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Gesture has frequently been taken up by researchers in the field of dance studies and performance studies in ways that emphasize the ways they are culturally and contextually inflected. Performance scholar, Carrie Noland, describes gestures as "learned techniques of the body" and stresses the way gestures are embodied corporeal forms of cultural communication.<ref>Noland, Carrie. ''Agency and Embodiment : Performing Gestures/producing Culture''. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 2009. p. 2.
</ref> But rather than just residing within one cultural context, she describes how gesture migrate across bodies and locations to create new cultural meanings and associations. She also posits how they might function as a form of "resistance to homogenization" because they are so dependent on the specificities of the bodies that perform them.<ref>Noland, Carrie.
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Studies affirm a strong link between gesture typology and language development. Young children under the age of two seem to rely on pointing gestures to refer to objects that they do not know the names of. Once the words are learned, they eschewed those referential (pointing) gestures. One would think that the use of gesture would decrease as the child develops spoken language, but results reveal that gesture frequency increased as speaking frequency increased with age. There is, however, a change in gesture typology at different ages, suggesting a connection between gestures and language development. Children most often use pointing and adults rely more on iconic and beat gestures. As children begin producing sentence-like utterances, they also begin producing new kinds of gestures that adults use when speaking (iconics and beats). Evidence of this systematic organization of gesture is indicative of its association to language development.<ref name="mayberry"/>
Gestural languages such as [[American Sign Language]] and its regional siblings operate as complete natural languages that are gestural in modality. They should not be confused with [[finger spelling]], in which a set of emblematic gestures are used to represent a written alphabet. American sign language is different from gesturing in that concepts are modeled by certain hand motions or expressions and has a specific established structure while gesturing is more malleable and has no specific structure rather it supplements speech. We should note, that before an established sign language was created in Nicaragua after the 1970s, deaf communities would use "home signs" in order to communicate with each other. These home signs were not part of a unified language but were still used as familiar motions and expressions used within their family—still closely related to language rather than gestures with no specific structure.<ref>{{cite book|last=Fernandez|first=Eva M.|title=Fundamentals of Psycholinguistics|year=2011|publisher=Wiley-Blackwell|isbn=9781405191470|page=77|author2=Helen Smith Cairns}}</ref> This is similar to what has been observed in the gestural actions of chimpanzees. Gestures are used by these animals in place of verbal language, which is restricted in animals due to their lacking certain physiological and articulatory abilities that humans have for speech. Corballis (2009) asserts that "our hominin ancestors were better pre-adapted to acquire language-like competence using manual gestures than using vocal sounds."<ref>Corballis, M. C. (2010), The gestural origins of language. WIREs Cogn Sci, 1: 2–7.
==Social significance==
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Because of this connection of co-speech gestures—a form of manual action—in language in the brain, Roel Willems and Peter Hagoort conclude that both gestures and language contribute to the understanding and decoding of a speaker's encoded message. Willems and Hagoort's research suggest that "processing evoked by gestures is qualitatively similar to that of words at the level of semantic processing." This conclusion is supported through findings from experiments by Skipper where the use of gestures led to "a division of labor between areas related to language or action (Broca's area and premotor/primary motor cortex respectively)", The use of gestures in combination with speech allowed the brain to decrease the need for "semantic control", Because gestures aided in understanding the relayed message, there was not as great a need for semantic selection or control that would otherwise be required of the listener through [[Broca's area]]. Gestures are a way to represent the thoughts of an individual, which are prompted in working memory. The results of an experiment revealed that adults have increased accuracy when they used pointing gestures as opposed to simply counting in their heads (without the use of pointing gestures)<ref name="VASC, Dermina 2013"/> Furthermore, the results of a study conducted by Marstaller and Burianová suggest that the use of gestures affect working memory. The researchers found that those with low capacity of working memory who were able to use gestures actually recalled more terms than those with low capacity who were not able to use gestures.<ref>Marstaller, Lars and Hana Burianová. "Individual differences in the gesture effect on working memory."Psychonomic Society 20 (2013): 496-500. Academic Search Complete. Web.</ref>
Although there is an obvious connection in the aid of gestures in understanding a message, "the understanding of gestures is not the same as understanding spoken language." These two functions work together and gestures help facilitate understanding, but they only "partly drive the neural language system".<ref>{{cite journal | last1 = Willems
==In Indian classical dance==
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* ''[[Adam Kendon|Kendon, A]] (2004). Gesture: Visible Action as Utterance. Cambridge: [[Cambridge University Press]]. ISBN 0-521-54293-6.''
* ''Kita, S (2003). Pointing: Where Language, Culture and Cognition Meet. [[Taylor & Francis|Lawrence Erlbaum Associates]]. ISBN 0-8058-4014-1.''
* Lippit, Akira Mizuta (2008).
* ''[[David McNeill|McNeill, D]] (2005). Gesture and Thought. Chicago: [[University of Chicago Press]]. ISBN 0-226-51462-5.''
* Muñoz, Jose Esteban (2001).
* Muñoz, José Esteban (2009). ''Cruising Utopia: The Then and There of Queer Futurity''. New York: New York University Press.
* Noland, Carrie (2009). ''Agency and Embodiment : Performing Gestures/producing Culture''. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press.
* Noland, Carrie and Sally Ann Ness, editors (2008). ''Migration of Gesture''. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press.
* {{cite journal | last1 = Parrill | first1 = Fey | last2 = Sweetser | first2 = Eve | year = 2004 | title = What We Mean by Meaning: Conceptual Integration in Gesture Analysis and Transcription | url = | journal = Gesture | volume = 4 | issue = 2| pages = 197–219 | doi=10.1075/gest.4.2.05par}}
* Rodríguez, Juana María (2007).
* Rodríguez, Juana María (2014). ''Sexual Futures, Queer Gestures, and Other Latina Longings''. New York: NYU Press.
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