Google effect: Difference between revisions

The '''Google effect''', also called '''digital amnesia''',<ref name=WTOP/> is the tendency to forget information that can be found readily online by using Internet [[search engine]]s such as [[Google]]. According to the first study about the Google effect, people are less likely to remember certain details they believe will be accessible online. However, the study also claims that people's ability to learn information offline remains the same.<ref name="Krieger">{{cite news|url = http://www.mercurynews.com/ci_18478827|title = Google changing what we remember|last =Krieger Krieger|first = Lisa M. |date = July 16, 2011 |worktitle=Google is changing your brain, study =says, and don't you forget it |work=[[San Jose Mercury News]]|accessdate |url=http://www.mercurynews.com/ci_18478827 |access-date=November 12, 2015}}</ref> This effect may also be seen as a change to what information and what level of detail is considered to be important to remember.

The phenomenon was first described and named by Betsy Sparrow ([[Columbia University|Columbia]]), Jenny Liu ([[University of Wisconsin-Madison|WisconsinUniversity of Wisconsin–Madison]]) and [[Daniel M. Wegner]] ([[Harvard University|Harvard]]) in their paper from July 2011.<ref name="Columbia">{{cite web|url=http://news.columbia.edu/research/2490 |title=Study Finds That Memory Works Differently in the Age of Google |publisher=[[Columbia University]] |date=July 14, 2011 |deadurlurl-status=bot: unknown |archiveurlarchive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110717092619/http://news.columbia.edu/research/2490 |archivedatearchive-date=July 17, 2011 |df= }}</ref> The study was conducted in four parts. The first part had subjects answer a number of both easy and difficult trivia questions, and then perform a modified [[Stroop effect|Stroop task]] involving both everyday words and technology-related words such as screen and Google. Subjects were slower to respond to technology words, especially after difficult questions, indicating that the government trivia questions [[Priming (psychology)|primed]] them to think of computers. In the second experiment, the subjects read a number of trivia statements. Half of them were led to believe the statements would be saved and available to look up later; the other half were explicitly instructed to attempt to remember them. Both groups were then tested on [[Recall (memory)|recall]] of the statements. In part three, subjects read and typed in trivia statements, and informed that their entry was erased, saved, or saved in a specific location. Afterwards, they were given a recognition task and asked whether they had seen the exact statement, whether it had been saved, and if the statement had been saved, where it had been saved. In the final part, subjects again typed trivia statements, and were told each had been saved in a generically-named folder (e.g. items, facts). They were then given two different recall tasks: one for the statements, and one for the specific folder in which each statement was saved.<ref name="Sparrow2011">{{cite journal|last1=Sparrow |first1=B. |last2=Liu |first2=J. |last3=Wegner |first3=D. M. |title=Google Effects on Memory: Cognitive Consequences of Having Information at Our Fingertips |journal=Science |date=August 5, 2011 |volume=333 |issue=6043 |pages=776–778 |doi=10.1126/science.1207745 |url=http://scholar.harvard.edu/files/dwegner/files/sparrow_et_al._2011.pdf |pmid=21764755 |deadurlbibcode=2011Sci...333..776S |s2cid=7688306 |url-status=bot: unknown |archiveurlarchive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160409095322/http://scholar.harvard.edu/files/dwegner/files/sparrow_et_al._2011.pdf |archivedatearchive-date=April 9, 2016 |df= }}</ref>

The term "digital amnesia" was coined by [[Kaspersky Lab]] for the results of an unreviewed survey in 2015 by the security vendor, which said, "The results reveal that the 'Google Effect' likely extends beyond online facts to include important personal information."<ref name=WTOP>{{cite news|url=http://wtop.com/health/2015/07/study-most-americans-suffer-from-digital-amnesia/|title=Study: Most Americans suffer from 'Digital Amnesia'|work=WTOP-FM|date=July 1, 2015|accessdateaccess-date=November 11, 2015}}</ref> Instead of remembering details, 91 percent of people used the Internet and 44 percent used their [[smartphone]].<ref name=WTOP/> Kaspersky Lab surveyed 1000 consumers ranged from age 16 to 55+ in the United States. In most cases, people could not remember important information such as telephone numbers that should have been familiar, leading to the conclusion that they forgot the information because it was the best thing of the ease of finding it using devices.<ref>{{cite news|title=Can’tCan't recall phone numbers? Blame 'digital amnesia'|last=Meyer|first=Dick|work=[[Boston Herald]]|date=October 12, 2015|page=15}}</ref>

The original 2011 study concluded with three main findings. First, people are primed to think of computers when asked general knowledge questions, even when they know the correct answer. In addition, this effect is especially pronounced if the question is difficult and the answer is unknown. Secondly, people do not tend to remember information if they believe it will be available to look up later. By contrast, an explicit instruction to remember the material does not have a significant effect on recall. Lastly, if the information is saved, people are much more likely to remember where the information is located than to recall the information itself. In addition, people tend to remember either the fact or the location, but not both; this effect persists even when the information is more memorable than the name of the location.<ref name="Sparrow2011" /><ref>{{Cite journal|last = Olson|first = Curtis A.|date = 2012-12-01|title = Focused search and retrieval: The impact of technology on our brains|journal = Journal of Continuing Education in the Health Professions|language = en|volume = 32|issue = 1|pages = 1–3|doi = 10.1002/chp.21117|pmid = 22447705}}</ref>

A 2012 study by Lav R. Varshney has since proposed that the Google effect can also be seen in doctoral [[theses]], claiming that a longitudinal increase in the number of references cited reflects a tendency for improved [[memory]] of where to find relevant information (i.e. which papers contain the information), rather than of the information itself.<ref>{{Cite journal|last = Varshney|first = Lav R.|date = 2012-02-10|title = The Google effect in doctoral theses|journal = Scientometrics|language = en|volume = 92|issue = 3|pages = 785–793|doi = 10.1007/s11192-012-0654-4|s2cid = 12426806}}</ref> Furthermore, a related phenomenon has been described in which information learned through the internet is recalled less accurately and with less confidence than information learned via an [[encyclopedia]]. Additionally, those recalling information learned via the Internet showed decreased activations in several brain regions—including the bilateral occipital gyrus, the left temporal gyrus, and the bilateral middle frontal gyrus—compared to the encyclopedia group.<ref>{{Cite journal|lastlast1 = Dong|firstfirst1 = Guangheng|last2 = Potenza|first2 = Marc N.|date = 2015-10-01|title = Behavioural and brain responses related to Internet search and memory|journal = European Journal of Neuroscience|language = en|volume = 42|issue = 8|pages = 2546–2554|doi = 10.1111/ejn.13039|pmid = 26262779|s2cid = 30654435}}</ref>

*[https://web.archive.org/web/20160313113045/https://kasperskycontenthub.com/usa/files/2015/06/Digital-Amnesia-Report.pdf Link to the Kaspersky survey]

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[[Category:Memory biases]]