Genetically modified plant: Difference between revisions

Some genetically modified plants are purely [[Ornamental plant|ornamental]]. They are modified for flower color, fragrance, flower shape and plant architecture.<ref name=":10">{{cite web |url= http://www.isaaa.org/resources/publications/pocketk/47/default.asp|title=Biotechnology in Ornamental Plants - Pocket K |website=www.isaaa.org|access-date=2018-12-17}}</ref> The first genetically modified ornamentals commercialised altered colour.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Chandler SF, Sanchez C | title = Genetic modification; the development of transgenic ornamental plant varieties | journal = Plant Biotechnology Journal | volume = 10 | issue = 8 | pages = 891–903 | date = October 2012 | pmid = 22537268 | doi = 10.1111/j.1467-7652.2012.00693.x | doi-access = free }}</ref> [[Carnations]] were released in 1997, with the most popular genetically modified organism, a [[blue rose]] (actually lavender or mauve) created in 2004.<ref>{{cite web | last = Nosowitz | first = Dan | name-list-style = vanc | url = http://www.popsci.com/science/article/2011-09/suntory-creates-mythical-blue-or-um-lavender-ish-rose | title = Suntory Creates Mythical Blue (Or, Um, Lavender-ish) Rose | work = Popular Science | date = 15 September 2011 | access-date = 30 August 2012 }}</ref> The roses are sold in Japan, the United States, and Canada.<ref>{{cite web | date = 11 September 2011 | url = http://www.japantimes.co.jp/text/nb20110916a5.html | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20121122063637/http://www.japantimes.co.jp/text/nb20110916a5.html | archive-date = 22 November 2012 |url-status=dead | title = Suntory to sell blue roses overseas | work = The Japan Times | access-date = 30 August 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite magazine|url=https://www.wired.com/wiredscience/2011/09/blue-roses-for-sale/|title=World's First 'Blue' Rose Soon Available in U.S|date=14 September 2011|magazine=Wired}}</ref> Other genetically modified ornamentals include [[Chrysanthemum]] and [[Petunia]].<ref name=":10" /> As well as increasing aesthetic value there are plans to develop ornamentals that use less water or are resistant to the cold, which would allow them to be grown outside their natural environments.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.biooekonomie-bw.de/en/articles/news/green-genetic-engineering-now-conquers-the-ornamental-plant-market-as-well/|title=Green genetic engineering now conquers the ornamental plant market as well|website=www.biooekonomie-bw.de|language=en|access-date=2018-12-17|archive-date=2019-04-03|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190403222831/https://www.biooekonomie-bw.de/en/articles/news/green-genetic-engineering-now-conquers-the-ornamental-plant-market-as-well/|url-status=dead}}</ref>

Plants and plant cells have been genetically engineered for production of [[biopharmaceutical]]s in [[bioreactors]], a process known as [[Pharming (genetics)|Pharming]]. Work has been done with [[Lemna|duckweed]] ''[[Lemna minor]]'',<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Gasdaska JR, Spencer D, Dickey L | title = Advantages of Therapeutic Protein Production in the Aquatic Plant ''Lemna'' | journal = BioProcessing Journal | date = March 2003 | volume = 2 | issue = 2 | pages = 49–56 | doi = 10.12665/J22.Gasdaska | url = http://www.bioprocessingjournal.com/bioprocessingjournal.com/index.php/article-downloads/329-j22-advantages-of-therapeutic-protein-production-in-the-aquatic-plant-lemna }}{{Dead link|date=May 2024 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> the [[algae]] ''[[Chlamydomonas reinhardtii]]''<ref>(10 December 2012) "[http://phys.org/news/2012-12-algae-complex-anti-cancer-drug.html Engineering algae to make complex anti-cancer 'designer' drug]" ''PhysOrg'', Retrieved 15 April 2013</ref> and the [[moss]] ''[[Physcomitrella patens]]''.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Büttner-Mainik A, Parsons J, Jérôme H, Hartmann A, Lamer S, Schaaf A, Schlosser A, Zipfel PF, Reski R, Decker EL | display-authors = 6 | title = Production of biologically active recombinant human factor H in Physcomitrella | journal = Plant Biotechnology Journal | volume = 9 | issue = 3 | pages = 373–83 | date = April 2011 | pmid = 20723134 | doi = 10.1111/j.1467-7652.2010.00552.x | doi-access = free }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Baur A, Reski R, Gorr G | title = Enhanced recovery of a secreted recombinant human growth factor using stabilizing additives and by co-expression of human serum albumin in the moss Physcomitrella patens | journal = Plant Biotechnology Journal | volume = 3 | issue = 3 | pages = 331–40 | date = May 2005 | pmid = 17129315 | doi = 10.1111/j.1467-7652.2005.00127.x | doi-access = }}</ref> Biopharmaceuticals produced include [[cytokine]]s, [[hormone]]s, [[Antibody|antibodies]], [[enzyme]]s and vaccines, most of which are accumulated in the plant seeds. Many drugs also contain natural plant ingredients and the pathways that lead to their production have been genetically altered or transferred to other plant species to produce greater volume and better products.<ref name=":11">{{cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/handbookindustri00kent|url-access=limited|title=Plant Biotechnology: New Products and Applications|vauthors=Hammond J, McGarvey P, Yusibov V|date=2012-12-06|publisher=Springer Science & Business Media|isbn=9783642602344|pages=[https://archive.org/details/handbookindustri00kent/page/n23 7]–8}}</ref> Other options for bioreactors are [[biopolymer]]s<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Börnke F, Broer I | title = Tailoring plant metabolism for the production of novel polymers and platform chemicals | journal = Current Opinion in Plant Biology | volume = 13 | issue = 3 | pages = 354–62 | date = June 2010 | pmid = 20171137 | doi = 10.1016/j.pbi.2010.01.005 }}</ref> and [[biofuel]]s.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Lehr F, Posten C | title = Closed photo-bioreactors as tools for biofuel production | journal = Current Opinion in Biotechnology | volume = 20 | issue = 3 | pages = 280–5 | date = June 2009 | pmid = 19501503 | doi = 10.1016/j.copbio.2009.04.004 }}</ref> Unlike bacteria, plants can modify the proteins post-[[Translation (biology)|translationally]], allowing them to make more complex molecules. They also pose less risk of being contaminated.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://agbiosafety.unl.edu/biopharm.shtml|title=UNL's AgBiosafety for Educators|website=agbiosafety.unl.edu|access-date=2018-12-18}}</ref> Therapeutics have been cultured in transgenic carrot and tobacco cells,<ref>[http://protalix.com/procellex-platform/overview-procellex-platform.asp Protalix technology platform] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121027101102/http://protalix.com/procellex-platform/overview-procellex-platform.asp|date=27 October 2012}}</ref> including a drug treatment for [[Gaucher's disease]].<ref>Gali Weinreb and Koby Yeshayahou for Globes 2 May 2012. "[http://www.globes.co.il/serveen/globes/docview.asp?did=1000745325&fid=1725 FDA approves Protalix Gaucher treatment] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130529030847/http://www.globes.co.il/serveen/globes/docview.asp?did=1000745325&fid=1725|date=29 May 2013}}"</ref>