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A study done in 1644, by [[John Bulwer]] an [[English people|English]] [[physician]] and early [[Baconian method|Baconian]] [[Natural philosophy|natural philosopher]] wrote five works exploring human communications pertaining to gestures.<ref>{{cite journal | last1 = Wollock | first1 = J | year = 2002 | title = John Bulwer (1606–1656) and the significance of gesture in 17th-century theories of language and cognition | url = | journal = Gesture | volume = 2 | issue = 2| page = 227 | doi = 10.1075/gest.2.2.06wol }}</ref> Bulwer analyzed dozens of gestures and provided a guide under his book named Chirologia which focused on hand gestures.<ref>{{cite book|title=Chirologia: or the Naturall Language of the Hand|url=https://archive.org/details/b30324907|last=Bulwer|first=J|year=1644|location=London|authorlink=John Bulwer}}</ref> In the 19th century, [[Andrea De Jorio]] an Italian [[antiquarian]] who considered a lot of research about [[body language]] published an extensive account of gesture expressions.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lw8tzmu9-GYC&printsec=frontcover#v=onepage&q&f=false|title=Gesture in Naples and Gesture in Classical Antiquity|last=de Jorio|first=A|publisher=[[Indiana University Press]]|year=2002|isbn=978-0-253-21506-2|authorlink=Andrea de Jorio|orig-year=1832}}</ref>
[[Andrew N. Meltzoff]] an American psychologist conducted who's internationally renown on infant and child development conducted a study in 1977 on the imitation of facial and manual gestures by new born. The study concluded that "infants between 12 and 21 days of age can imitate the facial and manual gestures of parents".<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Meltzoff|first=A. N.|last2=Moore|first2=M. K.|date=1977-10-07|title=Imitation of facial and manual gestures by human neonates|journal=Science|volume=198|issue=4312|pages=74–78|issn=0036-8075|pmid=897687|doi=10.1126/science.897687|bibcode=1977Sci...198...75M|doi-access=free}}</ref> In 1992, [[David McNeill|David Mcneill]] a professor of [[linguistics]] and [[psychology]] at the [[University of Chicago]] wrote a book based on his ten years of research and concluded that "gestures do not simply form a part of what is said, but have an impact on thought itself." Meltzoff argues that gestures directly transfer thoughts into visible forms, showing that ideas and language cannot always be express.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://www.press.uchicago.edu/ucp/books/book/chicago/H/bo3641188.html|title=Hand and mind: What gestures reveal about thought.|last=McNeill|first=D|date=1992}}</ref> A peer-reviewed journal Gesture has been published since 2001,<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://benjamins.com/#catalog/journals/gest/issues|title=Gesture Issues|last=|first=|date=2016|website=benjamins.com|publisher=Benjamins|access-date=2016-10-11}}</ref> and was founded by [[Adam Kendon]] and [[Cornelia Müller]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.gesturestudies.com/history.php|title=A brief history of the origins of the ISGS|last=Müller|first=Cornelia|date=|website=ISGS: International Society for Gesture Studies|access-date=|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161011231434/http://www.gesturestudies.com/history.php|archive-date=2016-10-11|url-status=dead}}</ref> The International Society for Gesture Studies (ISGS) was founded in 2002.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://gesturestudies.com/|title=International Society for Gesture Studies (ISGS)|last=Andrén|first=Mats|website=gesturestudies.com|access-date=2016-10-11}}</ref>
Gesture has frequently been taken up by researchers in the field of dance studies and performance studies in ways that emphasize the ways they are culturally and contextually inflected. Performance scholar Carrie Noland describes gestures as "learned techniques of the body" and stresses the way gestures are embodied corporeal forms of cultural communication.<ref>Noland, Carrie. ''Agency and Embodiment : Performing Gestures/producing Culture''. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press, 2009. p. 2.
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Because of this connection of co-speech gestures—a form of manual action—in language in the brain, Roel Willems and Peter Hagoort conclude that both gestures and language contribute to the understanding and decoding of a speaker's encoded message. Willems and Hagoort's research suggest that "processing evoked by gestures is qualitatively similar to that of words at the level of semantic processing." This conclusion is supported through findings from experiments by Skipper where the use of gestures led to "a division of labor between areas related to language or action (Broca's area and premotor/primary motor cortex respectively)", The use of gestures in combination with speech allowed the brain to decrease the need for "semantic control", Because gestures aided in understanding the relayed message, there was not as great a need for semantic selection or control that would otherwise be required of the listener through [[Broca's area]]. Gestures are a way to represent the thoughts of an individual, which are prompted in working memory. The results of an experiment revealed that adults have increased accuracy when they used pointing gestures as opposed to simply counting in their heads (without the use of pointing gestures)<ref name="VASC, Dermina 2013"/> Furthermore, the results of a study conducted by Marstaller and Burianová suggest that the use of gestures affect working memory. The researchers found that those with low capacity of working memory who were able to use gestures actually recalled more terms than those with low capacity who were not able to use gestures.<ref>{{cite journal | last1 = Marstaller | first1 = Lars | last2 = Burianová | first2 = Hana | year = 2013 | title = Individual differences in the gesture effect on working memory | url = | journal = Psychonomic Society | volume = 20 | issue = | pages = 496–500 | doi = 10.3758/s13423-012-0365-0 }}</ref>
Although there is an obvious connection in the aid of gestures in understanding a message, "the understanding of gestures is not the same as understanding spoken language." These two functions work together and gestures help facilitate understanding, but they only "partly drive the neural language system".<ref>{{cite journal | last1 = Willems | first1 = Roel M. | last2 = Hagoort | first2 = Peter | year = 2007 | title = Neural Evidence for the Interplay between Language, Gesture, and Action: A Review | url = | journal = Brain and Language | volume = 101 | issue = 3| pages = 14–6 | doi=10.1016/j.bandl.2007.03.004| pmid = 17416411 | hdl = 11858/00-001M-0000-0013-198D-E | hdl-access = free }}</ref>
==Electronic interface==
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