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Revision as of 22:09, 14 June 2024 edit 81.79.105.240 (talk) "Two universities" changed to "three universities", as the page then goes on to list three. Tag: Reverted ← Previous edit		Revision as of 16:06, 23 August 2024 edit undo 92.13.180.243 (talk) Only the historic county of Devon has got a flag, the ceremonial entity of Devon does not. Tag: Reverted Next edit →
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Line 1: {{Short description\|County of England}} {{Redirect\|Devonshire\|other uses\|Devon (disambiguation)\|and\|Devonshire (disambiguation)}} {{ppPp-move\|small=yes}} {{EngvarB\|date=April 2022}} {{Use dmy dates\|date=April 2022}} Line 15: }} \|image_caption='''Clockwise from top''': the Devon coast at [[Combe Martin]]; [[Dartmoor ponies\|ponies]] on [[Dartmoor]]; and [[Smeaton's Tower]], [[Plymouth Hoe]] ~~\| flag_image = Flag of Devon.svg~~ \| arms_link = Coat of arms of Devon \| locator_map = Devon UK locator map 2010.svg\| \| map_caption = Devon within England \| coordinates = {{Wikidatacoord\|Q23156\|region:GB-DEV_type:adm1st\|display=inline,title}} \| region = [[South West England\|South West]] \| established_date = [[Historic counties of England\|Ancient]] Line 30 ⟶ 29: \| area_total_rank = 4th \| ethnicity = {{unbulleted list \| 94.9% [[White British]]{{refn\|group=note\|Data is collected by local authority areas (Devon, Plymouth, Torbay respectively). Total population of Devon is 1,133,742 (746,399 + 256,384 + 130,959). Total population of White British persons is 1,071,015 (708,590 + 238,263 + 124,162). Percentage of White British persons is 94.467%.<ref name="ons_gov_uk">{{cite web \|title=2011 Census: Ethnic group, local authorities in England and Wales \|url=https://www.ons.gov.uk/file?uri=/peoplepopulationandcommunity/populationandmigration/populationestimates/datasets/2011censuskeystatisticsforlocalauthoritiesinenglandandwales/r21ewrttableks201ewladv1_tcm77-290595.xls \|publisher=Office for National Statistics \|access-date=27 July 2018 \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170511103138/https://www.ons.gov.uk/file?uri=%2Fpeoplepopulationandcommunity%2Fpopulationandmigration%2Fpopulationestimates%2Fdatasets%2F2011censuskeystatisticsforlocalauthoritiesinenglandandwales%2Fr21ewrttableks201ewladv1_tcm77-290595.xls \|archive-date=11 May 2017 \|url-status=live}}</ref>}} \| 0.4% Irish{{refn\|group=note\|Data is collected by local authority areas (Devon, Plymouth, Torbay respectively). Total population of Devon is 1,133,742 (746,399 + 256,384 + 130,959). Percentage of ethnically Irish persons is 0.4%.<ref~~>{{cite~~ ~~web \|title~~name=~~2011~~"ons_gov_uk" Census: Ethnic group, local authorities in England and Wales \|url=https://www.ons.gov.uk/file?uri=/peoplepopulationandcommunity/populationandmigration/populationestimates/datasets/2011censuskeystatisticsforlocalauthoritiesinenglandandwales/r21ewrttableks201ewladv1_tcm77-290595.xls \|publisher=Office for National Statistics \|access-date=27 July 2018 \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170511103138/https://www.ons.gov.uk/file?uri=%2Fpeoplepopulationandcommunity%2Fpopulationandmigration%2Fpopulationestimates%2Fdatasets%2F2011censuskeystatisticsforlocalauthoritiesinenglandandwales%2Fr21ewrttableks201ewladv1_tcm77-290595.xls \|archive-date=11 May 2017 \|url-status=live}}</~~ref~~>}} }} \| county_council = [[Devon County Council]] Line 46 ⟶ 45: \| districts_key = {{Colorsample\|#FEFE77}} Unitary {{Colorsample\|#FEC1E9}} County council area \| districts_list = # [[North Devon]] # [[Torridge District\|Torridge]] # [[Mid Devon]] # [[East Devon]] # [[Exeter]] # [[West Devon]] # [[Teignbridge]] # [[Plymouth]] # [[South Hams]] # [[Torbay]] \| MPs = [[List of Parliamentary constituencies in Devon\|List of MPs]] \| police = {{nowrap\|[[Devon and Cornwall Police]]}} Line 94 ⟶ 93: Devon has produced [[tin]], copper and other metals from ancient times. Devon's tin miners enjoyed a substantial degree of independence through [[Stannary Convocation of Devon\|Devon's Stannary Convocation]], which dates back to the 12th century. The last recorded sitting was in 1748.<ref>{{cite web \|url=http://users.senet.com.au/~dewnans/Devon_Stannary_History.html \|title=Devon's Mining History and Stannary parliament \|publisher=users.senet.com.au \|access-date=29 March 2008 \|url-status=dead \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080511181455/http://users.senet.com.au/~dewnans/Devon_Stannary_History.html \|archive-date=11 May 2008 \|df=dmy-all}}</ref> ~~{{clear}}~~ ~~==Economy and industry==~~ ~~{{Main\|Economy of Devon}}~~ Devon's total economic output in 2019 was over £26 billion, larger than either Manchester, or Edinburgh.<ref>{{cite web \|url=https://www.ons.gov.uk/economy/grossvalueaddedgva/datasets/nominalregionalgrossvalueaddedbalancedperheadandincomecomponents \|title=Regional gross value added (balanced) per head and income components – Office for National Statistics \|access-date=24 September 2021 \|archive-date=5 June 2023 \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230605110645/https://www.ons.gov.uk/economy/grossvalueaddedgva/datasets/nominalregionalgrossvalueaddedbalancedperheadandincomecomponents \|url-status=live }}</ref> A 2021 report states that "health, retail and tourism account for 43.1% of employment. Agriculture, education, manufacturing, construction and real estate employment are also over-represented in Devon compared with nationally".<ref>{{cite web \|url=https://www.devon.gov.uk/strategic-plan/the-best-place/investing-in-devons-economic-recovery/#:~:text=The%20economy%20of%20Devon%20is,in%20Devon%20compared%20with%20nationally \|title=Strategic Plan 2021-2025 \|date=15 June 2021 \|work=Devon County Council \|access-date=26 December 2023 \|quote= \|archive-date=31 January 2023 \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230131174030/https://www.devon.gov.uk/strategic-plan/the-best-place/investing-in-devons-economic-recovery/#:~:text=The%20economy%20of%20Devon%20is,in%20Devon%20compared%20with%20nationally \|url-status=live }}</ref> Like neighbouring Cornwall to the west, historically Devon has been disadvantaged economically compared to other parts of [[Southern England]], owing to the decline of a number of core industries, notably fishing, mining, and farming, but it is now significantly more diverse. Agriculture has been an important industry in Devon since the 19th century. The [[2001 United Kingdom foot-and-mouth crisis\|2001 UK foot and mouth crisis]] harmed the farming community severely.<ref>''In Devon, the county council estimated that 1,200 jobs would be lost in agriculture and ancillary rural industries'' – [https://publications.parliament.uk/pa/cm200001/cmhansrd/vo010425/debtext/10425-17.htm#column_357 ''Hansard'', 25 April 2001] {{Webarchive \|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170404043956/https://www.publications.parliament.uk/pa/cm200001/cmhansrd/vo010425/debtext/10425-17.htm#column_357 \|date=4 April 2017 }}</ref> Since then some parts of the agricultural industry have begun to diversify and recover, with a strong local food sector and many artisan producers. Nonetheless, in 2015 the dairy industry was still suffering from the low prices offered for wholesale milk by major dairies and especially large supermarket chains. The pandemic negatively affected the economy during 2020 and early 2021; an August 2021 report states that "the immediate economic impacts of COVID-19 for the County as a whole [was] as severe as any in living memory".<ref>{{cite web \|url=https://democracy.devon.gov.uk/documents/s36779/Devon%20Economy%20Briefing%20summary%20August%202021.pdf \|title=Economy Service Briefing \|date=15 August 2021 \|work=Devon County Council \|access-date=26 December 2023 \|quote= \|archive-date=26 March 2024 \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240326090147/https://democracy.devon.gov.uk/documents/s36779/Devon%20Economy%20Briefing%20summary%20August%202021.pdf \|url-status=live }}</ref> ~~[[File:torquay.devon.750pix.jpg\|thumb\|left\|Part of the seafront of [[Torquay]], south Devon, at high tide]]~~ in 2014 to 2016, the attractive lifestyle of the area was drawing in new industries which are not heavily dependent upon geographical location;<ref>{{cite web \|url=https://www.investdevon.co.uk/ \|title=Devon Delivers \|publisher=Invest Devon \|access-date=13 November 2016 \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161223012937/https://www.investdevon.co.uk/ \|archive-date=23 December 2016 \|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web \|url=http://www.northdevon.gov.uk/ndc_northern_devon_economic_strategy.pdf \|title=NORTHERN DEVON Economic Strategy 2014 – 2020 \|access-date=12 December 2014 \|url-status=dead \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141216023315/http://www.northdevon.gov.uk/ndc_northern_devon_economic_strategy.pdf \|archive-date=16 December 2014}}</ref> Dartmoor, for instance, has recently seen a significant rise in the percentage of its inhabitants involved in the digital and financial services sectors. The [[Met Office]], the UK's national and international weather service, moved to Exeter in 2003. Plymouth hosts the head office and first ever store of [[The Range (retailer)\|The Range]], the only major national retail chain headquartered in Devon. Since the rise of seaside resorts with the arrival of the railways in the 19th century, Devon's economy has been heavily reliant on tourism. The county's economy followed the declining trend of British seaside resorts since the mid-20th century, but with some recent revival and regeneration of its resorts, particularly focused around camping; sports such as surfing, cycling, sailing and heritage. This revival has been aided by the designation of much of Devon's countryside and coastline as the Dartmoor and Exmoor national parks, and the Jurassic Coast and Cornwall and West Devon Mining Landscape World Heritage Sites. In 2019 the county's visitor spend was almost £2.5 billion.<!-- Should try to put this in context of total Devon economy – the GVA is around 9 billion, but I don't know enough about economic statistics to know if it's valid to compare the two? --><ref>{{cite web \|url=http://www.devon.gov.uk/tourism_trends_2005.pdf \|title=tourism trends 2005.pdf \|access-date=18 June 2009 \|url-status=dead \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090326065518/http://www.devon.gov.uk/tourism_trends_2005.pdf \|archive-date=26 March 2009}}</ref> More successful visitor attractions are particularly concentrated on food and drink, including sea-view restaurants in North-West Devon (such as one example belonging to [[Damien Hurst]]), walking the [[South West Coast Path]], cycling on the [[Devon Coast to Coast Cycle Route]] and other cycle routes such as the [[Tarka Trail]] and the Stover Trail; watersports; surfing; indoor and outdoor folk music festivals across the county and sailing in the {{convert\|5\|mi\|adj=on}} hill-surrounded inlet ([[ria]]) at Salcombe. Incomes vary significantly and the average is bolstered by a high proportion of affluent retired people. Incomes in much of the South Hams and in villages surrounding Exeter and Plymouth are close to, or above the national average, but there are also areas of severe deprivation, with earnings in some places among the lowest in the UK. The table also shows the population change in the ten years to the 2011 census by subdivision. It also shows the proportion of residents in each district reliant upon lowest income and/or joblessness benefits, the national average proportion of which was 4.5% as at August 2012, the year for which latest datasets have been published. It can be seen that the most populous district of Devon is East Devon but only if excluding [[Torbay]] which has marginally more residents and Plymouth which has approximately double the number of residents of either of these. West Devon has the fewest residents, having 63,839 at the time of the census. ~~{\| class="wikitable"~~ \|+ ''Population from census to census. Claimants of [[Jobseeker's Allowance]] (JSA) or Income Support ([[Department for Work and Pensions\|DWP]])''<ref name=ons>[http://neighbourhood.statistics.gov.uk Key Statistics: Population; Quick Statistics: Economic indicators] {{Webarchive \|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20030211201309/http://www.neighbourhood.statistics.gov.uk/ \|date=11 February 2003 }}. ([[United Kingdom Census 2011\|2011 census]] and [[United Kingdom Census 2001\|2001 census]]) Retrieved 27 February 2015.</ref> \|- ~~!Unit\|\|JSA or Inc. Supp. claimants (August 2012) % of 2011 population\|\|JSA and Income Support claimants (August 2001) % of 2001 population\|\|Population (April 2011)\|\|Population (April 2001)~~ \|- ~~\| '''Devon''' \|\| 2.7% \|\| 6.6% \|\| 746,399 \|\| 704,493~~ ~~\|- align=center~~ ~~\|colspan="4"\|''Ranked by district''~~ \|- ~~\| Exeter \|\| 3.5% \|\| 7.5% \|\| 117,773 \|\| 111,076~~ \|- ~~\| Torridge \|\| 3.3% \|\| 7.7% \|\| 63,839 \|\| 58,965~~ \|- ~~\| North Devon \|\| 2.8% \|\| 7.8% \|\| 93,667 \|\| 87,508~~ \|- ~~\| Teignbridge \|\| 2.6% \|\| 6.7% \|\| 124,220 \|\| 120,958~~ \|- ~~\| Mid Devon \|\| 2.6% \|\| 6.0% \|\| 77,750 \|\| 69,774~~ \|- ~~\| West Devon \|\| 2.5% \|\| 5.9% \|\| 53,553 \|\| 48,843~~ \|- ~~\| South Hams \|\| 2.1% \|\| 6.0% \|\| 83,140 \|\| 81,849~~ \|- ~~\| East Devon \|\| 1.9% \|\| 5.4% \|\| 132,457 \|\| 125,520~~ ~~\|- align=center~~ ~~\|colspan="4"\|''In historic Devon''~~ \|- ~~\| Torbay \|\| 5.3% \|\| 11.0% \|\| 130,959 \|\| 129,706~~ \|- ~~\| Plymouth \|\| 5.1% \|\| 9.5% \|\| 256,384 \|\| 240,720~~ \|} ~~==Transport==~~ ~~===Bus===~~ ~~There is a network of bus services across Devon. Bus operators include: Stagecoach (much of Devon), AVMT Buses (East Devon/Jurassic Coast), County Bus (Teignbridge) and Plymouth Citybus.~~ ~~===Rail===~~ The key train operator for Devon is [[Great Western Railway (train operating company)\|Great Western Railway]], which operates numerous regional, local and suburban services, as well as inter-city services north to [[Paddington railway station\|London Paddington]] and south to [[Plymouth railway station\|Plymouth]] and [[Penzance railway station\|Penzance]]. Other inter-city services are operated by [[CrossCountry]] north to [[Manchester Piccadilly railway station\|Manchester Piccadilly]], [[Edinburgh Waverley railway station\|Edinburgh Waverley]], [[Glasgow Central railway station\|Glasgow Central]], [[Dundee railway station\|Dundee]], [[Aberdeen railway station\|Aberdeen]] and south to Plymouth and Penzance; and by [[South Western Railway (train operating company)\|South Western Railway]], operating hourly services between [[London Waterloo railway station\|London Waterloo]] and [[Exeter St Davids railway station\|Exeter St Davids]], via the [[West of England Main Line]]. All Devon services are diesel-hauled, since there are no electrified lines in the county. Okehampton station in Devon was closed in 1972 to passenger traffic as a result of the [[Beeching cuts]], but regained regular passenger services run by GWR to Exeter in November 2021, funded by the UK Government's Restoring your Railway programme. There are proposals to reopen the line from [[Tavistock railway station\|Tavistock]] to [[Bere Alston railway station\|Bere Alston]] for a through service to Plymouth.<ref>{{cite journal \|last=Harris \|first=Nigel \|title=Taking trains back to Tavistock \|journal=Rail \|issue=590 \|pages=40–45 \|publisher=Bauer \|year=2008}}</ref> The possibility of reopening the line between Tavistock and Okehampton, to provide an alternative route between Exeter and Plymouth, has also been suggested following damage to the railway's [[South Devon Railway sea wall\|sea wall at Dawlish]] in 2014, which caused widespread disruption to trains between Exeter and Penzance. However, a study by Network Rail determined that maintaining the existing railway line would offer the best value for money<ref>{{cite web \|title=West of Exeter Route Resilience Study \|publisher=Network Rail \|year=2014 \|url=https://cdn.networkrail.co.uk/wp-content/uploads/2019/05/West-of-Exeter-Route-Resilience-Study-1.pdf \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200603173013/https://cdn.networkrail.co.uk/wp-content/uploads/2019/05/West-of-Exeter-Route-Resilience-Study-1.pdf \|archive-date=3 June 2020}}</ref> and work to strengthen the line at [[Dawlish]] began in 2019.<ref>{{Cite web \|title=Dawlish Sea Wall \|url=https://www.networkrail.co.uk/running-the-railway/our-routes/western/south-west-rail-resilience-programme/dawlish-sea-wall/ \|access-date=3 June 2020 \|website=Network Rail \|language=en-GB \|archive-date=26 July 2020 \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200726151828/https://www.networkrail.co.uk/running-the-railway/our-routes/western/south-west-rail-resilience-programme/dawlish-sea-wall/ \|url-status=live}}</ref> ~~====Devon Metro====~~ ~~{{Main\|Devon Metro}}~~ Devon County Council has proposed a 'Devon Metro' scheme to improve rail services in the county and offer a realistic alternative to car travel. This includes the opening of [[Cranbrook railway station (Devon)\|Cranbrook station]] in December 2015, plus four new stations to be constructed (including [[Edginswell railway station\|Edginswell]]) as a priority.<ref>{{cite web \|url=http://www.devon.gov.uk/devon_metro_briefing.pdf \|access-date=25 April 2015 \|url-status=dead \|title=Devon Metro – fulfilling the potential of rail \|publisher=Devon City Council \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303214602/http://www.devon.gov.uk/devon_metro_briefing.pdf \|archive-date=3 March 2016}}</ref> Several elements of the scheme have, or are in the process of being delivered including the building of [[Marsh Barton railway station\|Marsh Barton station]] on the edge of Exeter<ref>{{cite web \|url=https://www.devonnewscentre.info/work-starts-on-marsh-barton-rail-station/ \|title=Work starts on Marsh Barton rail station – News \|publisher=Devon City Council \|date=15 April 2021 \|access-date=28 February 2022 \|archive-date=25 September 2021 \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210925144657/https://www.devonnewscentre.info/work-starts-on-marsh-barton-rail-station/ \|url-status=live }}</ref> which was opened in July 2023,<ref>{{Cite web \|last=Parker-Bray \|first=Michael \|date=2023-07-04 \|title=Marsh Barton station now open \|url=https://dcrp.org.uk/marsh-barton-station-now-open/ \|access-date=2024-05-03 \|website=Devon and Cornwall Rail Partnership \|language=en-GB}}</ref> and a regular half hourly local rail service now extended from the [[Avocet Line]] across Exeter to include the [[Riviera Line]].<ref>{{cite web \|url=https://www.gwr.com/~/media/gwr/pdfs/plan-journey/timetables/2021/september-timetable-updates/d1-1309-a4-web-v1.pdf?la=en/ \|title=D1 Train Times \|publisher=Great Western Railway \|access-date=28 February 2022 \|archive-date=9 February 2022 \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220209160410/https://www.gwr.com/~/media/gwr/pdfs/plan-journey/timetables/2021/september-timetable-updates/d1-1309-a4-web-v1.pdf?la=en/ \|url-status=dead}}</ref> ~~===Air===~~ [[Exeter Airport]] is the only passenger airport in Devon and in 2019 was used by over one million people. Until 2020, [[Flybe (1979-2020)\|Flybe]] had its headquarters at the airport. Destinations include various locations within the UK ([[London City Airport\|London City]], Manchester, [[Belfast]], Edinburgh, etc.), as well as locations in [[Cyprus]], Italy, Netherlands, [[Lapland (Finland)\|Lapland]], Portugal, Spain, France, [[Malta]], Switzerland and Turkey.<ref>{{Cite web \|url=https://www.exeter-airport.co.uk/flights-holidays/ \|title=Flights & Holidays \|website=Exeter Airport \|language=en-GB \|access-date=10 September 2019 \|archive-date=24 April 2019 \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190424104904/https://www.exeter-airport.co.uk/flights-holidays/ \|url-status=live}}</ref> ==Geography and geology== Line 169 ⟶ 99: [[File:Devon Cliffs.jpg\|thumb\|Cliffs in Devon]] [[File:Ilfracombe.jpg\|thumb\|[[Ilfracombe]], on the coast of [[North Devon]]]] Devon straddles [[South West Peninsula\|a peninsula]] and so, uniquely among English counties, has two separate coastlines: on the Bristol Channel and [[Celtic Sea]] in the north, and on the English Channel in the south.<ref>Dewey, Henry (1948) ''British Regional Geology: South West England'', 2nd ed. London: H.M.S.O.</ref> The South West Coast Path runs along the entire length of both, around 65% of which is named as [[Heritage Coast]]. Before the changes to English counties in 1974, Devon was the [[Historic counties of England#List of counties\|third largest county]] by area and the largest of the counties not divided into county-like divisions (only Yorkshire and Lincolnshire were larger and both were sub-divided into ridings or parts, respectively).<ref>''Whitaker's Almanack'', 1972; p. 631</ref> Since 1974 the county is ranked fourth by area (due to the creation of Cumbria) [[List of ceremonial counties of England\|amongst ceremonial counties]] and is the [[List of two-tier counties of England\|third largest non-metropolitan county]]. The island of [[Lundy]] and the reef of [[Eddystone Rocks\|Eddystone]] are also in Devon. The county has more mileage of road than any other county in England. Line 180 ⟶ 111: {{See also\|Geology of Dartmoor National Park\|Geology of Exmoor National Park}} [[File:Geologic map Wales & SW England EN.svg\|thumb\|Geological map of Wales & Southwest England]] A geological dividing line cuts across Devon roughly along the line of the [[Bristol to Exeter line]] and the [[M5 motorway]] east of Tiverton and Exeter. It is a part of the [[Tees–Exe line]] broadly dividing Britain into a southeastern lowland zone typified by gently dipping [[sedimentary rock]]s and a northwestern upland zone typified by [[igneous rock]]s and folded sedimentary and [[metamorphic rock]]s. Line 195 ⟶ 127: {{Unreferenced section\|date=March 2010}} [[File:Torquay Palm Trees.jpg\|thumb\|Torquay sea front during Storm Emma – March 2018]] Devon generally has a cool oceanic climate, heavily influenced by the [[North Atlantic Current\|North Atlantic Drift]]. In winter, snow is relatively uncommon away from high land, although there are few exceptions. The county has mild summers with occasional warm spells and cool rainy periods. Winters are generally cool and the county often experiences some of the mildest winters in the world for its high latitude, with average daily maximum temperatures in January at {{convert\|8\|C}}. Rainfall varies significantly across the county, ranging from over {{convert\|2000\|mm\|in\|abbr=on}} on parts of Dartmoor, to around {{convert\|750\|mm\|in\|abbr=on}} in the [[rain shadow]] along the coast in southeastern Devon and around Exeter. Sunshine amounts also vary widely: the moors are generally cloudy, but the SE coast from Salcombe to Exmouth is one of the sunniest parts of the UK (a generally cloudy region). With westerly or south-westerly winds and high pressure the area around Torbay and Teignmouth will often be warm, with long sunny spells due to shelter by high ground ([[Foehn wind]]). {{Weather box \| location= Devon Line 229 ⟶ 163: \| source= }} {{wide image\|Devon fields stitch.jpg\|800px\|align-cap=center\|Fields in south Devon after a snowfall}} ===Ecology=== [[File:Pnies5.jpg\|thumb\|Ponies grazing on Exmoor near [[Brendon]], [[North Devon]]]] The variety of habitats means that there is a wide range of wildlife (see [[Dartmoor wildlife]], for example). A popular challenge among [[bird-watching\|birders]] is to find over 100 species in the county in a day.{{citation needed\|date=December 2016}} The county's wildlife is protected by several wildlife charities such as the [[Devon Wildlife Trust]], which looks after 40 nature reserves. The Devon Bird Watching and Preservation Society (founded in 1928 and known since 2005 as "Devon Birds") is a county bird society dedicated to the study and conservation of wild birds.<ref>{{cite web \|url=http://www.devonbirds.org/about/the_society/introduction \|title=The Society – Introduction \|work=Devon Birds \|access-date=15 December 2016 \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161221213314/http://www.devonbirds.org/about/the_society/introduction \|archive-date=21 December 2016 \|url-status=dead}}</ref> The [[RSPB]] has reserves in the county, and [[Natural England]] is responsible for over 200 Devon [[Sites of Special Scientific Interest]] and [[National nature reserves in England\|National Nature Reserves]],<ref>{{cite web \|url=https://designatedsites.naturalengland.org.uk/SiteList.aspx?countyCode=11 \|title=Designated sites view (Devon) \|publisher=Natural England \|access-date=15 December 2016 \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161220135603/https://designatedsites.naturalengland.org.uk/SiteList.aspx?countyCode=11 \|archive-date=20 December 2016 \|url-status=live}}</ref> such as [[Slapton Ley]]. The [[Devon Bat Group]] was founded in 1984 to help conserve bats. Wildlife found in this area extend to a plethora of different kinds of insects, butterflies and moths; an interesting butterfly to take look at is the [[Carterocephalus palaemon\|chequered skipper]]. Devon is a national hotspot for several species that are uncommon in Britain, including the [[cirl bunting]]; [[greater horseshoe bat]]; [[Bechstein's bat]] and [[Jersey tiger moth]]. It is also the only place in mainland Britain where the sand crocus (''[[Romulea columnae]]'') can be found – at Dawlish Warren, and is home to all six British native land reptile species, partly as a result of some reintroductions. Another recent reintroduction is the [[Eurasian beaver]], primarily on the river Otter. Other rare species recorded in Devon include seahorses and the sea daffodil.<ref>{{cite web \|url=https://species.nbnatlas.org/species/NHMSYS0021053453 \|title=Hippocampus Rafinesque, 1810 \|work=NBN Atlas \|access-date=25 September 2021 \|archive-date=8 April 2022 \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220408003228/https://species.nbnatlas.org/species/NHMSYS0021053453 \|url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web \|url=https://species.nbnatlas.org/species/NHMSYS0100002286 \|title=Pancratium maritimum L. \|work=NBN Atlas \|access-date=25 September 2021 \|archive-date=8 April 2022 \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220408003229/https://species.nbnatlas.org/species/NHMSYS0100002286 \|url-status=live }}</ref> The botany of the county is very diverse and includes some rare species not found elsewhere in the British Isles other than Cornwall. Devon is divided into two [[Watsonian vice-counties]]: north and south, the boundary being an irregular line approximately across the higher part of Dartmoor and then along the canal eastwards. Botanical reports begin in the 17th century and there is a ''Flora Devoniensis'' by Jones and Kingston in 1829.<ref>Jones, John Pike & Kingston, J. F. (1829) ''Flora Devoniensis''. 2 pts, in 1 vol. London: Longman, Rees, Orme, Brown, and Green</ref> A general account appeared in ''[[Victoria County History#Dormant counties\|The Victoria History of the County of Devon]]'' (1906), and a ''Flora of Devon'' was published in 1939 by [[William Keble Martin\|Keble Martin]] and Fraser.<ref>[[Martin, W. Keble]] & Fraser, G. T. (eds.) (1939) Flora of Devon. Arbroath</ref> An ''Atlas of the Devon Flora'' by Ivimey-Cook appeared in 1984, and ''A New Flora of Devon'', based on field work undertaken between 2005 and 2014, was published in 2016.<ref>{{cite book \|last1=Smith \|first1=R. \|last2=Hodgson \|first2=B. \|last3=Ison \|first3=J. \|title=A New Flora of Devon \|year=2016 \|publisher=The Devonshire Association \|location=Exeter \|page=1 \|isbn=978-1-5272-0525-3}}</ref> Rising temperatures have led to Devon becoming the first place in modern Britain to cultivate olives commercially.<ref>{{cite news \|url=http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/news/weather/article1785059.ece \|title=Britain warms to the taste for home-grown olives \|author=Paul Simons \|work=The Times \|location=UK \|access-date=20 September 2007 \|date=14 May 2007 \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080706181106/http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/news/weather/article1785059.ece \|archive-date=6 July 2008 \|url-status=live}}</ref> Rising temperatures have led to Devon becoming the first place in modern Britain to cultivate olives commercially.<ref>{{cite news \|url=http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/news/weather/article1785059.ece \|title=Britain warms to the taste for home-grown olives \|author=Paul Simons \|work=The Times \|location=UK \|access-date=20 September 2007 \|date=14 May 2007 \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080706181106/http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/news/weather/article1785059.ece \|archive-date=6 July 2008 \|url-status=live}}</ref> In January 2024, plans were announced to plant over 100,000 trees in northern Devon to support [[Celtic rainforest\|Celtic rainforests]], which are cherished yet at risk ecosystems in the UK. The project aims to create 50 hectares of new rainforest across three sites, planting trees near existing rainforest areas along the coast and inland. Among the tree species to be planted is the rare [[Karpatiosorbus devoniensis\|Devon whitebeam]], known for its unique reproduction method and once-popular fruit. Led by the [[National Trust]] and with the assistance of volunteers and community groups, the initiative will focus on locations in [[Exmoor]], [[Woolacombe]], [[Hartland, Devon\|Hartland]], and [[Arlington Court]].<ref>{{Cite news \|last=Morris \|first=Steven \|date=29 January 2024 \|title=More than 100,000 trees to be planted in Devon to boost Celtic rainforest \|url=https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2024/jan/29/more-than-100000-trees-to-be-planted-in-devon-to-boost-celtic-rainforest \|access-date=29 January 2024 \|work=The Guardian \|language=en-GB \|issn=0261-3077 \|archive-date=29 January 2024 \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240129061306/https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2024/jan/29/more-than-100000-trees-to-be-planted-in-devon-to-boost-celtic-rainforest \|url-status=live }}</ref> ==Politics and administration== {{See also\|2021 Devon County Council election~~, 2013~~\|Local Government Act 2010}} [[File:Clock tower, County Hall, Exeter.jpg\|thumb\|County Hall, Exeter. Headquarters for Devon County Council.]] The administrative centre and capital of Devon is the city of Exeter. The largest city in Devon, Plymouth, and the conurbation of [[Torbay]] (which includes the largest town in Devon and capital of Torbay, Torquay, as well as Paignton and Brixham) have been [[Unitary authorities of England\|unitary authorities]] since 1998, separate from the remainder of Devon which is administered by [[Devon County Council]] for the purposes of local government. Devon County Council is controlled by the Conservatives, and the political representation of its 6260 councillors are: 38 [[Conservative Party (UK)\|Conservatives]], 910 [[Liberal Democrats (UK)\|Liberal Democrats]], ~~seven~~six [[Labour Party (UK)\|Labour~~]], four [[UK Independence Party\|UKIP~~]], three [[Independent politician\|Independent]]s, ~~and one~~two [[Green Party of England and Wales\|Green]] and one South Devon Alliance.<ref>{{~~cite~~Cite ~~news~~web \|last=Clarke \|first=Lewis \|date=2023-03-09 \|title=Councillor quits over 'shocking state' of Devon roads \|url=~~http~~https://~~news~~www.~~bbc~~devonlive.~~co.uk~~com/~~1/hi/england~~news/devon-news/~~8084708.stm~~councillor-quits-tories-over-shocking-8225690 \|~~title~~access-date=~~Tories~~2024-07-21 ~~take~~\|website=Devon ~~over county council~~Live \|~~date~~language=5en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite ~~June~~web ~~2009~~\|last=Merritt \|~~publisher~~first=~~The [[BBC]]~~Anita \|~~access-~~date=62024-01-12 ~~June~~\|title=Ex ~~2009~~lord mayor blames 'gaslighting and bullying' for shock exit \|~~archive-~~url=https://~~web~~www.~~archive~~devonlive.~~org~~com/~~web~~news/~~20090608140652~~devon-news/~~http~~former-exeter-mayor-blames-gaslighting-9028754 \|access-date=2024-07-21 \|website=Devon Live \|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web \|title=Councils Map {{!}} LocalCouncils.co.uk \|url=https://~~news~~www.~~bbc~~localcouncils.co.uk/~~1/hi/england~~councils/?council=devon~~/8084708.stm~~ \|~~archive~~access-date=~~8 June 2009~~2024-07-21 \|~~url-status~~website=~~live~~www.localcouncils.co.uk}}</ref> At the [[~~2019~~2024 United Kingdom general election\|~~2019~~2024 general election]], Devon returned 10six Liberal Democrats, four Conservatives and ~~two~~three Labour MPs to the [[House of Commons of the United Kingdom\|House of Commons]].<ref>{{Cite web \|~~url~~date=~~https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/live/uk~~2024-~~england~~07-~~devon-50543693~~05 \|title=~~General~~'Disastrous ~~Election~~night' ~~2019:~~for ~~Reaction~~Conservatives ~~and results from~~in Devon, ~~and~~former ~~Cornwall~~MP ~~\|website=BBC News~~says \|~~date=12 December 2019 \|language=en-gb \|access-date=13 December 2019 \|archive-date=13 December 2019 \|archive-~~url=~~https://web.archive.org/web/20191213161316/~~https://www.bbc.~~co.uk~~com/news/~~live~~articles/ukce98jryemv7o \|access-~~england~~date=2024-~~devon~~07-~~50543693~~21 \|~~url-status~~website=~~live~~BBC News \|language=en-GB}}</ref> ;=== Hundreds === Historically Devon was divided into 32 [[Hundred (county subdivision)\|hundreds]]:<ref>{{cite web \|url=http://genuki.cs.ncl.ac.uk/DEV/Hundreds.html \|title=Devon Hundreds \|publisher=Newcastle University \|date=23 June 2013 \|access-date=13 November 2016 \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160427064112/http://genuki.cs.ncl.ac.uk/DEV/Hundreds.html \|archive-date=27 April 2016 \|url-status=dead}}</ref> [[Axminster Hundred\|Axminster]], [[Bampton Hundred\|Bampton]], [[Black Torrington Hundred\|Black Torrington]], [[Braunton Hundred\|Braunton]], [[Cliston Hundred\|Cliston]], [[Coleridge Hundred\|Coleridge]], [[Colyton Hundred\|Colyton]], [[Crediton Hundred\|Crediton]], [[East Budleigh Hundred\|East Budleigh]], [[Ermington Hundred\|Ermington]], [[Exminster Hundred\|Exminster]], [[Fremington Hundred\|Fremington]], [[Halberton Hundred\|Halberton]], [[Hartland Hundred\|Hartland]], [[Hayridge Hundred\|Hayridge]], [[Haytor Hundred\|Haytor]], [[Hemyock Hundred\|Hemyock]], [[Lifton Hundred\|Lifton]], [[North Tawton and Winkleigh Hundred\|North Tawton and Winkleigh]], [[Ottery Hundred\|Ottery]], [[Plympton Hundred\|Plympton]], [[Roborough Hundred\|Roborough]], [[Shebbear Hundred\|Shebbear]], [[Shirwell Hundred\|Shirwell]], [[South Molton Hundred\|South Molton]], [[Stanborough Hundred\|Stanborough]], [[Tavistock Hundred\|Tavistock]], [[Teignbridge Hundred\|Teignbridge]], [[Tiverton Hundred\|Tiverton]], [[West Budleigh Hundred\|West Budleigh]], [[Witheridge Hundred\|Witheridge]], and [[Wonford Hundred\|Wonford]]. ;=== Devolution === {{Main\|Devon and Torbay Combined County Authority}} A devolution deal was approved by both Devon County Council and Torbay Council to create a [[Combined Authority\|Combined County Authority]] with various powers such as transport, housing, skills, and support for business devolved from the UK Government.<ref>{{Cite web \|date=2024-02-09 \|title=Devolution FAQs - Devon and Torbay Devolution Deal \|url=https://www.devontorbaydeal.org.uk/devolution-faqs/ \|access-date=2024-05-04 \|language=en-GB}}</ref> A devolution deal was approved by both Devon County Council and Torbay Council to create a [[Combined Authority\|Combined County Authority]] with various powers such as transport, housing, skills, and support for business devolved from the UK Government.<ref>{{Cite web \|date=2024-02-09 \|title=Devolution FAQs - Devon and Torbay Devolution Deal \|url=https://www.devontorbaydeal.org.uk/devolution-faqs/ \|access-date=2024-05-04 \|language=en-GB}}</ref> ==Cities, towns and villages== {{Main\|List of places in Devon\|List of towns and cities in Devon by population}} [[File:devon.brixham.750pix.jpg\|thumb\|left\|The inner harbour, [[Brixham]], south Devon, at low tide]] The main settlements in Devon are the cities of Plymouth, a historic port now administratively independent, Exeter, the [[county town]], and [[Torbay]], the county's tourist centre. Devon's coast is lined with tourist resorts, many of which grew rapidly with the arrival of the railways in the 19th century. Examples include Dawlish, [[Exmouth, Devon\|Exmouth]] and Sidmouth on the south coast, and [[Ilfracombe]] and [[Lynmouth]] on the north. The Torbay conurbation of Torquay, Paignton and Brixham on the south coast is now administratively independent of the county. Rural [[market town]]s in the county include Barnstaple, Bideford, [[Honiton]], [[Newton Abbot]], [[Okehampton]], [[Tavistock, Devon\|Tavistock]], Totnes and [[Tiverton, Devon\|Tiverton]]. Line 269 ⟶ 204: ==Religion== ===Ancient and medieval history=== The region of Devon was the dominion of the pre-Roman Dumnonii [[List of Celtic tribes\|Celtic tribe]], known as the "Deep Valley Dwellers". The region to the west of Exeter was less Romanised than the rest of Roman Britain since it was considered a remote part of the province. After the formal Roman withdrawal from Britain in AD 410, one of the leading Dumnonii families attempted to create a dynasty and rule over Devon as the new Kings of Dumnonii.<ref>{{Cite web \|url=http://www.britannia.com/history/devon/devon.html \|title=Britannia History: Overview of Devon \|website=britannia.com \|access-date=4 July 2017 \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180203034354/http://www.britannia.com/history/devon/devon.html \|archive-date=3 February 2018 \|url-status=dead}}</ref> Line 282 ⟶ 216: ===Later history=== In 1549, the [[Prayer Book Rebellion]] caused the deaths of thousands of people from Devon and Cornwall. During the [[English Reformation]], churches in Devon officially became affiliated with the [[Church of England]]. From the late sixteenth century onwards, zealous Protestantism – or 'puritanism' – became increasingly well-entrenched in some parts of Devon, while other districts of the county remained much more conservative. These divisions would become starkly apparent during the English Civil War of 1642–46, when the county split apart along religious and cultural lines.<ref>{{~~cite~~Cite book \|last1=Stoyle \|first1=Mark \|date=1994 \|title=Loyalty and Locality: Popular Allegiance in Devon ~~during~~During the English Civil War \|~~date~~location=~~1994~~Exeter, UK \|publisher=University of Exeter Press ~~\|location=Exeter~~ \|isbn=978-0-85989-428-29 \|page=passim \|language=en}}</ref> The [[Methodism]] of [[John Wesley]] proved to be very popular with the working classes in Devon in the 19th century. Methodist chapels became important social centres, with male voice choirs and other church-affiliated groups playing a central role in the social lives of working class Devonians. Methodism still plays a large part in the religious life of Devon today, although the county has shared in the post-World War II decline in British religious feeling. The [[Diocese of Exeter]] remains the Anglican diocese including the whole of Devon. The [[Roman Catholic Diocese of Plymouth]] was established in the mid 19th century.<ref>{{cite web \|url=http://www.plymouth-diocese.org.uk/ \|title=Home \|website=Plymouth-diocese.org.uk \|date=15 February 2015 \|access-date=13 November 2016 \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161021130930/http://www.plymouth-diocese.org.uk/ \|archive-date=21 October 2016 \|url-status=dead}}</ref> ==Symbols== ===Coat of arms=== [[File:Coat of Arms of Devon County Council.svg\|alt=\|thumb\|The coat of arms of Devon County Council]] There was no established [[coat of arms]] for the county until 1926: the arms of the City of Exeter were often used to represent Devon, for instance in the badge of the [[Devonshire Regiment]]. During the forming of a county council by the [[Local Government Act 1888]] adoption of a common seal was required. The seal contained three shields depicting the arms of Exeter along with those of the first chairman and vice-chairman of the council ([[Charles Hepburn-Stuart-Forbes-Trefusis, 20th Baron Clinton\|Lord Clinton]] and the [[Earl of Morley]]).<ref>Fox-Davies, A. C. (1915) ''The Book of Public Arms'', 2nd edition, London</ref> Line 299 ⟶ 233: {{Main\|Flag of Devon}} [[File:Flag of Devon.svg\|thumb\|The flag of the historic county of Devon]] Devon also has its own flag which has been dedicated to Saint Petroc, a local [[saint]] with dedications throughout Devon and neighbouring counties. The flag was adopted in 2003 after a competition run by [[BBC Radio Devon]].<ref>{{cite web \|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/devon/community_life/features/devon_flag.shtml \|title=Flag celebrates Devon's heritage \|publisher=BBC \|date=18 July 2003 \|access-date=14 June 2010 \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100425161755/http://www.bbc.co.uk/devon/community_life/features/devon_flag.shtml \|archive-date=25 April 2010 \|url-status=live}}</ref> The winning design was created by website contributor Ryan Sealey, and won 49% of the votes cast. The colours of the flag are those popularly identified with Devon, for example, the colours of the [[University of Exeter]], the [[rugby union]] team, and the Green and White flag flown by the first [[Viscount Exmouth]] at the [[Bombardment of Algiers (1816)\|Bombardment of Algiers]] (now on view at the Teign Valley Museum), as well as one of the county's [[Association football\|football]] teams, [[Plymouth Argyle F.C.\|Plymouth Argyle]]. On 17 October 2006, the flag was hoisted for the first time outside County Hall in Exeter to mark Local Democracy Week, receiving official recognition from the county council.<ref>[http://www.devon.gov.uk/press_devonflagpr Devon County Council Press Release, 16 October 2006] {{webarchive \|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081014214602/http://www.devon.gov.uk/press_devonflagpr \|date=14 October 2008 }}</ref> In 2019 [[Devon County Council]] with the support of both the Anglican and Catholic churches in Exeter and Plymouth, officially recognised Saint Boniface as the Patron Saint of Devon.<ref>{{cite news \|last1=Quick \|first1=Alan \|title=St Boniface of Crediton to become Patron Saint of Devon \|url=https://www.creditoncourier.co.uk/article.cfm?id=138406&headline=St%20Boniface%20of%20Crediton%20to%20become%20Patron%20Saint%20of%20Devon&sectionIs=news&searchyear=2019 \|access-date=9 November 2020 \|work=Crediton Country Courier \|date=24 May 2019 \|language=en \|archive-date=9 November 2020 \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201109214516/https://www.creditoncourier.co.uk/article.cfm?id=138406&headline=St%20Boniface%20of%20Crediton%20to%20become%20Patron%20Saint%20of%20Devon&sectionIs=news&searchyear=2019 \|url-status=live}}</ref> Line 307 ⟶ 242: Devon has a variety of festivals and traditional practices, including the traditional orchard-visiting [[Wassail]] in [[Whimple]] every 17 January, and the carrying of flaming tar barrels in [[Ottery St. Mary]], where people who have lived in Ottery for long enough are called upon to celebrate [[Guy Fawkes Night\|Bonfire Night]] by running through the village (and the gathered crowds) with flaming barrels on their backs.<ref>{{cite web \|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/devon/discovering/legends/ottery_tar_barrels.shtml \|title=Ottery Tar Barrels \|publisher=BBC \|access-date=14 May 2008 \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080519081002/http://www.bbc.co.uk/devon/discovering/legends/ottery_tar_barrels.shtml \|archive-date=19 May 2008 \|url-status=live}}</ref> [[Berry Pomeroy]] still celebrates [[Queene's Day]] for [[Elizabeth I]]. ==Economy and industry== {{Main\|Economy of Devon}} Devon's total economic output in 2019 was over £26 billion, larger than either Manchester, or Edinburgh.<ref>{{cite web \|url=https://www.ons.gov.uk/economy/grossvalueaddedgva/datasets/nominalregionalgrossvalueaddedbalancedperheadandincomecomponents \|title=Regional gross value added (balanced) per head and income components – Office for National Statistics \|access-date=24 September 2021 \|archive-date=5 June 2023 \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230605110645/https://www.ons.gov.uk/economy/grossvalueaddedgva/datasets/nominalregionalgrossvalueaddedbalancedperheadandincomecomponents \|url-status=live }}</ref> A 2021 report states that "health, retail and tourism account for 43.1% of employment. Agriculture, education, manufacturing, construction and real estate employment are also over-represented in Devon compared with nationally".<ref>{{cite web \|url=https://www.devon.gov.uk/strategic-plan/the-best-place/investing-in-devons-economic-recovery/#:~:text=The%20economy%20of%20Devon%20is,in%20Devon%20compared%20with%20nationally \|title=Strategic Plan 2021-2025 \|date=15 June 2021 \|work=Devon County Council \|access-date=26 December 2023 \|quote= \|archive-date=31 January 2023 \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230131174030/https://www.devon.gov.uk/strategic-plan/the-best-place/investing-in-devons-economic-recovery/#:~:text=The%20economy%20of%20Devon%20is,in%20Devon%20compared%20with%20nationally \|url-status=live }}</ref> Like neighbouring Cornwall to the west, historically Devon has been disadvantaged economically compared to other parts of [[Southern England]], owing to the decline of a number of core industries, notably fishing, mining, and farming, but it is now significantly more diverse. Agriculture has been an important industry in Devon since the 19th century. The [[2001 United Kingdom foot-and-mouth crisis\|2001 UK foot and mouth crisis]] harmed the farming community severely.<ref>''In Devon, the county council estimated that 1,200 jobs would be lost in agriculture and ancillary rural industries'' – [https://publications.parliament.uk/pa/cm200001/cmhansrd/vo010425/debtext/10425-17.htm#column_357 ''Hansard'', 25 April 2001] {{Webarchive \|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170404043956/https://www.publications.parliament.uk/pa/cm200001/cmhansrd/vo010425/debtext/10425-17.htm#column_357 \|date=4 April 2017 }}</ref> Since then some parts of the agricultural industry have begun to diversify and recover, with a strong local food sector and many artisan producers. Nonetheless, in 2015 the dairy industry was still suffering from the low prices offered for wholesale milk by major dairies and especially large supermarket chains. The pandemic negatively affected the economy during 2020 and early 2021; an August 2021 report states that "the immediate economic impacts of COVID-19 for the County as a whole [was] as severe as any in living memory".<ref>{{cite web \|url=https://democracy.devon.gov.uk/documents/s36779/Devon%20Economy%20Briefing%20summary%20August%202021.pdf \|title=Economy Service Briefing \|date=15 August 2021 \|work=Devon County Council \|access-date=26 December 2023 \|quote= \|archive-date=26 March 2024 \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240326090147/https://democracy.devon.gov.uk/documents/s36779/Devon%20Economy%20Briefing%20summary%20August%202021.pdf \|url-status=live }}</ref> [[File:torquay.devon.750pix.jpg\|thumb\|left\|Part of the seafront of [[Torquay]], south Devon, at high tide]] in 2014 to 2016, the attractive lifestyle of the area was drawing in new industries which are not heavily dependent upon geographical location;<ref>{{cite web \|url=https://www.investdevon.co.uk/ \|title=Devon Delivers \|publisher=Invest Devon \|access-date=13 November 2016 \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161223012937/https://www.investdevon.co.uk/ \|archive-date=23 December 2016 \|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web \|url=http://www.northdevon.gov.uk/ndc_northern_devon_economic_strategy.pdf \|title=NORTHERN DEVON Economic Strategy 2014 – 2020 \|access-date=12 December 2014 \|url-status=dead \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141216023315/http://www.northdevon.gov.uk/ndc_northern_devon_economic_strategy.pdf \|archive-date=16 December 2014}}</ref> Dartmoor, for instance, has recently seen a significant rise in the percentage of its inhabitants involved in the digital and financial services sectors. The [[Met Office]], the UK's national and international weather service, moved to Exeter in 2003. Plymouth hosts the head office and first ever store of [[The Range (retailer)\|The Range]], the only major national retail chain headquartered in Devon. Since the rise of seaside resorts with the arrival of the railways in the 19th century, Devon's economy has been heavily reliant on tourism. The county's economy followed the declining trend of British seaside resorts since the mid-20th century, but with some recent revival and regeneration of its resorts, particularly focused around camping; sports such as surfing, cycling, sailing and heritage. This revival has been aided by the designation of much of Devon's countryside and coastline as the Dartmoor and Exmoor national parks, and the Jurassic Coast and Cornwall and West Devon Mining Landscape World Heritage Sites. In 2019 the county's visitor spend was almost £2.5 billion.<!-- Should try to put this in context of total Devon economy – the GVA is around 9 billion, but I don't know enough about economic statistics to know if it's valid to compare the two? --><ref>{{cite web \|url=http://www.devon.gov.uk/tourism_trends_2005.pdf \|title=tourism trends 2005.pdf \|access-date=18 June 2009 \|url-status=dead \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090326065518/http://www.devon.gov.uk/tourism_trends_2005.pdf \|archive-date=26 March 2009}}</ref> More successful visitor attractions are particularly concentrated on food and drink, including sea-view restaurants in North-West Devon (such as one example belonging to [[Damien Hurst]]), walking the [[South West Coast Path]], cycling on the [[Devon Coast to Coast Cycle Route]] and other cycle routes such as the [[Tarka Trail]] and the Stover Trail; watersports; surfing; indoor and outdoor folk music festivals across the county and sailing in the {{convert\|5\|mi\|adj=on}} hill-surrounded inlet ([[ria]]) at Salcombe. Incomes vary significantly and the average is bolstered by a high proportion of affluent retired people. Incomes in much of the South Hams and in villages surrounding Exeter and Plymouth are close to, or above the national average, but there are also areas of severe deprivation, with earnings in some places among the lowest in the UK. The table also shows the population change in the ten years to the 2011 census by subdivision. It also shows the proportion of residents in each district reliant upon lowest income and/or joblessness benefits, the national average proportion of which was 4.5% as at August 2012, the year for which latest datasets have been published. It can be seen that the most populous district of Devon is East Devon but only if excluding [[Torbay]] which has marginally more residents and Plymouth which has approximately double the number of residents of either of these. West Devon has the fewest residents, having 63,839 at the time of the census. {\| class="wikitable" \|+ ''Population from census to census. Claimants of [[Jobseeker's Allowance]] (JSA) or Income Support ([[Department for Work and Pensions\|DWP]])''<ref name=ons>[http://neighbourhood.statistics.gov.uk Key Statistics: Population; Quick Statistics: Economic indicators] {{Webarchive \|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20030211201309/http://www.neighbourhood.statistics.gov.uk/ \|date=11 February 2003 }}. ([[United Kingdom Census 2011\|2011 census]] and [[United Kingdom Census 2001\|2001 census]]) Retrieved 27 February 2015.</ref> \|- !Unit\|\|JSA or Inc. Supp. claimants (August 2012) % of 2011 population\|\|JSA and Income Support claimants (August 2001) % of 2001 population\|\|Population (April 2011)\|\|Population (April 2001) \|- \| '''Devon''' \|\| 2.7% \|\| 6.6% \|\| 746,399 \|\| 704,493 \|- align=center \|colspan="4"\|''Ranked by district'' \|- \| Exeter \|\| 3.5% \|\| 7.5% \|\| 117,773 \|\| 111,076 \|- \| Torridge \|\| 3.3% \|\| 7.7% \|\| 63,839 \|\| 58,965 \|- \| North Devon \|\| 2.8% \|\| 7.8% \|\| 93,667 \|\| 87,508 \|- \| Teignbridge \|\| 2.6% \|\| 6.7% \|\| 124,220 \|\| 120,958 \|- \| Mid Devon \|\| 2.6% \|\| 6.0% \|\| 77,750 \|\| 69,774 \|- \| West Devon \|\| 2.5% \|\| 5.9% \|\| 53,553 \|\| 48,843 \|- \| South Hams \|\| 2.1% \|\| 6.0% \|\| 83,140 \|\| 81,849 \|- \| East Devon \|\| 1.9% \|\| 5.4% \|\| 132,457 \|\| 125,520 \|- align=center \|colspan="4"\|''In historic Devon'' \|- \| Torbay \|\| 5.3% \|\| 11.0% \|\| 130,959 \|\| 129,706 \|- \| Plymouth \|\| 5.1% \|\| 9.5% \|\| 256,384 \|\| 240,720 \|} ==Transport== ===Bus=== There is a network of bus services across Devon. Bus operators include: Stagecoach (much of Devon), AVMT Buses (East Devon/Jurassic Coast), County Bus (Teignbridge) and Plymouth Citybus. ===Rail=== The key train operator for Devon is [[Great Western Railway (train operating company)\|Great Western Railway]], which operates numerous regional, local and suburban services, as well as inter-city services north to [[Paddington railway station\|London Paddington]] and south to [[Plymouth railway station\|Plymouth]] and [[Penzance railway station\|Penzance]]. Other inter-city services are operated by [[CrossCountry]] north to [[Manchester Piccadilly railway station\|Manchester Piccadilly]], [[Edinburgh Waverley railway station\|Edinburgh Waverley]], [[Glasgow Central railway station\|Glasgow Central]], [[Dundee railway station\|Dundee]], [[Aberdeen railway station\|Aberdeen]] and south to Plymouth and Penzance; and by [[South Western Railway (train operating company)\|South Western Railway]], operating hourly services between [[London Waterloo railway station\|London Waterloo]] and [[Exeter St Davids railway station\|Exeter St Davids]], via the [[West of England Main Line]]. All Devon services are diesel-hauled, since there are no electrified lines in the county. Okehampton station in Devon was closed in 1972 to passenger traffic as a result of the [[Beeching cuts]], but regained regular passenger services run by GWR to Exeter in November 2021, funded by the UK Government's Restoring your Railway programme. There are proposals to reopen the line from [[Tavistock railway station\|Tavistock]] to [[Bere Alston railway station\|Bere Alston]] for a through service to Plymouth.<ref>{{cite journal \|last=Harris \|first=Nigel \|title=Taking trains back to Tavistock \|journal=Rail \|issue=590 \|pages=40–45 \|publisher=Bauer \|year=2008}}</ref> The possibility of reopening the line between Tavistock and Okehampton, to provide an alternative route between Exeter and Plymouth, has also been suggested following damage to the railway's [[South Devon Railway sea wall\|sea wall at Dawlish]] in 2014, which caused widespread disruption to trains between Exeter and Penzance. However, a study by Network Rail determined that maintaining the existing railway line would offer the best value for money<ref>{{cite web \|title=West of Exeter Route Resilience Study \|publisher=Network Rail \|year=2014 \|url=https://cdn.networkrail.co.uk/wp-content/uploads/2019/05/West-of-Exeter-Route-Resilience-Study-1.pdf \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200603173013/https://cdn.networkrail.co.uk/wp-content/uploads/2019/05/West-of-Exeter-Route-Resilience-Study-1.pdf \|archive-date=3 June 2020}}</ref> and work to strengthen the line at [[Dawlish]] began in 2019.<ref>{{Cite web \|title=Dawlish Sea Wall \|url=https://www.networkrail.co.uk/running-the-railway/our-routes/western/south-west-rail-resilience-programme/dawlish-sea-wall/ \|access-date=3 June 2020 \|website=Network Rail \|language=en-GB \|archive-date=26 July 2020 \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200726151828/https://www.networkrail.co.uk/running-the-railway/our-routes/western/south-west-rail-resilience-programme/dawlish-sea-wall/ \|url-status=live}}</ref> ====Devon Metro==== {{Main\|Devon Metro}} Devon County Council has proposed a 'Devon Metro' scheme to improve rail services in the county and offer a realistic alternative to car travel. This includes the opening of [[Cranbrook railway station (Devon)\|Cranbrook station]] in December 2015, plus four new stations to be constructed (including [[Edginswell railway station\|Edginswell]]) as a priority.<ref>{{cite web \|url=http://www.devon.gov.uk/devon_metro_briefing.pdf \|access-date=25 April 2015 \|url-status=dead \|title=Devon Metro – fulfilling the potential of rail \|publisher=Devon City Council \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303214602/http://www.devon.gov.uk/devon_metro_briefing.pdf \|archive-date=3 March 2016}}</ref> Several elements of the scheme have, or are in the process of being delivered including the building of [[Marsh Barton railway station\|Marsh Barton station]] on the edge of Exeter<ref>{{cite web \|url=https://www.devonnewscentre.info/work-starts-on-marsh-barton-rail-station/ \|title=Work starts on Marsh Barton rail station – News \|publisher=Devon City Council \|date=15 April 2021 \|access-date=28 February 2022 \|archive-date=25 September 2021 \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210925144657/https://www.devonnewscentre.info/work-starts-on-marsh-barton-rail-station/ \|url-status=live }}</ref> which was opened in July 2023,<ref>{{Cite web \|last=Parker-Bray \|first=Michael \|date=2023-07-04 \|title=Marsh Barton station now open \|url=https://dcrp.org.uk/marsh-barton-station-now-open/ \|access-date=2024-05-03 \|website=Devon and Cornwall Rail Partnership \|language=en-GB}}</ref> and a regular half hourly local rail service now extended from the [[Avocet Line]] across Exeter to include the [[Riviera Line]].<ref>{{cite web \|url=https://www.gwr.com/~/media/gwr/pdfs/plan-journey/timetables/2021/september-timetable-updates/d1-1309-a4-web-v1.pdf?la=en/ \|title=D1 Train Times \|publisher=Great Western Railway \|access-date=28 February 2022 \|archive-date=9 February 2022 \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220209160410/https://www.gwr.com/~/media/gwr/pdfs/plan-journey/timetables/2021/september-timetable-updates/d1-1309-a4-web-v1.pdf?la=en/ \|url-status=dead}}</ref> ===Air=== [[Exeter Airport]] is the only passenger airport in Devon and in 2019 was used by over one million people. Until 2020, [[Flybe (1979-2020)\|Flybe]] had its headquarters at the airport. Destinations include various locations within the UK ([[London City Airport\|London City]], Manchester, [[Belfast]], Edinburgh, etc.), as well as locations in [[Cyprus]], Italy, Netherlands, [[Lapland (Finland)\|Lapland]], Portugal, Spain, France, [[Malta]], Switzerland and Turkey.<ref>{{Cite web \|url=https://www.exeter-airport.co.uk/flights-holidays/ \|title=Flights & Holidays \|website=Exeter Airport \|language=en-GB \|access-date=10 September 2019 \|archive-date=24 April 2019 \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190424104904/https://www.exeter-airport.co.uk/flights-holidays/ \|url-status=live}}</ref> ==Education== {{Main\|List of schools in Devon}} Devon has a mostly [[comprehensive education]] system. There are 37 state and 23 independent secondary schools. There are three tertiary ([[Further education\|FE]]) colleges and an [[agricultural college]] ([[Bicton College]], near [[Budleigh Salterton]]). Torbay has 8 state (with 3 grammar schools) and 3 independent secondary schools, and Plymouth has 17 state (with 3 grammar schools – two female and one male) and one independent school, [[Plymouth College]]. East Devon and Teignbridge have the largest school populations, with West Devon the smallest (with only two schools). Only one school in Exeter, Mid Devon, Torridge and North Devon have a [[sixth form]] – the schools in other districts mostly have sixth forms, with all schools in West Devon and East Devon having a sixth form. Devon has a mostly [[comprehensive education]] system. There are 37 state and 23 independent secondary schools. There are three tertiary ([[Further education\|FE]]) colleges and an [[agricultural college]] ([[Bicton College]], near [[Budleigh Salterton]]). Torbay has eight state (with three grammar schools) and three independent secondary schools, and Plymouth has 17 state (with three grammar schools – two female and one male) and one independent school, [[Plymouth College]]. East Devon and Teignbridge have the largest school populations, with West Devon the smallest (with only two schools). Only one school in Exeter, Mid Devon, Torridge and North Devon have a [[sixth form]] – the schools in other districts mostly have sixth forms, with all schools in West Devon and East Devon having a sixth form. Three universities are located in Devon, the [[University of Exeter]] (split between the [[Streatham Campus]] and [[St Luke's Campus]], both in Exeter, and a campus in Cornwall); in Plymouth the [[University of Plymouth]] in Britain is present, along with the [[University of St Mark & St John]] to the city's north. The universities of Exeter and Plymouth have together formed the [[Peninsula College of Medicine and Dentistry]] which has bases in Exeter and Plymouth. There is also [[Schumacher College]]. Two universities are located in Devon, the [[University of Exeter]] (split between the [[Streatham Campus]] and [[St Luke's Campus]], both in Exeter, and a campus in Cornwall); in Plymouth the [[University of Plymouth]] in Britain is present, along with the [[University of St Mark & St John]] to the city's north. The universities of Exeter and Plymouth have together formed the [[Peninsula College of Medicine and Dentistry]] which has bases in Exeter and Plymouth. There is also [[Schumacher College]]. ==Cuisine== {{Main\|Cuisine of Devon}} The county has given its name to a number of culinary specialities. The Devonshire [[cream tea]], involving [[Scone (bread)\|scones]], [[jam]] and [[clotted cream]], is thought to have originated in Devon (though claims have also been made for neighbouring counties); in other countries, such as Australia and New Zealand, it is known as a "Devonshire tea".<ref>Mason, Laura; Brown, Catherine (1999) From Bath Chaps to Bara Brith. Totnes: Prospect Books</ref><ref>Pettigrew, Jane (2004) Afternoon Tea. Andover: Jarrold</ref><ref>Fitzgibbon, Theodora (1972) A Taste of England: the West Country. London: J. M. Dent</ref> It has also been claimed that the [[pasty]] originated in Devon rather than Cornwall, with the first record of the pasty coming from Plymouth in 1509.<ref>[http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/england/cornwall/6144460.stm BBC News, "Devon invented the Cornish pasty", 13 November 2006] {{Webarchive \|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200504203005/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/england/cornwall/6144460.stm \|date=4 May 2020 }}. Retrieved 27 January 2020</ref> Line 322 ⟶ 328: ==Sport== {{More citations needed\|section\|date=February 2019}} Devon has been home to a number of customs, such as its own form of [[Devon wrestling]], similar in some ways to [[Cornish wrestling]]. As recently as the 19th century, a crowd of over 17,000 at Devonport, near Plymouth, attended a match between the champions of Devon and Cornwall.<ref>{{cite web \|url=http://creditonhistory.org.uk/history-society/read-our-online-articles/wrestling.aspx \|title=Devon Wrestling \|publisher=Crediton Museum \|access-date=9 May 2023 \|archive-date=26 September 2020 \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200926141128/http://creditonhistory.org.uk/history-society/read-our-online-articles/wrestling.aspx \|url-status=live }}</ref> Another Devon sport was [[Cornish hurling\|outhurling]] which was played in some regions until the 20th century (e.g. 1922, at [[Great Torrington]]).<ref>{{cite web \|url=https://football-origins.com/13-celtic-art-ball-games-of-the-ancient-celts/ \|title=Out Hurling \|date=20 June 2013 \|publisher=Football origins \|access-date=9 May 2023 \|archive-date=9 May 2023 \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230509110420/https://football-origins.com/13-celtic-art-ball-games-of-the-ancient-celts/ \|url-status=live }}</ref> Other ancient customs which survive include Dartmoor step dancing, and "[[Crying The Neck]]". Line 328 ⟶ 335: [[Rugby Union]] is popular in Devon with over forty clubs under the banner of the [[Devon Rugby Football Union]], many with various teams at senior, youth and junior levels. One club – [[Exeter Chiefs]] – play in the [[English Premiership (rugby union)\|Aviva Premiership]], winning the title in 2017 for the first time in their history after beating [[Wasps RFC]] in the final 23–20. [[Plymouth Albion R.F.C.\|Plymouth Albion]] who are, {{as of\|2023\|lc=y}}, in the [[National League 1]] (The third tier of English Professional Rugby Union). There are five [[rugby league]] teams in Devon.: [[Plymouth R.L.F.C\|Plymouth Titans]], [[Exeter Centurions]], and [[Torquay\|Devon Sharks]] from Torquay, North Devon Raiders from Barnstaple, and [[East Devon Eagles]] from [[Exmouth]]. They all play in the [[Rugby League Conference]]. [[Plymouth City Patriots]] represent Devon in the [[British Basketball League]]. Formed in 2021, they replaced the former professional club, [[Plymouth Raiders]], after the latter team were withdrawn from competition due to venue issues.<ref>{{cite web \|url=https://www.plymouthherald.co.uk/news/plymouth-news/plymouth-raiders-replaced-bbl-new-5763248 \|title=Plymouth Raiders replaced in BBL by new basketball team Plymouth Patriots \|work=[[Plymouth Herald]] \|date=9 August 2021 \|access-date=25 March 2022 \|archive-date=28 January 2022 \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220128154030/https://www.plymouthherald.co.uk/news/plymouth-news/plymouth-raiders-replaced-bbl-new-5763248 \|url-status=live }}</ref> [[Motorcycle speedway]] is also supported in the county, with both the [[Exeter Falcons]] and [[Plymouth Gladiators]] succeeding in the National Leagues in recent years. Line 340 ⟶ 347: ==Notable Devonians== {{Main\|Notable people from Devon}} ~~[[File:Agatha Christie.png\|thumb\|upright\|[[Agatha Christie]], best selling crime novelist]]~~ Devon is known for its [[sailor\|mariner]]s, such as Sir [[Francis Drake]], Sir [[Humphrey Gilbert]], Sir [[Richard Grenville (Elizabethan sailor)\|Richard Grenville]], Sir [[Walter Raleigh]], and Sir [[Francis Chichester]]. [[Henry Every]], described as the most notorious pirate of the late 17th century, was probably born in the village of [[Newton Ferrers]].<ref>{{cite book \|title=Pirates of the Americas \|url=https://archive.org/details/piratesamericasv00marl \|url-access=limited \|last=Marley \|first=David F. \|year=2010 \|publisher=ABC-CLIO \|location=Santa Barbara, CA \|isbn=978-1-59884-201-2 \|page=[https://archive.org/details/piratesamericasv00marl/page/n609 589]}}</ref> [[John Oxenham]] (1536–1580) was a lieutenant of Drake but considered a pirate by the Spanish. [[Thomas Morton (colonist)\|Thomas Morton]] (1576–1647) was an avid Elizabethan outdoorsman probably born in Devon who became an attorney for The Council For New England, and built the New England fur-trading-plantation called Ma-Re Mount or Merrymount around a West Country-style Maypole, much to the displeasure of Pilgrim and Puritan colonists. Morton wrote a 1637 book ''New English Canaan'' about his experiences, partly in verse, and may have thereby become America's first poet to write in English.<ref>''New English Canaan or New Canaan. Containing an abstract of New England, composed in three bookes. The first booke setting forth the originall of the natives, their manners and customes, together with their tractable nature and love towards the English. The second booke setting forth the naturall indowments of the country, and what staple commodities it yealdeth. The third booke setting forth, what people are planted there, their prosperity, what remarkable accidents have happened since the first planting of it, together with their tenents and practise of their church''. Written by Thomas Morton of Cliffords Inne gent, upon tenne yeares knowledge and experiment of the country. Amsterdam: Jacob Stam</ref> Another famous mariner and Devonian was [[Robert Falcon Scott]], the leader of the unfortunate [[Terra Nova Expedition]] to reach the geographical South Pole.<ref>H. G. R. King, 'Scott, Robert Falcon (1868–1912)', ''[[Oxford Dictionary of National Biography]]'', Oxford University Press, 2004; online edn, January 2011 [http://www.oxforddnb.com/view/article/35994 accessed 21 June 2011]</ref> The poet [[Samuel Taylor Coleridge]], the crime writers [[Agatha Christie]] and [[Bertram Fletcher Robinson]], the Irish writer [[William Trevor]], and the poet [[Ted Hughes]] lived in Devon. The painter and founder of the [[Royal Academy]], [[Sir Joshua Reynolds]], was born in Devon. [[Chris Dawson (businessman)\|Chris Dawson]], the billionaire owner of retailer The Range was born in Devon, where his business retains its head office in [[Plymouth]]. ~~[[File:Chris Martin + Guitar, 2011 (1, cropped).jpg\|thumb\|upright\|left\|[[Chris Martin]], lead singer of [[Coldplay]]]]~~ The actor [[Matthew Goode]] was raised in Devon, and [[Bradley James]], also an actor, was born there. The singer [[Joss Stone]] was brought up in Devon and frontman [[Chris Martin]] from the British rock group [[Coldplay]] was born there. [[Matt Bellamy]], [[Dominic Howard]] and [[Chris Wolstenholme]] from the English group [[Muse (band)\|Muse]] all grew up in Devon and formed the band there. Dave Hill of rock band [[Slade]] was born in [[Flete House]] which is in the South Hams district of Devon. Singer-songwriter [[Ben Howard]] grew up in Totnes, a small town in Devon. Another famous Devonian is the model and actress [[Rosie Huntington-Whiteley]], who was born in [[Plymouth]] and raised in [[Tavistock]]. The singer and songwriter [[Rebecca Newman]] was born and raised in Exmouth.<ref>{{cite web \|url=http://www.exeterexpressandecho.co.uk/8216-Rising-star-8217-returns-Exmouth-support/story-17157815-detail/story.html \|title='Rising star' returns to Exmouth to support RNLI \|date=23 October 2012 \|access-date=13 November 2016}}{{dead link\|date=March 2018 \|bot=InternetArchiveBot \|fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> [[Roger Deakins]], called "the pre-eminent [[cinematographer]] of our time", was born and lives in Devon.<ref>{{cite magazine \|title=Cinematographer Roger Deakins Takes Visceral Approach To His Craft \|url=https://variety.com/2015/film/features/cinematographer-roger-deakins-takes-visceral-approach-to-his-craft-1201593464/ \|magazine=Variety \|date=4 October 2017 \|access-date=20 December 2017 \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171211164026/http://variety.com/2015/film/features/cinematographer-roger-deakins-takes-visceral-approach-to-his-craft-1201593464/ \|archive-date=11 December 2017 \|url-status=live}}</ref> ~~[[File:Roger Deakins Feb-2011 02 (cropped).jpg\|thumb\|upright\|[[Roger Deakins]], cinematographer]]~~ [[Trevor Francis]], former [[Nottingham Forest F.C.\|Nottingham Forest]] and [[Birmingham City F.C.\|Birmingham City]] professional footballer, and the first English footballer to cost £1 million, was born and brought up in Plymouth.<ref>{{cite news \|last=Briggs \|first=Simon \|date=9 February 2009 \|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/sport/football/teams/nottingham-forest/4560618/The-day-Trevor-Francis-broke-footballs-1m-mark.html \|title=The day Trevor Francis broke football's £1m mark \|work=The Telegraph ~~\|date=9 February 2009~~ \|access-date=29 September 2014 \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150306063323/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/sport/football/teams/nottingham-forest/4560618/The-day-Trevor-Francis-broke-footballs-1m-mark.html \|archive-date=6 March 2015 \|url-status=live ~~\|last1=Briggs \|first1=Simon~~}}</ref> Swimmer [[Sharron Davies]]<ref>{{cite news \|url=http://www.plymouth.gov.uk/newsreleases?newsid=128760 \|title=New centre to honour Plymouth Olympian Sharron Davies \|publisher=Plymouth City Council \|date=14 March 2007 \|access-date=31 August 2008 \|url-status=dead \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070330201315/http://www.plymouth.gov.uk/newsreleases?newsid=128760 \|archive-date=30 March 2007}}</ref> and diver [[Tom Daley]] were born in Plymouth. The Olympic runner [[Jo Pavey]] was born in Honiton. [[Peter Cook]] the satirist, writer and comedian was born in Torquay, Devon. [[Leicester Tigers]] and [[British and Irish Lions]] Rugby player [[Julian White]] was born and raised in Devon and now farms a herd of pedigree South Devon beef cattle. The dog breeder [[John "Jack" Russell]] was also from Devon. [[Jane McGrath]], who married Australian cricketer [[Glenn McGrath]] was born in Paignton, her long battle with and subsequent death from breast cancer inspired the formation of the [[McGrath Foundation]], which is one of Australia's leading charities. Devon has also been represented in the [[House of Commons of the United Kingdom\|House of Commons]] by notable [[Member of Parliament (United Kingdom)\|Members of Parliament]] (MPs) such as [[Nancy Astor, Viscountess Astor\|Nancy Astor]], [[Gwyneth Dunwoody]], [[Michael Foot]] and [[David Owen]] and the Prime Ministers [[Lord John Russell]] and [[Lord Palmerston]]. <gallery widths="170px" heights="200px"> File:Agatha Christie.png\|[[Agatha Christie]], best selling crime novelist File:Chris Martin + Guitar, 2011 (1, cropped).jpg\|[[Chris Martin]], lead singer of [[Coldplay]] File:Roger Deakins Feb-2011 02 (cropped).jpg\|[[Roger Deakins]], cinematographer </gallery> ==See also== {{div col\|colwidth=25em}} ~~[[Tamar Valley AONB]]~~ ~~{{div col\|colwidth=30em}}~~ * [[Lord Lieutenant of Devon\|List of Lord Lieutenants of Devon]] * [[High Sheriff of Devon\|List of High Sheriffs of Devon]] * [[Healthcare in Devon]] * [[Custos Rotulorum of Devon]] – Keepers of the Rolls * [[Devon (UK Parliament constituency)\|List of MPs for Devon constituency]] * [[:Category:Rivers of Devon]] * [[Circular linhay]] * [[Custos Rotulorum of Devon]] – Keepers of the Rolls * [[Devon Sinfonia]] * [[Duchy of Cornwall]] * [[Healthcare in Devon]] * [[High Sheriff of Devon\|List of High Sheriffs of Devon]] * [[List of hills of Devon]] * [[Lord Lieutenant of Devon\|List of Lord Lieutenants of Devon]] * [[List of monastic houses in Devon]] * [[Devon (UK Parliament constituency)\|List of MPs for Devon constituency]] * [[List of Sites of Special Scientific Interest in Devon]] * [[North Devon Coast]] * [[Tamar Valley AONB]] * [[West Country English]] * [[Circular linhay]] * [[Devon Sinfonia]] * [[Duchy of Cornwall]] {{div col end}} == Explanatory notes == ~~==Notes==~~ {{~~reflist~~Reflist\|group=note}} ==References== {{~~reflist~~Reflist}} ==Further reading== * {{~~cite~~Cite book \|last1=Oliver \|first1=George \|author-link=George Oliver (historian) \|title=Monasticon Dioecesis Exoniensis: being a collection of records and instruments illustrating the ancient conventual, collegiate, and eleemosynary foundations, in the Counties of Cornwall and Devon, with historical notices, and a supplement, comprising a list of the dedications of churches in the Diocese, an amended edition of the taxation of Pope Nicholas, and an abstract of the Chantry Rolls (with supplement and index) \|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_6U_AQAAMAAJ&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&printsec=frontcover#v=onepage&q&f=false \|date=1846–1889 \|location=Exeter \|publisher=P. A. Hannaford ~~\|location=Exeter~~ \|language=en}} * {{~~cite~~Cite book \|last1=Pevsner \|first1=Nikolaus \|author-link=Nikolaus Pevsner \|date=1952 \|title=North Devon (\|series=Buildings of England~~) \|publisher=Penguin Books~~ \|location=London \|~~date~~publisher=~~1952~~Penguin Books \|language=en}} * {{~~cite~~Cite book \|last1=Pevsner \|first1=Nikolaus \|author-link=Nikolaus Pevsner \|date=1952 \|title=South Devon (\|series=Buildings of England~~) \|publisher=Penguin Books~~ \|location=London \|~~date~~publisher=~~1952~~Penguin Books \|language=en}} * {{~~cite~~Cite book \|last1=Stabb \|first1=John \|date=1908–1916 \|title=Some Old Devon Churches: ~~their~~Their ~~rood~~Rood ~~screens~~Screens, ~~pulpits~~Pulpits, ~~fonts~~Fonts, ~~etc~~Etc. \|location=London \|publisher=Simpkin, Marshall, Hamilton, Kent ~~\|location=London,~~& ~~3 vols~~Co. ~~\|date=1908–1916~~ \|language=en}} [https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=njp.32101067698538&seq=1 Vol. I], [https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=njp.32101067698546&seq=1 Vol. II], and [https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=nyp.33433065874566&seq=1 Vol. III]. * {{~~cite~~Cite book \|last1=Stansfield-Cudworth \|first1=R. E. \|date=2009 \|title=Political Elites in South-West England, 1450–1500: Politics, Governance, and the Wars of the Roses \|~~date=2009 \|publisher~~location=[[~~Edwin~~Lewiston, ~~Mellen~~New ~~Press~~York]] \|~~location~~publisher=[[~~Lewiston,~~Edwin ~~New~~Mellen ~~York~~Press]] \|isbn=978-0-77344-714-1 \|language=en}} * {{~~Citation~~Cite journal \|last=Stansfield-Cudworth \|first=R.E. \|year=2013 \|title=The Duchy of Cornwall and the Wars of the Roses: Patronage, Politics, and Power, 1453–1502 \|journal=Cornish Studies \|series=2nd Series \|volume=21 ~~\|year=2013~~ \|pages=104–50 \|doi=10.1386/corn.21.1.104_1 \|language=en}} {{cite book \|last1=Stoyle \|first1=Mark \|title=Loyalty and Locality: Popular Allegiance in Devon during the English Civil War \|date=1994 \|publisher=University of Exeter Press \|location=Exeter \|isbn=978-0-85989-428-9 \|language=en}} ==External links== Line 396 ⟶ 406: Foreign language websites belong on the relevant non-English Wikipedias --> * [http://www.devon.gov.uk Devon County Council] * [https://www.bbc.co.uk/devon/ BBC Devon] {{Webarchive \|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090815141014/http://www.bbc.co.uk/devon/ \|date=15 August 2009 }} * [http://www.cs.ncl.ac.uk/genuki/DEV/ Genuki Devon] {{Webarchive\|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20030401173044/http://www.cs.ncl.ac.uk/genuki/DEV/ \|date=1 April 2003 }} Historical, geographical and genealogical information * [http://www.devonassoc.org.uk The Devonshire Association], a Devon-centric equivalent of the [[British Association]] * {{curlie\|Regional/Europe/United_Kingdom/England/Devon}} * [https://web.archive.org/web/20140924042248/http://viewfinder.english-heritage.org.uk/search/results.aspx?index=0&mainQuery=&searchType=all&form=basic&theme=&county=DEVON&district=&placeName= Images of Devon] at the [[English Heritage Archive]] Line 415 ⟶ 425: \|Northwest = ''[[Bristol Channel]]'' }} {{Geology of England \|state=expanded}} {{SW England}} Line 423 ⟶ 432: [[Category:Devon\| ]] ~~[[Category:Non-metropolitan counties]]~~ ~~[[Category:Geological type localities]]~~ ~~[[Category:West Country]]~~ [[Category:Ceremonial counties of England]] [[Category:Counties in South West England]] [[Category:Counties of England established in antiquity]] [[Category:Geological type localities]] [[Category:Non-metropolitan counties]] [[Category:West Country]]