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[[File:Us navy helicopter landing signals illustration.jpg|thumb|right|200px|Military [[aircraft marshalling|air marshallers]] use hand and body gestures to direct flight operations aboard [[aircraft carrier]]s.]]
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Gestures have been studied throughout the centuries from different perspectives.<ref>{{cite journal | last = Kendon | first = A | authorlink = Adam Kendon | year = 1982 | title = The study of gesture: Some observations on its history | journal = Recherches Sémiotiques/Semiotic Inquiry | volume = 2 | issue = 1 | pages = 45–62 }}</ref> During the [[Roman Empire]], [[Quintilian]] studied in his Institution Oratoria how gesture may be used in rhetorical discourse. Another broad study of gesture was published by [[England|Englishman]] [[John Bulwer]] in 1644. Bulwer analyzed dozens of gestures and provided a guide on how to use gestures to increase eloquence and clarity for public speaking.<ref>{{cite book | last = Bulwer | first = J | authorlink = John Bulwer | year = 1644 | title = Chirologia: or the Naturall Language of the Hand | location = London }}</ref> [[Andrea De Jorio]] published an extensive account of gestural expression in 1832.<ref>{{cite book | last = de Jorio | first = A | authorlink = Andrea de Jorio | title = Gesture in Naples and Gesture in Classical Antiquity | isbn = 0-253-21506-4 | publisher = [[Indiana University Press]] | orig-year = 1832|year=2002 | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=lw8tzmu9-GYC&printsec=frontcover#v=onepage&q&f=false }}</ref> A peer reviewed journal ''Gesture'' has been published since
Gesture has frequently been taken up by researchers in the field of dance studies and performance studies in ways that emphasize the ways they are culturally and contextually inflected. Performance scholar, Carrie Noland, describes gestures as "learned techniques of the body" and stresses the way gestures are embodied corporeal forms of cultural communication.<ref>Noland, Carrie. ''Agency and Embodiment : Performing Gestures/producing Culture''. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 2009. p. 2.
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Within the field of linguistics, the most hotly contested aspect of gesture revolves around the subcategory of Lexical or Iconic Co-Speech Gestures. Adam Kendon was the first linguist to hypothesize on their purpose when he argued that Lexical gestures do work to amplify or modulate the lexico-semantic content of the verbal speech with which they co-occur.<ref name="Kendon"
==Typology (categories)==
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==Neurology==
Gestures are processed in the same areas of the brain as [[speech]] and [[sign language]] such as the left [[inferior frontal gyrus]] ([[Broca's area]]) and the posterior [[middle temporal gyrus]], posterior [[superior temporal sulcus]] and [[superior temporal gyrus]] ([[Wernicke's area]]).<ref name="Xu"
The linkage of hand and body gestures in conjunction with speech is further revealed by the nature of gesture use in blind individuals during conversation. This phenomenon uncovers a function of gesture that goes beyond portraying communicative content of language and extends [[David McNeill]]'s view of the gesture-speech system. This suggests that gesture and speech work tightly together, and a disruption of one (speech or gesture) will cause a problem in the other. Studies have found strong evidence that speech and gesture are innately linked in the brain and work in an efficiently wired and choreographed system. McNeill's view of this linkage in the brain is just one of three currently up for debate; the others declaring gesture to be a "support system" of spoken language or a physical mechanism for lexical retrieval.<ref>{{cite journal|last=Iverson |first=Jana M. |author2=Esther Thelen |title=Hand, Mouth and Brain |journal=Journal of Consciousness Studies |year=2005 |url=http://cspeech.ucd.ie/~fred/docs/IversonThelen.pdf |accessdate=1 October 2013 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131004215359/http://cspeech.ucd.ie/~fred/docs/IversonThelen.pdf |archivedate=4 October 2013 |df= }}</ref>
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