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Following pantomime are emblems, which have specific meanings to denote "feelings, obscenities, and insults" and are not required to be used in conjunction with speech.<ref name=":7" /> The most linguistic gesture on Kendon's continuum is sign language, where "single manual signs have specific meanings and are combined with other manual signs according to specific rules".<ref name=":7" />
== Philosophy ==
[[File:The_phenomenological_structure_of_complete_and_incomplete_gestures.png|alt=The phenomenological structure of complete and incomplete gestures|thumb|Table 1. The phenomenological structure of complete and incomplete gestures]]
'''Gesture (philosophy of)'''.<ref>[1] Symposium on Giovanni Maddalena’s The Philosophy of Gesture on [https://journals.openedition.org/ejpap/431 European Journal of Pragmatism and American Philosophy VIII-1, 2016]</ref> According to this philosophy founded by the Italian philosopher Giovanni Maddalena, [[gesture]] is any performed act with a beginning and an end that carries on a meaning (from the [[latin]] gero = to bear, to carry on). It is our normal procedure to embody vague ideas in singular actions with a general meaning. Gesture is forged by a dense blending of [[Icon|icons]], indices, and symbols [[Semiotic theory of Charles Sanders Peirce|(Semiotic theory of Charles Sanders Peirce)]] and by a complexity of [[phenomenological]] characteristics, such as feelings, actual actions, general concepts, and habits (firstness, secondness, and thirdness in [[Charles Sanders Peirce|Peirce]]’s phenomenology). Gestures unite theory and practice, body and mind, and communication and knowledge, in particular with reference to [[communication]] and the knowledge of something new (synthesis).
=== Complete and incomplete gestures ===
According to the different phenomenological and [[Semiotics|semiotic]] elements that are present in a gesture, gestures can be more or less complete; namely, more or less capable of synthetizing or knowing something new.
The usual way of thinking about gestures, the so-called Kendon’s continuum, comprised of gesticulation, language-like gestures, pantomimes, emblems or Italian gestures, and signed languages, points out different levels of incomplete gestures that can be classified as having the semiotic characteristics of gestures.
[[File:The_semiotic_structure_of_complete_and_incomplete_gestures.png|alt=The semiotic structure of complete and incomplete gestures|thumb|Table 2. The semiotic structure of complete and incomplete gestures]]
=== Philosophical background: continuity and a new paradigm for synthetic reasoning ===
The philosophy of gesture proposes that gestures should be read and understood as logical tools within a synthetic paradigm of knowledge. This interpretation of gesture is drawn from a new pragmatist reading of reasoning in general, and synthetic reasoning in particular (see also [[Analytic–synthetic distinction|Analytic - Synthetic distinction]]), Some important discussions about this theory have been held during the <ref>International Conference "Gestures. New meanings for an old word"[2]</ref> ([[University of Molise]]. September 15th-18th, 2021).
According to this new paradigm, based on a semiotic study of [[Charles Sanders Peirce|Charles S. Peirce]]’s existential graphs and [[Jean Cavaillès]]’s [[philosophy of mathematics]], synthesis is defined as a recognition of an identity that occurs through changes, analysis is defined as the loss of an identity through changes, and vague reasoning is defined as blind to any identity through changes.
==References==
{{Reflist}}
[[Jean Cavaillès|Cavaillès, J]]. (1994). Oeuvres complètes. Paris: Hermann.
[[Jean Cavaillès|Cavaillès, J]]. 2008 (1947). Sur la logique et la théorie de la science. Paris : Vrin.
Maddalena G. (2015). The philosophy of gesture. Montreal: McGill-Queen’s University Press.
[[Charles Sanders Peirce|Peirce, C.S]]. (1998). The Essential Peirce, vol. 2, The Peirce Edition Project (Ed.). Bloomington-Indianapolis: [[Indiana University]] Press.
Vargas F., and Moore M., (2020): “The Peircean Continuum”. In Shapiro S., Hellman G. (eds.), The History of Continua: Philosophical and Mathematical Perspectives. Oxford, [[University of Oxford|Oxford University]] Press.
Zalamea, F. (2012). Peirce’s Logic of Continuity. Boston: Docent Press.
== References ==
[1] Symposium on Giovanni Maddalena’s The Philosophy of Gesture on [https://journals.openedition.org/ejpap/431 European Journal of Pragmatism and American Philosophy VIII-1, 2016]
[2] International Conference "Gestures. New Meanings for an Old Word" [https://www.gesture.unimol.it/ website]
<references />
==See also==
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