' {{small|Vězda (1987)}}<ref name="Vězda 1987"/>
*''[[Byssoloma permutans]]'' {{small|(Nyl.) Lücking (2013)}}
*''[[Byssoloma rubrofuscum]]'' {{small|W.C.Wang & J.C.Wei (2020)}}<ref name="Wang et al. 2020 pp. 387–396"/> – China
*''[[Byssoloma rubromarginatum]]'' {{small|Messuti & de la Rosa (2007)}}<ref name="Messuti & de la Rosa 2007"/>
*''[[Byssoloma spinulosum]]'' {{small|Sérus. (2011)}}<ref name="Lumbsch et al. 2011"/>
*''[[Byssoloma sprucei]]'' {{small|(C.Bab. ex Müll.Arg.) Lücking & M.Cáceres (2008)}}<ref name="Lücking 2008"/>
*''[[Byssoloma subdiscordans]]'' {{small|(Nyl.) P.James (1971)}}
*''[[Byssoloma subleucoblepharum]]'' {{small|G.Thor, Lücking & Tat.
*''[[Byssoloma subundulatum]]'' {{small|(Stirt.) Vězda (1986)}}
*''[[Byssoloma tricholomum]]'' {{small|(Mont.) Zahlbr. (1923)}}
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{{Reflist|colwidth=30em|refs=
<ref name="Aptroot 2014">{{cite journal |last=Aptroot |first=André |title=Two new genera of Arthoniales from New Caledonia and the Solomon Islands, with the description of eight further species |journal=The Bryologist |volume=117 |issue=3 |year=2014 |doi=10.1639/0007-2745-117.3.282 |pages=282–289
<ref name="Breuss 2013">{{cite journal |last1=Breuss |first1=O. |year=2013 |title=''Byssoloma laurisilvae'' und ''Thelotrema lueckingii'', zwei neue Flechtenarten aus Madeira |journal=Österreichische Zeitschrift für Pilzkunde |volume=22 |pages=99–105 |language=de}}</ref>
<ref name="Breuss 2014">{{cite journal |last=Breuss |first=O. |year=2014 |title=Weitere Flechtenfunde aus Madeira |journal=Stapfia |volume=101 |pages=47–51}}</ref>
<ref name="
<ref name="Cannon et al. 2022">{{cite book |last1=Cannon |first1=P. |last2=Orange |first2=A. |last3=Aptroot |first3=A. |last4=Sanderson |first4=N. |last5=Coppins |first5=B. |last6=Simkin |first6=J. |year=2022 |title=Lecanorales: Pilocarpaceae, including the genera ''Aquacidia'', ''Byssoloma'', ''Fellhanera'', ''Fellhaneropsis'', ''Leimonis'' and ''Micarea'' |series=Revisions of British and Irish Lichens |volume=27 |page=7 |url=https://britishlichensociety.org.uk/sites/default/files/Pilocarpaceae_0.pdf}}</ref>
<ref name="CoL-Species Fungorum">{{Catalogue of Life |id=CCYGL |title=''Byssoloma'' |access-date=13 July 2024}}</ref>
<ref name="Elix & McCarthy 2018">{{cite journal |last1=Elix |first1=J.A. |last2=McCarthy |first2=P.M. |year=2018 |title=Ten new lichen species (Ascomycota) from Australia |journal=Australasian Lichenology |volume=82 |pages=20–59}}</ref>
<ref name="Farkas & Vězda 1993">{{cite journal |last1=Farkas |first1=Edit |last2=Vězda |first2=Antonín |title=Five new foliicolous lichen species |journal=Folia Geobotanica et Phytotaxonomica |volume=28 |issue=3 |year=1993 |doi=10.1007/BF02853518 |jstor=4181207 |pages=321–330}}</ref>
<ref name="Kalb & Vězda 1990">{{cite journal |last1=Kalb |first1=K. |last2=Vězda |first2=A. |year=1990 |title=Die Flechtengattung Byssoloma in der Neotropis (eine taxonomisch-phytogeographische Studie) |journal=Nova Hedwigia |volume=51 |issue=3–4 |pages=435–451}}</ref>
<ref name="Kalb & Vězda 1994">{{cite journal |last1=Kalb |first1=K. |last2=Vězda |first2=A. |year=1994 |title=Beiträge zur Kenntnis der foliicolen Flechten australischer Regenwälder IV |journal=Bulletin de la Société Linnéenne de Provence |volume=45 |pages=235–246 |language=de}}</ref>
<ref name="Lücking & Kalb 2000">{{cite journal |last1=Lücking |first1=R. |last2=Kalb |first2=K. |year=2000 |title=Foliikole Flechten aus Brasilien (vornehmlich Amazonien), inklusive einer Checkliste und Bemerkungen zu ''Coenogonium'' und ''Dimerella'' (Gyalectaceae) |journal=Botanische Jahrbücher für Systematik Pflanzengeschichte und Pflanzengeographie |volume=122 |issue=1 |page=25}}</ref>
<ref name="Lücking 2006">{{cite journal |last=Lücking |first=Robert |year=2006 |title=Foliicolous lichens from French Guiana (northeastern South America) |journal=Cryptogamie Mycologie |volume=27 |issue=2 |pages=121–147}}</ref>
<ref name="Lücking 2008">{{cite book |last=Lücking |first=Robert |year=2008 |title=Foliicolous Lichenized Fungi |jstor=25660968 |series=Flora Neotropica |volume=103 |page=|publisher=New York Botanical Garden Press |issn=0071-5794}}</ref>
<ref name="Lumbsch et al. 2011">{{cite journal |display-authors=6 |last=Lumbsch |first=H.T. |last2=Ahti |first2=T. |last3=Altermann |first3=S. |last4=De Paz |first4=G.A. |last5=Aptroot |first5=A. |last6=Arup |first6=U. |last7=Pena |first7=A.B. |last8=Bawingan |first8=P.A. |last9=Benatti |first9=M.N. |last10=Betancourt |first10=L. |last11=Bjork |first11=C.R. |last12=Boonpragob |first12=K. |last13=Brand |first13=M. |last14=Bungartz |first14=F. |last15=Caceres |first15=M.E.S. |last16=Candan |first16=M. |last17=Chaves |first17=J.L. |last18=Clerc |first18=P. |last19=Common |first19=R. |last20=Coppins |first20=B.J. |last21=Crespo |first21=A. |last22=Dal-Forno |first22=M. |last23=Divakar |first23=P.K. |last24=Duya |first24=M.V. |last25=Elix |first25=J.A. |last26=Elvebakk |first26=A. |last27=Fankhauser |first27=J.D. |last28=Farkas |first28=E. |last29=Ferraro |first29=L.I. |last30=Fischer |first30=E. |last31=Galloway |first31=D.J. |last32=Gaya |first32=E. |last33=Giralt |first33=M. |last34=Goward |first34=T. |last35=Grube |first35=M. |last36=Hafellner |first36=J. |last37=Hernandez |first37=J.E. |last38=Campos |first38=M. D.H. |last39=Kalb |first39=K. |last40=Karnefelt |first40=I. |last41=Kantvilas |first41=G. |last42=Killmann |first42=D. |last43=Kirika |first43=P. |last44=Knudsen |first44=K. |last45=Komposch |first45=H. |last46=Kondratyuk |first46=S. |last47=Lawrey |first47=J.D. |last48=Mangold |first48=A. |last49=Marcelli |first49=M.P. |last50=Mccune |first50=B. |last51=Messuti |first51=M.I. |last52=Michlig |first52=A. |last53=Gonzalez |first53=R.M. |last54=Moncada |first54=B. |last55=Naikatini |first55=A. |last56=Nelsen |first56=M.P. |last57=Ovstedal |first57=D.O. |last58=Palice |first58=Z. |last59=Papong |first59=K. |last60=Parnmen |first60=S. |last61=Perez-Ortega |first61=S. |last62=Printzen |first62=C. |last63=Rico |first63=V.J. |last64=Plata |first64=E.R. |last65=Robayo |first65=J. |last66=Rosabal |first66=D. |last67=Ruprecht |first67=U. |last68=Allen |first68=N.S. |last69=Sancho |first69=L. |last70=De Jesus |first70=L.S. |last71=Vieira |first71=T.S. |last72=Schultz |first72=M. |last73=Seaward |first73=M.R.D. |last74=Serusiaux |first74=E. |last75=Schmitt |first75=I. |last76=Sipman |first76=H.J.M. |last77=Sohrabi |first77=M. |last78=Sochting |first78=U. |last79=Sogaard |first79=M.Z. |last80=Sparrius |first80=L.B. |last81=Spielmann |first81=A. |last82=Spribille |first82=T. |last83=Sutjaritturakan |first83=J. |last84=Thammathaworn |first84=A. |last85=Thell |first85=A. |last86=Thor |first86=G. |last87=Thus |first87=H. |last88=Timdal |first88=E. |last89=Truong |first89=C. |last90=Turk |first90=R. |last91=Tenorio |first91=L.U. |last92=Upreti |first92=D.K. |last93=Van den Boom |first93=P. |last94=Rebuelta |first94=M.V. |last95=Wedin |first95=M. |last96=Will-Wolf |first96=S. |last97=Wirth |first97=V. |last98=Wirtz |first98=N. |last99=Yahr |first99=R. |last100=Yeshitela |first100=K. |last101=Ziemmeck |first101=F. |last102=Wheeler |first102=T. |last103=Lucking |first103=R. |title=One hundred new species of lichenized fungi: a signature of undiscovered global diversity |journal=Phytotaxa |volume=18 |issue=1 |year=2011 |doi=10.11646/phytotaxa.18.1.1 |pages=9–11 |url=http://www.mapress.com/phytotaxa/content/2011/f/p00018p127f.pdf}}</ref>
<ref name="Messuti & de la Rosa 2007">{{cite journal |last1=Messuti |first1=M.I. |last2=de la Rosa |first2=I.N. |year=2007 |title=''Byssoloma rubromarginatum'' (Pilocarpaceae: Ascomycota), a new corticolous species from ''Nothofagus'' forests in Argentina |journal=Mycological Progress |volume=6 |issue=4 |pages=235–238}}</ref>
<ref name="Schubert et al. 2003">{{cite journal |last1=Schubert |first1=R. |last2=Lücking |first2=R. |last3=Lumbsch |first3=H.T. |year=2003 |title=New species of foliicolous lichens from "La Amistad" Biosphere Reserve, Costa Rica |journal=Willdenowia |volume=33 |issue=2 |pages=459–465}}</ref>
<ref name="Sérusiaux 1979">{{cite journal |last=Sérusiaux |first=E. |title=Two new foliicolous lichens From tropical Africa |journal=The Lichenologist |volume=11 |issue=2 |year=1979 |doi=10.1017/s0024282979000207 |pages=181–185 |hdl=2268/174506 |url=https://orbi.uliege.be/bitstream/2268/174506/1/1979%20Lichenologist%2011%282%29.pdf}}</ref>
<ref name="Sérusiaux 1998">{{cite journal |last=Sérusiaux |first=E. |year=1998 |title=Deux nouvelles espèces de ''Byssoloma'' Trev. (lichens, Pilocarpaceae) d'Europe occidentale et de Macaronésie |journal=Cryptogamie Bryologie Lichénologie |volume=19 |pages=197–209 |language=la}}</ref>
<ref name="Sérusiaux 2002">{{cite journal |last1=Sérusiaux |first1=E. |last2=Gómez-Bolea |first2=A. |last3=Longán |first3=A. |last4=Lücking |first4=R. |title=''Byssoloma llimonae'' sp nov., from continental Spain, Madeira and the Canary Islands |journal=The Lichenologist |volume=34 |issue=3 |year=2002 |doi=10.1006/lich.2002.0380 |pages=183–188}}</ref>
<ref name="Sipman & Aptroot 1991">{{cite journal |last1=Aptroot |first1=A. |last2=Sipman |first2=H. |year=1991 |title=New lichens and lichen records from New Guinea |journal=Willdenowia |volume=20 |pages=221–256}}</ref>
<ref name="Species Fungorum synonymy">{{cite web |title=Synonymy: ''Byssoloma'' Trevis., Spighe Paglie: 6 (1853) |url=http://www.speciesfungorum.org/Names/SynSpecies.asp?RecordID=705 |publisher=[[Species Fungorum]] |access-date=5 March 2022}}</ref>
<ref name="
<ref name="Trevisan 1853">{{cite book |last=Trevisan de Saint-Léon |first=V. |year=1853 |title=Spighe e Paglie. Scritti Botanici Varj |volume=1 |page=6}}</ref>
<ref name="Van den Boom 2016">{{cite journal |last=Van den Boom |first=P.P.G. |year=2016 |title=Lichens and lichenicolous fungi of the Azores (Portugal), collected on São Miguel and Terceira with the descriptions of seven new species |journal=Acta Botanica Hungarica |volume=58 |issue=1–2 |pages=199–222}}</ref>
<ref name="Vězda 1987">{{cite journal |last=Vězda |first=A. |year=1987 |title=Foliicole Flechten aus Zaire (III). Die Gattung ''Byssoloma'' Trevisan |journal=Folia Geobotanica et Phytotaxonomica |volume=22 |issue=1 |pages=71–83 |language=de}}</ref>
<ref name="Wang et al. 2020 pp. 387–396">{{cite journal |last1=Wang |first1=Wei-Cheng |last2=van den Boom |first2=Pieter |last3=Sangvichien | first3=Ek |last4=Wei |first4=Jiang-Chun |title=A molecular study of the lichen genus ''Byssoloma'' Trevisan (Pilocarpaceae) with descriptions of three new species from China |journal=The Lichenologist |volume=52 |issue=5 |year=2020 |doi=10.1017/s0024282920000390 |pages=387–396}}</ref>
<ref name="Wijayawardene et al. 2020">{{cite journal |display-authors=6 |last1=Wijayawardene |first1=Nalin |last2=Hyde |first2=Kevin |first3=Laith Khalil Tawfeeq |last3=Al-Ani |last4=Somayeh |first4=Dolatabadi |last5=Stadler |first5=Marc |last6=Haelewaters |first6=Danny |last7=Tsurykau |first7=Andrei |last8=Mesic |first8=Armin |last9=Navathe |first9=Sudhir |last10=Papp |first10=Viktor |last11=Oliveira Fiuza |first11=Patrícia |last12=Vázquez |first12=Víctor |last13=Gautam |first13=Ajay |last14=Becerra |first14=Alejandra G. |last15=Ekanayaka |first15=Anusha |last16=K. C. |first16=Rajeshkumar |last17=Bezerra |first17=Jadson |last18=Matočec |first18=Neven |last19=Maharachchikumbura |first19=Sajeewa |last20=Suetrong |first20=Satinee |year=2020 |title=Outline of Fungi and fungus-like taxa |journal=Mycosphere |volume=11 |pages=1060–1456 |doi=10.5943/mycosphere/11/1/8 |doi-access=free|hdl=10481/61998 |hdl-access=free
}}
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[[Category:Taxa described in 1853]]
[[Category:Taxa named by Vittore Benedetto Antonio Trevisan de Saint-Léon]]
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