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{{Short description|Communal garden surrounded by buildings}}
[[File:Bloomsbury Square1.jpg|thumb|[[Bloomsbury Square]], a garden square in central London, England A '''garden square''' is a type of [[communal garden]] in an urban area wholly or substantially surrounded by buildings
▲A '''garden square''' is a type of [[communal garden]] in an urban area wholly or substantially surrounded by buildings and, commonly, continues to be applied to public and private parks formed after such a garden becomes accessible to the public at large. The archetypal garden square is surrounded by tall [[terraced houses]] and other types of [[townhouse]]. It is subtly distinguished from a public-access version throughout the existence of the square – the [[town square]]. Due to its inherent private history it may have a pattern of dedicated [[footpath]]s and tends to have considerably more plants than hard surfaces and/or large monuments.
==Propagation==
{{see also|Town square}}
At their conception in the early 17th century, each such garden was a private [[commons|communal amenity]] for the residents of the overlooking houses akin to a garden [[courtyard]] within a palace or community. Such community courtyards date back to at least [[Ur]] in 2000 BC where two-storey houses were built of fired brick around an open square. [[Kitchen]], working, and public spaces were located on the ground floor, with private rooms located upstairs.<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=YvpfndOKwGgC
In the 20th century, many garden squares that were previously accessible only to defined residents became accessible to the public. Those in central urban locations, such as [[Leicester Square]] in London's West End, have become indistinguishable from town squares. Others, while publicly accessible, are largely used by local residents and retain the character of garden squares or small communal parks. Many private squares, even in busy locations, remain private, such as [[Portman Square]] in [[Marylebone]] in London, despite its proximity to London's busiest shopping districts.
==Occurrence==
===Europe===
====United Kingdom====
{{For|roads and spaces '''named''' Square which are in London|Squares in London}}
London is famous for them; they are described as one of the glories of the capital.<ref>[http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/uknews/7881665/Court-denies-couple-use-of-garden-square.html "Court denies couple use of garden square"], Martin Evans, ''[[The Daily Telegraph]]'', 10 July 2010.</ref> Many were built or rebuilt during the late eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries, at the height of [[Georgian architecture]], and are surrounded by [[Townhouse (Great Britain)|elegant townhouses]]. Large projects, such as the [[Bedford Estate]], included garden squares in their development. The [[Notting Hill]] and [[Bloomsbury]] neighbourhoods both have many garden squares, with the former mostly still restricted to residents, and the latter open to all. Other UK cities prominent in the Georgian era such as [[Edinburgh]], [[Bath, Somerset|Bath]], [[Bristol]] and [[Leeds]] have several garden squares.▼
{{See also|List of garden squares in London}}
[[File:Golden square 1.jpg|thumb|[[Golden Square]], London]]
▲London is famous for them; they are described as one of the glories of the capital.<ref>[
Householders with access to a private garden square are commonly required to pay a maintenance levy.<ref>[http://www.rbkc.gov.uk/councilanddemocracy/counciltax/gardensquarelevies.aspx Council tax and garden square levies] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130314120540/http://www.rbkc.gov.uk/councilanddemocracy/counciltax/gardensquarelevies.aspx |date=2013-03-14 }}, [[Royal Borough of Kensington and Chelsea]], London, UK.</ref> Normally the charge is set annually by a garden committee.
Sometimes private garden squares are opened to the public, such as during Open Garden Squares Weekend.<ref>[http://www.opensquares.org/ Open Garden Squares Weekend], London, UK.</ref>
====France====
[[File:Square des Epinettes @ Epinettes @ Paris 17 (32938303806).jpg|thumb|Square des Epinettes, Paris]]
Privately owned squares which survived the decades after the [[French Revolution]] and 19th century [[Haussmann's renovation of Paris]] include the [[Place des Vosges]] and [[Square des Épinettes]] in Paris.
In town squares, similarly green but publicly accessible from the outset, is the [[Square René Viviani]]. Gardens substantially cover a few of the famous ''Places'' in the capital; instead the majority are paved and replete with profoundly hard materials such as [[Place de la Concorde]]. Inspired by ecological interests and a 21st
The enclosed garden terraces (''French: jardins
Grandiose instances of garden-use town squares are a part of many French cities, others opt for solid material town squares.
===Belgium===
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===Ireland===
[[File:FitzWilliamsQ.jpg|thumb|Fitzwilliam Square, Dublin]]
Dublin has several [[Georgian era|Georgian]] examples, including [[Merrion Square]], [[Fitzwilliam Square]], [[Mountjoy Square]], [[St Stephens Green]] and [[Parnell Square]].
===The Americas===
{{expand section|date=March 2018}}
====United States====
Perhaps the most famous garden square in the United States is [[Gramercy Park]] in southern [[Midtown Manhattan]]. Famously, it has remained private and gated throughout its existence; possession of a key to the park is a jealously guarded privilege.
The tradition of [[fee simple]] land ownership in American cities has made collective amenities such as garden squares comparatively rare. Very few subdividers and developers included them in plats during the 19th century, with notable exceptions below.
[[File:Gramercy-park-2007.jpg|thumb|Gramercy Park, Manhattan ]]
[[Rittenhouse Square]] in the [[Center City, Philadelphia]] encases a public garden, one of the five original open-space parks planned by William Penn and his surveyor Thomas Holme during the late 17th century. It was first named Southwest Square.
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In [[Boston]] tens of squares exist, some having a mainly residential use.
The [[Kingstowne, Virginia|Kingstowne]] development in [[Fairfax County, Virginia]], near [[Washington, DC]], contains several townhouse complexes built around garden squares.
==Africa==
{{expand section|date=March 2018}}
In Africa, garden squares are rare. Many squares and parks in Africa were constructed during colonial rule, along with European-styled architecture. A well known square like this in Africa is [[Greenmarket Square]], in the center of [[Cape Town]], which previously hosted more townhouses at its edges but has been mostly paved over.
==Asia==
{{expand section|date=March 2018}}
Garden Squares generally do not occur throughout Asia. [[Park|Parks]] usually occupy the need for urban green spaces, while historic and modern gardens exist as attractions, not central communal spaces.
==Australia and New Zealand==
* [[Trafalgar Square, Nelson]]
* [[Victory Square, Nelson]]
== See also ==
* [[Communal
* [[Private park]]
* [[Courtyard]]
* [[Urban open space]]
* [[Architecture of the United Kingdom]]
** [[Parks and open spaces in London]]
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** [[Squares in London]]
** [[Terraced houses in the United Kingdom]]
** [[Townhouse (Great Britain)]]
== References ==
{{reflist}}
{{Horticulture and gardening}}
[[Category:Town squares]]
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[[Category:Types of garden]]
[[Category:Town and country planning in the United Kingdom]]
[[Category:Garden squares|*]]
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