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== Manual vs. non-manual communicative gestures ==
Within the realm of communicative gestures, the first distinction to be made is between gestures made with the hands and arms, and gestures made with other parts of the body. Examples of Non-manual gestures may include head [[Nod (gesture)|nodding]] and [[Head shake|shaking]], [[Shrug|shoulder shrugging]], and [[facial expression]], among others. Non-manual gestures are attested in languages all around the world, but have not been the primary focus of most research regarding co-speech gesture.<ref name=":1">{{Cite journal|last=Abner et. al.|first=Natasha|year=2015|title=Gesture for Linguists: A Handy Primer|url=https://goldin-meadow-lab.uchicago.edu/sites/goldin-meadow-lab.uchicago.edu/files/uploads/PDFs/2015_Abner,%20Cooperrider,%20Goldin-Meadow%20-%20Gesture%20for%20Linguists%20A%20Handy%20Primer.pdf|journal=Language and Linguistics Compass|volume=9|pages=437–449|via=Wiley & Sons|doi=10.1111/lnc3.12168}}</ref>
=== Manual gestures ===
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The elaboration of lexical gestures falls on a spectrum of iconic-metaphorical in how closely tied they are to the lexico-semantic content of the verbal speech they coordinate with. More iconic gesture very obviously mirrors the words being spoken (such as drawing a jagged horizontal line in the air to describe mountains) whereas more metaphorical gestures clearly contain some spatial relation to the semantic content of the co-occurring verbal speech, but the relationship between the gesture and the speech might be more ambiguous.
Lexical gestures, like motor gestures, cannot occur independently of verbal speech. The purpose of lexical gestures is still widely contested in the literature with some linguists arguing that lexical gestures serve to amplify or modulate the semantic content of lexical speech,<ref name="Kendon" /> or that it serves a cognitive purpose in aiding in lexical access and retrieval<ref name=":0" /> or verbal working memory.<ref name=":2">{{Cite journal|last=Gillespie et. al.|first=Maureen|year=2014|title=Verbal Working Memory Predicts Co-Speech Gesture: Evidence from Individual Differences|url=|journal=Cognition|volume=132|pages=174–180|via=|doi=10.1016/j.cognition.2014.03.012}}</ref> Most recent research suggests that lexical gestures serve a primarily socio-pragmatic role.<ref name=":3">{{Cite journal|last=Holler et. al.|first=Judith|year=2012|title=It's On the Tip of My Fingers: Co-speech Gestures During Lexical Retrieval in Different Social Contexts|url=|journal=Language and Cognitive Processes|volume=|pages=|via=}}</ref>
==Language development==
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* Noland, Carrie (2009). ''Agency and Embodiment : Performing Gestures/producing Culture''. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press.
* Noland, Carrie and Sally Ann Ness, editors (2008). ''Migration of Gesture''. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press.
* {{cite journal | last1 = Parrill | first1 = Fey | last2 = Sweetser | first2 = Eve | year = 2004 | title = What We Mean by Meaning: Conceptual Integration in Gesture Analysis and Transcription | url = | journal = Gesture | volume = 4 | issue = 2| pages = 197–219 | doi=10.1075/gest.4.2.05par}}
* Rodríguez, Juana María (2007). “Gesture and Utterance Fragments from a Butch-Femme Archive.” ''A Companion to Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, Transgender, and Queer Studies''. Ed. George E. Haggerty and Molly McGarry. Blackwell Publishing Ltd, 2007. 282–291.
* Rodríguez, Juana María (2014). ''Sexual Futures, Queer Gestures, and Other Latina Longings''. New York: NYU Press.
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