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In his essay "[[Homesteading the Noosphere]]", noted [[computer programmer]] [[Eric S. Raymond]] said that [[free and open-source software]] developers have created "a 'gift culture' in which participants compete for prestige by giving time, energy, and creativity away".<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://catb.org/esr/writings/homesteading/homesteading/|title=Homesteading the Noosphere|website=catb.org|access-date=2019-05-02}}</ref> Prestige gained as a result of contributions to source code fosters a social network for the developer; the [[free software movement|open source community]] will recognize the developer's accomplishments and intelligence. Consequently, the developer may find more opportunities to work with other developers. However, prestige is not the only motivator for the giving of lines of code. An anthropological study of the [[Fedora (operating system)|Fedora]] community, as part of a [[Master's degree|master's]] study at the University of North Texas in 2010-11, found that common reasons given by contributors were "learning for the joy of learning and collaborating with interesting and smart people". Motivation for personal gain, such as career benefits, was more rarely reported. Many of those surveyed said things like, "Mainly I contribute just to make it work for me", and "programmers develop software to 'scratch an itch{{'"}}.<ref>{{cite web |last=Suehle |first=Ruth |title=An anthropologist's view of an open source community |url=http://opensource.com/life/11/1/anthropologists-view-open-source-community |publisher=opensource.com |access-date=19 March 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120315115143/http://opensource.com/life/11/1/anthropologists-view-open-source-community |archive-date=15 March 2012 |url-status=dead }}</ref> The International Institute of Infonomics at the University of Maastricht in the Netherlands reported in 2002 that in addition to the above, large corporations, and they specifically mentioned [[IBM]], also spend large annual sums employing developers specifically for them to contribute to open source projects. The firms' and the employees' motivations in such cases are less clear.<ref>{{cite web |title=Free/Libre and Open Source Software: Survey and Study |url=http://flossproject.org/report/Final0.htm |publisher=International Institute of Infonomics, University of Maastricht and Berlecon Research GmbH |year=2002 |access-date=19 March 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120821233230/http://flossproject.org/report/Final0.htm |archive-date=21 August 2012 }}</ref>
Members of the [[Linux]] community often speak of their community as a gift economy.<ref>{{cite web |last=Matzan |first=Jem |title=The gift economy and free software |url=http://archive09.linux.com/feature/36554 |date=5 June 2004 |access-date=3 April 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120712130515/http://archive09.linux.com/feature/36554 |archive-date=12 July 2012 |url-status=dead }}</ref> The IT research firm IDC valued the Linux kernel at US$18 billion in 2007 and projected its value at US$40 billion in 2010.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.cioupdate.com/news/article.php/3660141/IDC-Linux-Ecosystem-Worth-40-Billion-by-2010.htm
====Collaborative works====
Collaborative works are works created by an open community. For example, [[Wikipedia]]{{spaced ndash}}a free online encyclopedia{{spaced ndash}}features millions of articles developed collaboratively, and almost none of its many authors and editors receive any direct material reward.<ref>D. Anthony, S. W. Smith, and T. Williamson, "[http://web.mit.edu/iandeseminar/Papers/Fall2005/anthony.pdf Explaining quality in internet collective goods: zealots and good samaritans in the case of ''Wikipedia'']", THanover : Dartmouth College, Technical Report, November 2005.</ref><ref>{{Citation |url=http://www.cs.dartmouth.edu/reports/TR2007-606.pdf |title=The Quality of Open Source Production: Zealots and Good Samaritans in the Case of ''Wikipedia'' |first1=Denise |last1=Anthony |first2=Sean W. |last2=Smith |first3=Tim |last3=Williamson |journal=Technical Report TR2007-606 |publisher=Dartmouth College |date=April 2007 |access-date=2011-05-29 |archive-date=2011-06-06 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110606072402/http://www.cs.dartmouth.edu/reports/TR2007-606.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref>
== See also ==
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