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[[File:Us navy helicopter landing signals illustration.jpg|thumb|right|200px|Military [[aircraft marshalling|air marshallers]] use hand and body gestures to direct flight operations aboard [[aircraft carrier]]s.]]
A '''gesture''' is a form of [[non-verbal communication]] or non-vocal [[communication]] in which visible bodily actions communicate particular messages, either in place of, or in conjunction with, [[speech]]. Gestures include movement of the [[hand]]s, [[face]], or other parts of the [[Human body|body]]. Gestures differ from physical non-verbal communication that does not communicate specific messages, such as purely [[Emotional expression|expressive]] displays, [[proxemics]], or displays of [[joint attention]].<ref name=Kendon>Kendon, Adam. (2004) ''Gesture: Visible Action as Utterance''. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. {{ISBN|0-521-83525-9}}</ref> Gestures allow individuals to communicate a variety of feelings and thoughts, from contempt and hostility to approval and affection, often together with [[body language]] in addition to [[word]]s when they speak. Gesticulation and speech work independently of each other, but join to provide emphasis and meaning.
Gesture processing takes place in areas of the brain such as [[Broca's area|Broca's]] and [[Wernicke's area]]s, which are used by [[speech]] and [[sign language]].<ref name="Xu">Xu J, Gannon PJ, Emmorey K, Smith JF, Braun AR. (2009). [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2779203/pdf/pnas.0909197106.pdf Symbolic gestures and spoken language are processed by a common neural system.] Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 106:20664–20669. {{doi|10.1073/pnas.0909197106}} {{PMID|19923436}}</ref> In fact, language is thought by some scholars to have evolved in ''Homo sapiens'' from an earlier system consisting of manual gestures.<ref>{{cite journal|last=Corballis|first=Michael|title=The gestural origins of language|journal=WIREs Cognitive Science|date=January–February 2010|volume=1}}</ref> The theory that language evolved from manual gestures, termed [[Origin of language#Gestural theory|Gestural Theory]], dates back to the work of 18th-century philosopher and priest [[Étienne Bonnot de Condillac|Abbé de Condillac]], and has been revived by contemporary anthropologist Gordon W. Hewes, in 1973, as part of a discussion on the [[origin of language]].<ref>Corballis, Michael. (January/February 2010). "The gestural origins of language." © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. WIREs Cogn Sci 2010 1 2–7</ref>
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== Body Language Relating to Gestures ==
Body language is a form of [[Nonverbal communication|non-verbal communication]] that allows visual cues that transmit messages without speaking. Gestures are movement that are made with the body: arms, hands, facial, etc.<ref name=":4">{{Cite journal|last=Tipper|first=Christine M.|last2=Signorini|first2=Giulia|last3=Grafton|first3=Scott T.|date=2015-08-21|title=Body language in the brain: constructing meaning from expressive movement|journal=Frontiers in Human Neuroscience|volume=9|pages=450|doi=10.3389/fnhum.2015.00450|issn=1662-5161|pmc=4543892|pmid=26347635}}</ref> Authors Barbara Pease and Allan Pease, of the "[[The Definitive Book of Body Language]]" concluded that everyone does a shoulder shrug, a gesture signifying that the person is not comprehending what they are supposed to be understanding. Also, that showing the palms of both hands to show a person is not hiding anything, and raising the eyebrows to indicate a greeting.<ref>Pease, Allan, and Barbara Pease. ''The Definitive Book of Body Language''
Finger gestures are commonly used in a variety of ways, from point at something to indicate that you want to show a person something to indicating a thumbs up to show everything is good.<ref>Black, Roxie M. (2011). "Cultural Considerations of Hand Use". ''Journal of Hand Therapy''. '''24''' (2): 104–111. {{doi|10.1016/j.jht.2010.09.067}}</ref>
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