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Gestures have been studied throughout time from different philosophers.<ref>{{cite journal|last=Kendon|first=A|authorlink=Adam Kendon|year=1982|title=The study of gesture: Some observations on its history|journal=Recherches Sémiotiques/Semiotic Inquiry|volume=2|issue=1|pages=45–62}}</ref> [[Quintilian|Marcus Fabius Quintilianus]] was a [[Roman people|Roman]] [[Rhetoric]]ian who studied in his Institution Oratoria on how gesture can be used on rhetorical discourses. One of his greatest works and foundation for [[communication]] was the "[[Institutio Oratoria]]" where he explains his observations and nature of different oratories.<ref>{{Cite encyclopedia|url=https://www.britannica.com/biography/Quintilian|title=Quintilian {{!}} Roman rhetorician|encyclopedia=Encyclopedia Britannica|access-date=2018-10-15|language=en}}</ref>
A study done in 1644, by [[John Bulwer]] an [[English people|English]] [[physician]] and early [[Baconian method|Baconian]] [[Natural philosophy|natural philosopher]] wrote five works exploring human communications pertaining to gestures.<ref>{{cite journal | last1 = Wollock | first1 = J | year = 2002 | title = John Bulwer (1606–1656) and the significance of gesture in 17th-century theories of language and cognition | url = | journal = Gesture | volume = 2 | issue = 2| page = 227 | doi = 10.1075/gest.2.2.06wol }}</ref> Bulwer analyzed dozens of gestures and provided a guide under his book named Chirologia which focused on hand gestures.<ref>{{cite book|title=Chirologia: or the Naturall Language of the Hand|url=https://archive.org/details/b30324907|last=Bulwer|first=J|year=1644|location=London|authorlink=John Bulwer}}</ref> In the 19th century, [[Andrea De Jorio]] an Italian [[antiquarian]] who considered a lot of research about [[body language]] published an extensive account of gesture expressions.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lw8tzmu9-GYC
[[Andrew N. Meltzoff]] an American psychologist internationally renown for infant and child development conducted a study in 1977 on the imitation of facial and manual gestures by newborns. The study concluded that "infants between 12 and 21 days of age can imitate the facial and manual gestures of parents".<ref>{{Cite journal|
Gesture has frequently been taken up by researchers in the field of dance studies and performance studies in ways that emphasize the ways they are culturally and contextually inflected. Performance scholar Carrie Noland describes gestures as "learned techniques of the body" and stresses the way gestures are embodied corporeal forms of cultural communication.<ref>Noland, Carrie. ''Agency and Embodiment : Performing Gestures/producing Culture''. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press, 2009. p. 2.
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== Body language relating to gestures ==
Body language is a form of [[Nonverbal communication|non-verbal communication]] that allows visual cues that transmit messages without speaking. Gestures are movement that are made with the body: arms, hands, facial, etc.<ref name=":4">{{Cite journal|
Finger gestures are commonly used in a variety of ways, from point at something to indicate that you want to show a person something to indicating a thumbs up to show everything is good.<ref>{{cite journal | last1 = Black | first1 = Roxie M | year = 2011 | title = Cultural Considerations of Hand Use | url = | journal = Journal of Hand Therapy | volume = 24 | issue = 2| pages = 104–111 | doi = 10.1016/j.jht.2010.09.067 | pmid = 21109395 }}</ref>
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====Lexical (iconic)====
Other spontaneous gestures used during speech production known as iconic gestures are more full of content, and may echo, or elaborate, the meaning of the co-occurring speech. They depict aspects of spatial images, actions, people, or objects.<ref name="mayberry">{{cite journal|last=Mayberry|first=Rachel I.|title=Gesture Reflects Language Development: Evidence from Bilingual Children|journal=Current Directions in Psychological Science|date=December 2000|volume=9|issue=6|pages=192–196|jstor=20182668|doi=10.1111/1467-8721.00092|s2cid=36634267}}</ref> For example, a gesture that depicts the act of throwing may be synchronous with the utterance, "He threw the ball right into the window."<ref name=McNeill>McNeill (1992). Hand and Mind. Chicago: University of Chicago Press</ref> Such gestures that are used along with speech tend to be universal.<ref name=":6">{{Cite book|title = Gesture: Visible Action as Utterance|last = Kendon|first = Adam|publisher = Cambridge University Press|year = 2004|isbn = 978-0-521-83525-1|location = UK|pages = }}</ref> For example, one describing that he/she is feeling cold due to a lack of proper clothing and/or a cold weather can accompany his/her verbal description with a visual one. This can be achieved through various gestures such as by demonstrating a shiver and/or by rubbing the hands together. In such cases, the language or verbal description of the person does not necessarily need to be understood as someone could at least take a hint at what's being communicated through the observation and interpretation of body language which serves as a gesture equivalent in meaning to what's being said through communicative speech.
The elaboration of lexical gestures falls on a spectrum of iconic-metaphorical in how closely tied they are to the lexico-semantic content of the verbal speech they coordinate with. More iconic gesture very obviously mirrors the words being spoken (such as drawing a jagged horizontal line in the air to describe mountains) whereas more metaphorical gestures clearly contain some spatial relation to the semantic content of the co-occurring verbal speech, but the relationship between the gesture and the speech might be more ambiguous.
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Because of this connection of co-speech gestures—a form of manual action—in language in the brain, Roel Willems and Peter Hagoort conclude that both gestures and language contribute to the understanding and decoding of a speaker's encoded message. Willems and Hagoort's research suggest that "processing evoked by gestures is qualitatively similar to that of words at the level of semantic processing." This conclusion is supported through findings from experiments by Skipper where the use of gestures led to "a division of labor between areas related to language or action (Broca's area and premotor/primary motor cortex respectively)", The use of gestures in combination with speech allowed the brain to decrease the need for "semantic control", Because gestures aided in understanding the relayed message, there was not as great a need for semantic selection or control that would otherwise be required of the listener through [[Broca's area]]. Gestures are a way to represent the thoughts of an individual, which are prompted in working memory. The results of an experiment revealed that adults have increased accuracy when they used pointing gestures as opposed to simply counting in their heads (without the use of pointing gestures)<ref name="VASC, Dermina 2013"/> Furthermore, the results of a study conducted by Marstaller and Burianová suggest that the use of gestures affect working memory. The researchers found that those with low capacity of working memory who were able to use gestures actually recalled more terms than those with low capacity who were not able to use gestures.<ref>{{cite journal | last1 = Marstaller | first1 = Lars | last2 = Burianová | first2 = Hana | year = 2013 | title = Individual differences in the gesture effect on working memory | url = | journal = Psychonomic Society | volume = 20 | issue = 3| pages = 496–500 | doi = 10.3758/s13423-012-0365-0 | pmid = 23288659 | doi-access = free }}</ref>
Although there is an obvious connection in the aid of gestures in understanding a message, "the understanding of gestures is not the same as understanding spoken language." These two functions work together and gestures help facilitate understanding, but they only "partly drive the neural language system".<ref>{{cite journal | last1 = Willems | first1 = Roel M. | last2 = Hagoort | first2 = Peter | year = 2007 | title = Neural Evidence for the Interplay between Language, Gesture, and Action: A Review | url = | journal = Brain and Language | volume = 101 | issue = 3| pages = 14–6 | doi=10.1016/j.bandl.2007.03.004| pmid = 17416411 | hdl = 11858/00-001M-0000-0013-198D-E | s2cid = 14874308 | hdl-access = free }}</ref>
==Electronic interface==
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