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A '''gesture''' is a form of [[non-verbal communication]] or non-vocal [[communication]] in which visible bodily actions communicate particular messages, either in place of, or in conjunction with, [[speech]]. Gestures include movement of the [[hand]]s, [[face]], or other parts of the [[Human body|body]]. Gestures differ from physical non-verbal communication that does not communicate specific messages, such as purely [[Emotional expression|expressive]] displays, [[proxemics]], or displays of [[joint attention]].<ref name=Kendon>Kendon, Adam. (2004) ''Gesture: Visible Action as Utterance''. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. {{ISBN|0-521-83525-9}}</ref> Gestures allow individuals to communicate a variety of feelings and thoughts, from contempt and hostility to approval and affection, often together with [[body language]] in addition to [[word]]s when they speak. Gesticulation and speech work independently of each other, but join to provide emphasis and meaning.
Gesture processing takes place in areas of the brain such as [[Broca's area|Broca's]] and [[Wernicke's area]]s, which are used by [[speech]] and [[sign language]].<ref name="Xu">{{cite journal | last1 = Xu | first1 = J | last2 = Gannon | first2 = PJ | last3 = Emmorey | first3 = K | last4 = Smith | first4 = JF | last5 = Braun | first5 = AR | year = 2009 | title = Symbolic gestures and spoken language are processed by a common neural system
== Research throughout the ages ==
Gestures have been studied throughout time from different philosophers.<ref>{{cite journal|last=Kendon|first=A|authorlink=Adam Kendon|year=1982|title=The study of gesture: Some observations on its history|journal=Recherches Sémiotiques/Semiotic Inquiry|volume=2|issue=1|pages=45–62}}</ref> [[Quintilian|Marcus Fabius Quintilianus]] was a [[Roman people|Roman]] [[Rhetoric]]ian who studied in his Institution Oratoria on how gesture can be used on rhetorical discourses. One of his greatest works and foundation for [[communication]] was the "[[Institutio Oratoria]]" where he explains his observations and nature of different oratories.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.britannica.com/biography/Quintilian|title=Quintilian {{!}} Roman rhetorician|encyclopedia=Encyclopedia Britannica|access-date=2018-10-15|language=en}}</ref>
A study done in 1644, by [[John Bulwer]] an [[English people|English]] [[physician]] and early [[Baconian method|Baconian]] [[Natural philosophy|natural philosopher]] wrote five works exploring human communications pertaining to gestures.<ref>{{cite journal | last1 = Wollock | first1 = J | year = 2002 | title = John Bulwer (1606–1656) and the significance of gesture in 17th-century theories of language and cognition | url = | journal = Gesture | volume = 2 | issue = 2| page = 227 | doi = 10.1075/gest.2.2.06wol }}</ref> Bulwer analyzed dozens of gestures and provided a guide under his book named Chirologia which focused on hand gestures.<ref>{{cite book|title=Chirologia: or the Naturall Language of the Hand|url=https://archive.org/details/b30324907|last=Bulwer|first=J|year=1644|location=London|authorlink=John Bulwer}}</ref> In the 19th century, [[Andrea De Jorio]] an Italian [[antiquarian]] who considered a lot of research about [[body language]] published an extensive account of gesture expressions.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/
[[Andrew N. Meltzoff]] an American psychologist conducted who's internationally renown on infant and child development conducted a study in 1977 on the imitation of facial and manual gestures by new born. The study concluded that "infants between 12 and 21 days of age can imitate the facial and manual gestures of parents".<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Meltzoff|first=A. N.|last2=Moore|first2=M. K.|date=1977-10-07|title=Imitation of facial and manual gestures by human neonates|journal=Science|volume=198|issue=4312|pages=74–78|issn=0036-8075|pmid=897687|doi=10.1126/science.897687|bibcode=1977Sci...198...75M|doi-access=free}}</ref> In 1992, [[David McNeill|David Mcneill]] a professor of [[linguistics]] and [[psychology]] at the [[University of Chicago]] wrote a book based on his ten years of research and concluded that "gestures do not simply form a part of what is said, but have an impact on thought itself." Meltzoff argues that gestures directly transfer thoughts into visible forms, showing that ideas and language cannot always be express.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://www.press.uchicago.edu/ucp/books/book/chicago/H/bo3641188.html|title=Hand and mind: What gestures reveal about thought.|last=McNeill|first=D|date=1992}}</ref> A peer-reviewed journal Gesture has been published since 2001,<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://benjamins.com/#catalog/journals/gest/issues|title=Gesture Issues|last=|first=|date=2016|website=benjamins.com|publisher=Benjamins|access-date=2016-10-11}}</ref> and was founded by [[Adam Kendon]] and [[Cornelia Müller]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.gesturestudies.com/history.php|title=A brief history of the origins of the ISGS|last=Müller|first=Cornelia|date=|website=ISGS: International Society for Gesture Studies|access-date=|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161011231434/http://www.gesturestudies.com/history.php|archive-date=2016-10-11|url-status=dead}}</ref> The International Society for Gesture Studies (ISGS) was founded in 2002.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://gesturestudies.com/|title=International Society for Gesture Studies (ISGS)|last=Andrén|first=Mats|website=gesturestudies.com|access-date=2016-10-11}}</ref>
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Body language is a form of [[Nonverbal communication|non-verbal communication]] that allows visual cues that transmit messages without speaking. Gestures are movement that are made with the body: arms, hands, facial, etc.<ref name=":4">{{Cite journal|last=Tipper|first=Christine M.|last2=Signorini|first2=Giulia|last3=Grafton|first3=Scott T.|date=2015-08-21|title=Body language in the brain: constructing meaning from expressive movement|journal=Frontiers in Human Neuroscience|volume=9|pages=450|doi=10.3389/fnhum.2015.00450|issn=1662-5161|pmc=4543892|pmid=26347635}}</ref> Authors Barbara Pease and Allan Pease, of "[[The Definitive Book of Body Language]]" concluded that everyone does a shoulder shrug, a gesture signifying that the person is not comprehending what they are supposed to be understanding. Also, that showing the palms of both hands to show a person is not hiding anything, and raising the eyebrows to indicate a greeting.<ref>Pease, Allan, and Barbara Pease. ''The Definitive Book of Body Language'', 2006. Print.</ref>
Finger gestures are commonly used in a variety of ways, from point at something to indicate that you want to show a person something to indicating a thumbs up to show everything is good.<ref>{{cite journal | last1 = Black | first1 = Roxie M | year = 2011 | title = Cultural Considerations of Hand Use | url = | journal = Journal of Hand Therapy | volume = 24 | issue = 2| pages = 104–111 | doi = 10.1016/j.jht.2010.09.067 | pmid = 21109395 }}</ref>
Also, in most cultures nodding your head signifies "Yes", which the book "The Definitive Book of Body Language" describes as submissive gesture to representing the conversation is going the direction of the person speaking. Interesting, the book explains that people who are born deaf can show a form of submissive gesture to signify "Yes".<ref name=":4" />
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The linkage of hand and body gestures in conjunction with speech is further revealed by the nature of gesture use in blind individuals during conversation. This phenomenon uncovers a function of gesture that goes beyond portraying communicative content of language and extends [[David McNeill]]'s view of the gesture-speech system. This suggests that gesture and speech work tightly together, and a disruption of one (speech or gesture) will cause a problem in the other. Studies have found strong evidence that speech and gesture are innately linked in the brain and work in an efficiently wired and choreographed system. McNeill's view of this linkage in the brain is just one of three currently up for debate; the others declaring gesture to be a "support system" of spoken language or a physical mechanism for lexical retrieval.<ref>{{cite journal|last=Iverson |first=Jana M. |author2=Esther Thelen |title=Hand, Mouth and Brain |journal=Journal of Consciousness Studies |year=2005 |url=http://cspeech.ucd.ie/~fred/docs/IversonThelen.pdf |accessdate=1 October 2013 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131004215359/http://cspeech.ucd.ie/~fred/docs/IversonThelen.pdf |archivedate=4 October 2013 }}</ref>
Because of this connection of co-speech gestures—a form of manual action—in language in the brain, Roel Willems and Peter Hagoort conclude that both gestures and language contribute to the understanding and decoding of a speaker's encoded message. Willems and Hagoort's research suggest that "processing evoked by gestures is qualitatively similar to that of words at the level of semantic processing." This conclusion is supported through findings from experiments by Skipper where the use of gestures led to "a division of labor between areas related to language or action (Broca's area and premotor/primary motor cortex respectively)", The use of gestures in combination with speech allowed the brain to decrease the need for "semantic control", Because gestures aided in understanding the relayed message, there was not as great a need for semantic selection or control that would otherwise be required of the listener through [[Broca's area]]. Gestures are a way to represent the thoughts of an individual, which are prompted in working memory. The results of an experiment revealed that adults have increased accuracy when they used pointing gestures as opposed to simply counting in their heads (without the use of pointing gestures)<ref name="VASC, Dermina 2013"/> Furthermore, the results of a study conducted by Marstaller and Burianová suggest that the use of gestures affect working memory. The researchers found that those with low capacity of working memory who were able to use gestures actually recalled more terms than those with low capacity who were not able to use gestures.<ref>{{cite journal | last1 = Marstaller | first1 = Lars | last2 = Burianová | first2 = Hana | year = 2013 | title = Individual differences in the gesture effect on working memory | url = | journal = Psychonomic Society | volume = 20 | issue = 3| pages = 496–500 | doi = 10.3758/s13423-012-0365-0 | pmid = 23288659 | doi-access = free }}</ref>
Although there is an obvious connection in the aid of gestures in understanding a message, "the understanding of gestures is not the same as understanding spoken language." These two functions work together and gestures help facilitate understanding, but they only "partly drive the neural language system".<ref>{{cite journal | last1 = Willems | first1 = Roel M. | last2 = Hagoort | first2 = Peter | year = 2007 | title = Neural Evidence for the Interplay between Language, Gesture, and Action: A Review | url = | journal = Brain and Language | volume = 101 | issue = 3| pages = 14–6 | doi=10.1016/j.bandl.2007.03.004| pmid = 17416411 | hdl = 11858/00-001M-0000-0013-198D-E | hdl-access = free }}</ref>
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