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{{Close Relationships}}
'''Divorce''' (also known as '''dissolution of marriage''') is the process of terminating a [[marriage]] or marital union.<ref name="Britannica">{{cite encyclopedia |url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/divorce |title=Divorce |encyclopedia=[[Encyclopaedia Britannica]] |access-date=2018-09-22 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180922174455/https://www.britannica.com/topic/divorce |archive-date=2018-09-22 |url-status=live }}</ref> Divorce usually entails the canceling or
Divorce laws [[Divorce law by country|vary considerably]] around the world,<ref name="Britannica" /> but in most countries, divorce requires the sanction of a court or other authority in a legal process, which may involve issues of [[distribution of property]],<ref name="Britannica2">{{cite encyclopedia |url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/family-law/Economic-aspects-of-family-law#ref385235 |title=Family law |section=Divorce |encyclopedia=[[Encyclopaedia Britannica]] |access-date=2018-09-22 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180922173944/https://www.britannica.com/topic/family-law/Economic-aspects-of-family-law#ref385235 |archive-date=2018-09-22 |url-status=live }}</ref> [[child custody]],<ref name="Britannica2" /> [[alimony]] (spousal support), [[child visitation / access]], [[parenting time]], [[child support]], and division of debt. In most countries, [[monogamy]] is required by law, so divorce allows each former partner to marry another person.
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Divorce is different from [[annulment]], which declares the marriage null and void, with [[legal separation]] or ''[[de jure]]'' separation (a legal process by which a married couple may formalize a ''[[de facto]]'' [[marital separation|separation]] while remaining legally married) or with ''de facto separation'' (a process where the spouses informally stop cohabiting). Reasons for divorce vary, from sexual incompatibility or lack of independence for one or both spouses to a [[personality clash]] or [[infidelity]].<ref>The Covenant Divorce Recovery Leader's Handbook - Page 166, Wade Powers - 2008</ref>
The only countries that do not allow divorce are the [[Philippines]] and the [[Vatican City]]. In the Philippines, divorce for non-Muslim Filipinos is not legal unless one spouse is an [[undocumented immigrant]] and satisfies certain conditions.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Gloria|first1=Charmian K|title=Who needs divorce in the Philippines?|journal=Mindanao Law Journal|year=2007 |volume=1 |pages=18–28|doi=10.3860/mlj.v1i1.315}}</ref> The Vatican City is a theocratic state ruled by the head of the Catholic Church, [[Christian views on divorce#Roman Catholic Church|
==Overview==
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Where the issues are not complex and the parties are cooperative, a settlement often can be directly negotiated between them. In the majority of cases, forms are acquired from their respective state websites and a filing fee is paid to the state.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.divorcedocuments.com/state-divorce-forms |title=Divorce Forms by State (US) |website=Divorcedocuments.com |access-date=2010-06-11 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100617040054/http://www.divorcedocuments.com/state-divorce-forms |archive-date=2010-06-17 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Most U.S. states charge between $175 and $350 for a simple divorce filing.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.courts.alaska.gov/shcstart.htm |title=Court Fees and Fee Waiver |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100612024847/http://www.courts.alaska.gov/shcstart.htm |archive-date=2010-06-12 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.osbar.org/public/pamphlets/divorce.html|title=Divorce in Oregon|website=Osbar.org|access-date=2010-06-07|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100216020614/http://www.osbar.org/public/pamphlets/divorce.html|archive-date=2010-02-16|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.utcourts.gov/howto/divorce/#cost|title=Getting divorce in Utah|website=Utcourts.gov|access-date=2010-06-07|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100527233132/https://www.utcourts.gov/howto/divorce/#cost|archive-date=2010-05-27|url-status=live}}</ref> [[Collaborative divorce]] and mediated divorce are considered uncontested divorces.
In the [[United States]], many [[state court (United States)|state court]] systems are experiencing an increasing proportion of ''[[pro se]]'' (''i.e.'', litigants represent themselves without a lawyer) in divorce cases.<ref name=prose>{{cite web|url=http://nydivorcefirm.com/prosestatsmemo/|title=Self-Representation: Pro Se Statistics|date=2011-09-30|access-date=2014-09-30|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141006172503/http://nydivorcefirm.com/prosestatsmemo/|archive-date=2014-10-06|url-status=live}}</ref> For example, courts in urban areas of California report that almost 80% of new divorces are filed ''pro se''.<ref name=trends>{{cite web |url=http://www.courtinfo.ca.gov/programs/cfcc/pdffiles/HelpThemselves.pdf |title=Trends in Pro Se Litigation |website=Courtinfo.ca.gov |date=2019-02-11 |access-date=2010-06-07 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100607133606/http://courtinfo.ca.gov/programs/cfcc/pdffiles/HelpThemselves.pdf |archive-date=2010-06-07 |url-status=live }}
====Collaborative divorce====
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[[File:Just divorced.jpg|right|thumb|"JUST DIVORCED!" hand-written on an automobile's rear window.]]
==Religion and divorce==▼
{{Main|Religion and divorce}}▼
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|Description = Cartoon parodying the circus-like divorce proceedings of [[Anna Gould]] (an American [[Inheritance|heiress]] and [[socialite]]) and [[Boni de Castellane]] (a French [[nobleman]])<ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-G8vAQAAMAAJ |page=181 |title=Bancroft's Americans in London |year=1904 |publisher=American Directory Publishing Company |access-date=2018-09-22 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180922173708/https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=-G8vAQAAMAAJ |archive-date=2018-09-22 |url-status=live }}</ref> in 1906 in [[Paris]], France.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.loc.gov/resource/ppmsca.26038/ |publisher=[[Library of Congress]] |title=An international high noon divorce / Ehrhart |access-date=2018-09-22 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180922173633/https://www.loc.gov/resource/ppmsca.26038/ |archive-date=2018-09-22 |url-status=live }}</ref> Boni de Castellane then sought an annulment from the [[Holy See|Vatican]] so that he could be free to remarry in the Church. The annulment case was not finally settled until 1924, when the highest Vatican tribunal upheld the validity of the marriage and denied the annulment.▼
|Alt = Samuel D. Ehrhart's "An International High Noon Divorce"▼
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In some countries (commonly in Europe and North America), the government defines and administers marriages and divorces. While ceremonies may be performed by religious officials on behalf of the state, a [[civil marriage]] and thus, civil divorce (without the involvement of a religion) is also possible. Due to differing standards and procedures, a couple can be legally unmarried, married, or divorced by the state's definition, but have a different status as defined by a religious order. Other countries use religious law to administer marriages and divorces, eliminating this distinction. In these cases, religious officials are generally responsible for interpretation and implementation.▼
[[Islam]] allows, yet generally advises against divorce, and [[Divorce in Islam|it can be initiated by either the husband or the wife]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.mwlusa.org/topics/marriage&divorce/divorce.html|title=Islamic Perspective on Divorce|website=Mwlusa.org|access-date=2019-09-24|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190304141319/http://www.mwlusa.org/topics/marriage%26divorce/divorce.html|archive-date=2019-03-04|url-status=dead}}</ref>▼
[[Dharmic religions]] allow divorce under some circumstances.<ref>{{cite journal |pmc=3705692|year=2013|last1=Mahajan|first1=P. T|title=Indian religious concepts on sexuality and marriage|journal=Indian Journal of Psychiatry|volume=55|issue=Suppl 2|pages=S256–S262|last2=Pimple|first2=P|last3=Palsetia|first3=D|last4=Dave|first4=N|last5=De Sousa|first5=A|pmid=23858264|doi=10.4103/0019-5545.105547 |doi-access=free }}</ref>▼
[[Christian views on divorce]] vary: [[Catholic teaching]] allows only [[Annulment (Catholic Church)|annulment]], while most other denominations discourage it except in the event of adultery. For example, the [[Allegheny Wesleyan Methodist Connection]], in its 2014 Discipline, teaches:<ref name="AWMC2014"/>▼
{{blockquote|We believe that the only legitimate marriage is the joining of one man and one woman (Gen. 2:24; Rom. 7:2; 1 Cor. 7:10; Eph. 5:22, 23). We deplore the evils of divorce and remarriage. We regard adultery as the only scripturally justifiable grounds for divorce; and the party guilty of adultery has by his or her act forfeited membership in the church. In the case of divorce for other cause, neither party shall be permitted to marry again during the lifetime of the other; and violation of this law shall be punished by expulsion from the church (Matt. 5:32; Mark 10:11, 12). In the carrying out of these principles, guilt shall be established in accordance with judicial procedures set forth in ''The Discipline''.<ref name="AWMC2014">{{cite book|title=The Discipline of the Allegheny Wesleyan Methodist Connection (Original Allegheny Conference)|year=2014|publisher=[[Allegheny Wesleyan Methodist Connection]]|location=[[Salem, Ohio|Salem]]|language=en|page=21}}</ref>}}▼
[[Jewish views on marriage|Jewish views of divorce]] differ, with [[Reform Judaism]] considering civil divorces adequate; [[Conservative Judaism|Conservative]] and [[Orthodox Judaism]], on the other hand, require that the husband grant his wife a divorce in the form of a ''[[Get (divorce document)|get]]''.▼
[[Millet (Ottoman Empire)|The Millet System]], where each religious group regulates its own marriages and divorces, is still present in varying degrees in some post−Ottoman countries including Iraq, Syria, Jordan, Lebanon, Israel, the Palestinian Authority and Egypt. Several countries use [[sharia]] (Islamic law) to administrate marriages and divorces for Muslims. Thus, [[Marriage in Israel]] is administered separately by each religious community (Jews, Christians, Muslims, and Druze), and there is no provision for interfaith marriages other than marrying in another country. For Jews, marriage and divorce are administered by Orthodox rabbis. Partners can file for divorce either in [[rabbinical court]] or Israeli civil court.<ref name="npr" />▼
==Gender and divorce==▼
According to a study published in the American Law and Economics Review, women have filed slightly more than two-thirds of divorce cases in the United States.<ref>▼
{{Cite journal|last=Brinig|first=Margaret|author2=Douglas W. Allen|year=2000|title=These Boots Are Made for Walking: Why Most Divorce Filers are Women|journal=American Law and Economics Review|volume=2|issue=1|pages=126–129|doi=10.1093/aler/2.1.126}}</ref> This trend is mirrored in the UK where a recent study into web search behavior found that 70% of divorce inquiries were from women. These findings also correlate with the Office for National Statistics publication "Divorces in England and Wales 2012"<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ons.gov.uk/ons/rel/vsob1/divorces-in-england-and-wales/2012/index.html|title=Divorces in England and Wales, 2012 |publisher=Office for National Statistics |access-date=2014-08-12|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140812202536/http://www.ons.gov.uk/ons/rel/vsob1/divorces-in-england-and-wales/2012/index.html|archive-date=2014-08-12|url-status=live}}</ref> which reported that divorce petitions from women outnumber those from men by 2 to 1.▼
Regarding divorce settlements, according to the 2004 Grant Thornton survey in the UK, women obtained a better or considerably better settlement than men in 60% of cases. In 30% of cases the assets were split 50–50, and in only 10% of cases did men achieve better settlements (down from 24% the previous year). The report concluded that the percentage of [[shared residency in English law|shared residence]] orders would need to increase in order for more equitable financial divisions to become the norm.<ref name="gt" />▼
Some jurisdictions give unequal rights to men and women when filing for divorce.{{citation needed|date=December 2013}}▼
For couples
==Causes==
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Recent studies show that the cohabitation effect on divorce varies across different cultures and periods. Another article published in ''[[Journal of Marriage and Family]]'' found that when cohabitation was uncommon in pre-reform China, premarital cohabitation increased the likelihood of subsequent divorce, but this association disappeared when cohabitation became prevalent.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Zhang |first1=Yongjun |year=2017 |title=Premarital Cohabitation and Marital Dissolution in Postreform China |url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1111/jomf.12419 |journal=Journal of Marriage and Family |volume=79 |issue=5 |pages=1435–1449 |doi=10.1111/jomf.12419 |access-date=5 April 2021 |archive-date=17 April 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220417182335/https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1111/jomf.12419 |url-status=live }}</ref>
Women are six times more likely to be separated or divorced soon after a diagnosis of [[cancer]] or [[multiple sclerosis]] than men.<ref>[https://doi.org/10.1002/cncr.24577 Glantz, Michael J., et al. "Gender disparity in the rate of partner abandonment in patients with serious medical illness." Cancer 115.22 (2009): 5237-5242.]</ref> A review found a small decrease of divorce rate associated with most cancer types, but stated [[Methodology|methodological]] weakness for many published studies which studied the association between divorce and cancer.<ref>[https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2022.828656 Fugmann, Dominik, et al. "A systematic review: The effect of cancer on the divorce rate." Frontiers in psychology 13 (2022): 828656.]</ref>
==Effects==
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===Effects on children===
{{See also|Effects of divorce}}
[[File:The impact of divorce on children Tamara D. Afifi at TEDxUCSB.webm|thumb|The impact of divorce on children - Tamara D. Afifi at a TED talk]]
Research has shown that children are greatly affected by the disunion of their parents' marriage. In most cases these effects are displayed in academic strain, difficulty in regulating mood and emotions, and a tendency to find outlets in harmful substances or activities such as drugs, alcohol, and violence.<ref>{{cite journal|pmid=30600636 |date=2019 |last1=d'Onofrio |first1=B. |last2=Emery |first2=R. |title=Parental divorce or separation and children's mental health |journal=World Psychiatry |volume=18 |issue=1 |pages=100–101 |doi=10.1002/wps.20590 |pmc=6313686 }}</ref>
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====India====
{{unreferenced section|date=May 2023}}
India has one of the lowest divorce rates in the world with around 1% of marriages ending in divorce
Mutual consent divorce procedure is relatively easy while a contested divorce procedure takes longer and depends on the religions of the couples.<ref>{{cite journal |title=Mutual Divorce in India |url=https://lawrato.com/indian-kanoon/divorce-law/divorce-by-mutual-consent-in-india-130|website=LawRato |access-date=29 September 2023 |date=29 September 2023}}</ref>
Divorce is governed by various acts in India, depending on the religion of the couple:
* [[The Hindu Marriage Act, 1955]]
* The Parsi Marriage and Divorce Act, 1936<ref>{{cite journal |title=Parsi Marriage and Divorce Act, 1936. |url=https://www.indiacode.nic.in/handle/123456789/2476|website=India Code |publisher=Legislative Department, Ministry of Law and Justice, Government of India |access-date=6 August 2023 |date=23 April 1936}}</ref>
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==== Indonesia ====
In 2020 there were around 291,000 divorces recorded in Indonesia.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Indonesia: number of Muslim divorces 2020 |url=https://www.statista.com/statistics/705558/number-of-muslim-divorces-in-indonesia/ |access-date=2022-04-05 |website=Statista |language=en |archive-date=5 April 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220405181709/https://www.statista.com/statistics/705558/number-of-muslim-divorces-in-indonesia/ |url-status=live }}</ref> These numbers are lower than the previous year – reportedly due to the pandemic and a longer
# One of the
# One of the
# One of the
# One of the spouses has resorted to cruelty or severe ill-treatment, endangering the life of the other spouse
# One of the
# The spouses have irreconcilable differences as evidenced by frequent disagreements
# The husband has violated taklik talak (a promise that the husband expressly made and written onto the marriage certificate)
# One party
==== Iran ====
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Singapore has a crude divorce rate of 1.7 divorce per 1,000 residents.<ref name="singstat.gov.sg">{{Cite web |title=Marital Status, Marriages and Divorces - Latest Data |url=http://www.singstat.gov.sg/find-data/search-by-theme/population/marital-status-marriages-and-divorces/latest-data |access-date=2022-04-05 |website=Base |language=en |archive-date=13 May 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220513113758/https://www.singstat.gov.sg/find-data/search-by-theme/population/marital-status-marriages-and-divorces/latest-data |url-status=live }}</ref> Singapore has seen a decrease in divorce rates compared to previous years. In fact, 2020 marks the lowest number of divorces recorded. In 2020, there were 6,700 divorces compared to 2015–2019, which recorded an average number of 7,536 marital dissolutions.<ref name="singstat.gov.sg"/> Additionally, most divorces were initiated by women.
Singapore requires
==== South Korea ====
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On average, for every three new marriages in Serbia, one divorce occurs.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://advokatiubeogradu.rs/divorce-in-serbia/ |title=Marriage and Divorce in Serbia |publisher=Vladisavljevic Law Office - Advokat Beograd |date=2020-12-06 |access-date=2021-05-13 |archive-date=13 May 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210513200214/https://advokatiubeogradu.rs/divorce-in-serbia/ |url-status=live }}</ref> In 2019, 35,570 marriages were concluded in Serbia, 10,899 marriages were divorced, and the number of divorces per 1,000 inhabitants was 1.6%.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.stat.gov.rs/sr-latn/oblasti/stanovnistvo/zakljuceni-i-razvedeni-brakovi/ |title=Concluded and Divorced Marriages in 2019 |publisher=Statistical Office of the Republic of Serbia |date=2020-07-10 |access-date=2021-05-13 |archive-date=8 May 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210508192014/https://www.stat.gov.rs/sr-latn/oblasti/stanovnistvo/zakljuceni-i-razvedeni-brakovi/ |url-status=live }}</ref>
====Sweden====
The divorce proceedings begin with an application for separation of marriage to the [[District courts of Sweden|district court]]. The application can be submitted by both parties jointly, if the spouses are in agreement, or individually by any of the parties, who do not have to agree to a divorce. Spouses who agree to a divorce, and do not have children under the age of 16, receive a judgment (decision) of divorce within a few weeks. If there are children under the age of 16 (including step children), the parties must wait 6 months before either, or both, parties may request completion of the divorce, in order to be formally separated in marriage. If the parties have lived apart for at least two years before the application for separation of marriage, the district court may decide on a direct divorce.<ref>[https://lexly.se/fakta-och-rad/skilsmassa "Allt om skilsmässa." ''Lexly.''] Retrieved 2024-04-21.</ref>
Fifty percent of all marriages in Sweden end in a divorce. Marriages that ended in a divorce lasted an average of 11.7 years. The most common age for divorce is between 35 and 49. Couples without mutual children separate or divorce most frequently.<ref>[https://endbright.se/foretag/statistik-kring-skilsmassa-och-separation/ "Statistik kring skilsmässa och separation." ''Endbright.''] Retrieved 2024-04-21.</ref>
====United Kingdom====
{{main|Divorce in England and Wales|Divorce in Scotland}}
In 2015, the highest divorces rates in the UK were recorded all beside the sea{{explain|date=April 2024}}, with Blackpool in the top position. The UK divorce rate is estimated at 42% and in 2019, around 107,599 divorces were reported.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Divorces in England and Wales - Office for National Statistics |url=https://www.ons.gov.uk/peoplepopulationandcommunity/birthsdeathsandmarriages/divorce/bulletins/divorcesinenglandandwales/2019#main-points |access-date=2022-04-05 |website=ons.gov.uk |archive-date=7 April 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220407022502/https://www.ons.gov.uk/peoplepopulationandcommunity/birthsdeathsandmarriages/divorce/bulletins/divorcesinenglandandwales/2019#main-points |url-status=live }}</ref> The highest number of divorce applications are reportedly made on Divorce Day, which is always the first Monday of the new year.
===North America===
====United States====
{{Main|Divorce in the United States}}The [[Divorce_demography#Crude_divorce_rate|crude divorce rate]] in 2022 in the United States is 2.3 divorces. This is significantly lower than prior years, such as those in 2001 where 4.1 divorces were recorded.
The [[National Center for Health Statistics]] reports that wives, with children present, filed for divorce in approximately two-thirds of cases from 1975 to 1988 in the U.S. For example, 71.4% of the cases were filed by women in 1975 and 65% were filed by women in 1988. It is estimated that upwards of 95% of divorces in the U.S. are "uncontested", because the two parties are able to come to an agreement without a hearing (either with or without lawyers/mediators/collaborative counsel) about the property, children, and support issues.
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==== New Zealand ====
{{Main|Divorce in New Zealand}}
New Zealand's divorce rate in 2020 was 7.6 divorces per 1,000 residents.<ref name=":3">{{Cite web |title=Marriages, civil unions, and divorces: Year ended December 2020 |publisher=Stats NZ |url=https://www.stats.govt.nz/information-releases/marriages-civil-unions-and-divorces-year-ended-december-2020 |access-date=2022-04-05 |archive-date=5 March 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220305090047/https://www.stats.govt.nz/information-releases/marriages-civil-unions-and-divorces-year-ended-december-2020 |url-status=live }}</ref> This rate marks a decrease from previous years – such as those in 1983 with a crude divorce rate of 13.3. In fact, this rate has decreased significantly from the previous year, 2019, with a divorce rate of 8.4.<ref name=":3" /> Before filing for
=== Africa ===
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== Social attitudes ==
Attitudes toward divorce vary substantially across the world. Divorce is considered socially unacceptable by most of the population in certain
[[Mauritania]] is unusual for having a long history of accepting and celebrating divorce.<ref name=":5">{{Cite news |last1=Maclean |first1=Ruth |last2=Boushnak |first2=Laura |date=2023-06-04 |title=No Shame. No Sorrow. Divorce Means It's Party Time in Mauritania. |language=en-US |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2023/06/04/world/africa/mauritania-divorce-parties.html |access-date=2023-06-04 |issn=0362-4331 |archive-date=4 June 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230604202526/https://www.nytimes.com/2023/06/04/world/africa/mauritania-divorce-parties.html |url-status=live }}</ref> Although exact statistics are not available, Mauritania is believed to have the highest divorce rate by far in the world, and it is not unusual for adults in Mauritania to marry and divorce five to ten times during their lifetimes.<ref name=":5" />
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The legal process of divorce by same-sex couples is generally the same as any other.
Same-sex marriage was introduced in large European countries relatively recently: France in 2013, the UK in 2014, and Germany in 2017.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Same-Sex Marriage Around the World |url=https://www.pewresearch.org/religion/fact-sheet/gay-marriage-around-the-world/ |access-date=2023-08-27 |website=Pew Research Center's Religion & Public Life Project |date=9 June 2023 |language=en-US}}</ref> Consequently, there have been relatively few studies of divorce by same-sex couples, and they have produced some conflicting information.<ref name=":6">{{Cite journal |last1=Zahl-Olsen |first1=Rune |last2=Thuen |first2=Frode |date=April 2023 |title=Same-sex Marriage Over 26 Years: Marriage and Divorce Trends in Rural and Urban Norway |url=http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/03631990221122966 |journal=Journal of Family History |language=en |volume=48 |issue=2 |pages=200–212 |doi=10.1177/03631990221122966 |s2cid=251964900 |issn=0363-1990|hdl=11250/3039433 |hdl-access=free }}</ref> In some countries, such as Norway and Sweden, lesbian couples may be more likely to divorce than gay couples or opposite-sex couples.<ref name=":6" /> Same-sex couples in rural areas may have a higher divorce rate.<ref name=":6" />
===Rights of spouses to custody of children===
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Child custody policies include several guidelines that determine with whom the child lives following divorce, how time is divided in joint custody situations, and visitation rights. The most frequently applied custody guideline is the ''[[best interests of the child]]'' standard, which takes into account the parents' preferences, the child's preferences, the interactions between parents and children, children's adjustment, and all family members' mental and physical health.<ref>{{cite journal|url=http://pps.sagepub.com/content/4/2/140.full.pdf+html|title=Sign In|journal=Perspectives on Psychological Science|date=March 2009|last1=Lansford|first1=Jennifer E.|access-date=2012-11-07|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121111020303/http://pps.sagepub.com/content/4/2/140.full.pdf+html|archive-date=2012-11-11|url-status=live}}</ref>
▲==Religion and divorce==
▲{{Main|Religion and divorce}}
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▲|Description = Cartoon parodying the circus-like divorce proceedings of [[Anna Gould]] (an American [[Inheritance|heiress]] and [[socialite]]) and [[Boni de Castellane]] (a French [[nobleman]])<ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-G8vAQAAMAAJ |page=181 |title=Bancroft's Americans in London |year=1904 |publisher=American Directory Publishing Company |access-date=2018-09-22 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180922173708/https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=-G8vAQAAMAAJ |archive-date=2018-09-22 |url-status=live }}</ref> in 1906 in [[Paris]], France.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.loc.gov/resource/ppmsca.26038/ |publisher=[[Library of Congress]] |title=An international high noon divorce / Ehrhart |access-date=2018-09-22 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180922173633/https://www.loc.gov/resource/ppmsca.26038/ |archive-date=2018-09-22 |url-status=live }}</ref> Boni de Castellane then sought an annulment from the [[Holy See|Vatican]] so that he could be free to remarry in the Church. The annulment case was not finally settled until 1924, when the highest Vatican tribunal upheld the validity of the marriage and denied the annulment.
▲|Alt = Samuel D. Ehrhart's "An International High Noon Divorce"
▲}}
▲In some countries (commonly in Europe and North America), the government defines and administers marriages and divorces. While ceremonies may be performed by religious officials on behalf of the state, a [[civil marriage]] and thus, civil divorce (without the involvement of a religion) is also possible. Due to differing standards and procedures, a couple can be legally unmarried, married, or divorced by the state's definition, but have a different status as defined by a religious order. Other countries use religious law to administer marriages and divorces, eliminating this distinction. In these cases, religious officials are generally responsible for interpretation and implementation.
▲[[Islam]] allows, yet generally advises against divorce, and [[Divorce in Islam|it can be initiated by either the husband or the wife]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.mwlusa.org/topics/marriage&divorce/divorce.html|title=Islamic Perspective on Divorce|website=Mwlusa.org|access-date=2019-09-24|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190304141319/http://www.mwlusa.org/topics/marriage%26divorce/divorce.html|archive-date=2019-03-04|url-status=dead}}</ref>
▲[[Dharmic religions]] allow divorce under some circumstances.<ref>{{cite journal |pmc=3705692|year=2013|last1=Mahajan|first1=P. T|title=Indian religious concepts on sexuality and marriage|journal=Indian Journal of Psychiatry|volume=55|issue=Suppl 2|pages=S256–S262|last2=Pimple|first2=P|last3=Palsetia|first3=D|last4=Dave|first4=N|last5=De Sousa|first5=A|pmid=23858264|doi=10.4103/0019-5545.105547 |doi-access=free }}</ref>
▲[[Christian views on divorce]] vary: [[Catholic teaching]] allows only [[Annulment (Catholic Church)|annulment]], while most other denominations discourage it except in the event of adultery. For example, the [[Allegheny Wesleyan Methodist Connection]], in its 2014 Discipline, teaches:<ref name="AWMC2014"/>
▲{{blockquote|We believe that the only legitimate marriage is the joining of one man and one woman (Gen. 2:24; Rom. 7:2; 1 Cor. 7:10; Eph. 5:22, 23). We deplore the evils of divorce and remarriage. We regard adultery as the only scripturally justifiable grounds for divorce; and the party guilty of adultery has by his or her act forfeited membership in the church. In the case of divorce for other cause, neither party shall be permitted to marry again during the lifetime of the other; and violation of this law shall be punished by expulsion from the church (Matt. 5:32; Mark 10:11, 12). In the carrying out of these principles, guilt shall be established in accordance with judicial procedures set forth in ''The Discipline''.<ref name="AWMC2014">{{cite book|title=The Discipline of the Allegheny Wesleyan Methodist Connection (Original Allegheny Conference)|year=2014|publisher=[[Allegheny Wesleyan Methodist Connection]]|location=[[Salem, Ohio|Salem]]|language=en|page=21}}</ref>}}
▲[[Jewish views on marriage|Jewish views of divorce]] differ, with [[Reform Judaism]] considering civil divorces adequate; [[Conservative Judaism|Conservative]] and [[Orthodox Judaism]], on the other hand, require that the husband grant his wife a divorce in the form of a ''[[Get (divorce document)|get]]''.
▲[[Millet (Ottoman Empire)|The Millet System]], where each religious group regulates its own marriages and divorces, is still present in varying degrees in some post−Ottoman countries including Iraq, Syria, Jordan, Lebanon, Israel, the Palestinian Authority and Egypt. Several countries use [[sharia]] (Islamic law) to administrate marriages and divorces for Muslims. Thus, [[Marriage in Israel]] is administered separately by each religious community (Jews, Christians, Muslims, and Druze), and there is no provision for interfaith marriages other than marrying in another country. For Jews, marriage and divorce are administered by Orthodox rabbis. Partners can file for divorce either in [[rabbinical court]] or Israeli civil court.<ref name="npr" />
▲==Gender and divorce==
▲According to a study published in the American Law and Economics Review, women have filed slightly more than two-thirds of divorce cases in the United States.<ref>
▲{{Cite journal|last=Brinig|first=Margaret|author2=Douglas W. Allen|year=2000|title=These Boots Are Made for Walking: Why Most Divorce Filers are Women|journal=American Law and Economics Review|volume=2|issue=1|pages=126–129|doi=10.1093/aler/2.1.126}}</ref> This trend is mirrored in the UK where a recent study into web search behavior found that 70% of divorce inquiries were from women. These findings also correlate with the Office for National Statistics publication "Divorces in England and Wales 2012<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ons.gov.uk/ons/rel/vsob1/divorces-in-england-and-wales/2012/index.html|title=Divorces in England and Wales, 2012 |publisher=Office for National Statistics |access-date=2014-08-12|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140812202536/http://www.ons.gov.uk/ons/rel/vsob1/divorces-in-england-and-wales/2012/index.html|archive-date=2014-08-12|url-status=live}}</ref> which reported that divorce petitions from women outnumber those from men by 2 to 1.
▲Regarding divorce settlements, according to the 2004 Grant Thornton survey in the UK, women obtained a better or considerably better settlement than men in 60% of cases. In 30% of cases the assets were split 50–50, and in only 10% of cases did men achieve better settlements (down from 24% the previous year). The report concluded that the percentage of [[shared residency in English law|shared residence]] orders would need to increase in order for more equitable financial divisions to become the norm.<ref name="gt" />
▲Some jurisdictions give unequal rights to men and women when filing for divorce.{{citation needed|date=December 2013}}
▲For couples to Conservative or Orthodox Jewish law (which by [[Marriage in Israel|Israeli civil law]] includes all Jews in Israel), the husband must grant his wife a divorce through a document called a ''[[get (divorce document)|get]]''. Granting the 'get' obligates him to pay the woman a significant sum of money(10,000-$20,000) as stated on the religious prenuptial contract, which can be in addition to whatever prior settlement he had reached as far as continuous child support and funds he had to pay by court order in the civil divorce. If the man refuses, (and agreeing on condition he will not have to pay the money is still called refusing), the woman can appeal to a court or the community to pressure the husband. A woman whose husband refuses to grant the get or a woman whose husband is missing without sufficient knowledge that he died, is called an [[agunah]], is still married, and therefore cannot remarry. Under Orthodox law, children of an extramarital affair involving a married Jewish woman are considered ''[[mamzer]]im'' and cannot marry non-''mamzerim''.<ref name="npr">{{cite web|url=https://www.npr.org/templates/transcript/transcript.php?storyId=125673859|title=Under Israel's Divorce Laws, Men Get The Final Word|publisher=[[NPR]]|access-date=2010-05-24|date=2010-04-07|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100417171807/http://www.npr.org/templates/transcript/transcript.php?storyId=125673859|archive-date=2010-04-17|url-status=live}}</ref>
▲===Serious medical illnesses gender disparity===
==History==
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===India===
On a national level, the [[Special Marriage Act, 1954|Special Marriage Act]], passed in 1954, is an inter-religious marriage law permitting Indian nationals to marry and divorce irrespective of their religion or faith. The [[Hindu Marriage Act]],
In the first major family law reform in the last decade, the Supreme Court of India banned the Islamic practice of "Triple Talaq" (divorce by uttering of the "Talaq" word thrice by the husband). The landmark Supreme Court of India judgment was welcomed by women activists across India.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2017/aug/22/india-supreme-court-bans-islamic-instant-divorce-triple-talaq|title=India court bans Islamic instant divorce in huge win for women's rights|last=Safi|first=Michael|date=2017-08-22|newspaper=[[The Guardian]]|access-date=2017-11-06|language=en-GB|issn=0261-3077|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171116194439/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2017/aug/22/india-supreme-court-bans-islamic-instant-divorce-triple-talaq|archive-date=2017-11-16|url-status=live}}</ref>
Official figures of divorce rates are not available, but it has been estimated that 1 in 100 or another figure of 11 in 1,000 marriages in India end
Various communities are governed by specific marital legislation, distinct to Hindu Marriage Act, and consequently have their own divorce laws:
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On 27 July 2010, [[GABRIELA|Gabriela Women's Party]] filed in [[House of Representatives of the Philippines|Congress]] House Bill No 1799, or the Divorce Bill of the Philippines, as one of many attempts to introduce pro-divorce legislation. Senator [[Pia Cayetano]] has filed a separate divorce bill in the [[Senate of the Philippines|Senate]]. During that time, the Philippines, along with Malta and the Vatican, are the three most conservative countries on the issue of divorce. The bill did not pass any level of legislation because of this.
In 2013, the divorce bill was refiled,
In a latest attempt, the divorce bill was refiled again in 2017. On 22 February 2018, the House of Representatives committee on population and family relations approved a bill seeking to legalize divorce, the first time in Philippine history for such a measure to pass the committee level of legislation. The majority of the members of the House of Representatives (lower house of Congress), both majority and minority blocs, are in favor of divorce, however, divorce continues to be a divisive issue in the Senate (upper house of Congress), as stark opposition is present among male senators.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://cnnphilippines.com/news/2018/02/21/house-panel-approves-substitute-bill-on-divorce.html|title=House panel approves substitute bill on divorce|website=Cnnphilippines.com|access-date=21 September 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180921191212/http://cnnphilippines.com/news/2018/02/21/house-panel-approves-substitute-bill-on-divorce.html|archive-date=21 September 2018|url-status=
=== Early America ===
In colonial America, marriage was understood to be for the purpose of reproductive and economic success. Divorce was granted if either party was proven to have deceived the other about their financial or reproductive status.<ref name=":7">{{Cite book |last=Reis |first=Elizabeth |title=Bodies in Doubt: An American History of Intersex |publisher=Baltimore MD: Johns Hopkins University Press |year=2009 |isbn=978-1421441849 |pages=8–10 |language=en}}</ref>
[[Impotence]] as grounds for divorce required physical examination of the husband. Women with malformed genitalia would also be examined by a midwife to determine
In the [[antebellum South]], courts were reluctant to divorce white couples. Wives were the most likely to ask for divorce, however husbands were more likely to receive one. Successful divorces initiated by husbands were often in response to the wife's infidelity with a black man. A landmark court case in 1825 set the precedent of prioritizing the raising of white children over the wife's adultery.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Hodes |first=Martha |title=White Women, Black Men: Illicit Sex in the 19th-century South |publisher=New Haven, CT: Yale University Press |year=1997 |isbn=0300069707 |pages=68–71 |language=en}}</ref>
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== Patterns ==
=== Post-World War II ===
Divorce rates increase during times of hardship, war, and major events. Divorce rates increased after World War II because people were quick to marry each other before they went to war. When soldiers returned, they found out that they did not have much in common with their spouses, so they divorced.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Kunz|first1=Jenifer|title=Think marriages and families.|date=2011|publisher=Pearson Education|location=Upper Saddle River, N.J.|isbn=978-0-205-16760-9|page=240}}</ref>
=== Celebrity culture ===
In 2024, an increasing number of "A-listers celebrities" were found to engaging in a trend of discreet "silent divorces" as opposed to high-profile public divorces in the media in past years.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.huffpost.com/entry/quiet-divorce-trend_l_65f20079e4b07b5c55cb9ece | title=This Divorce Trend is Becoming More Popular with Celebs — for a Good Reason | date=21 March 2024 }}</ref>
== See also ==
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==Further reading==
{{refbegin|30em|}}
*[[William P. Alford|Alford, William P.]], [https://web.archive.org/web/20100219043458/http://www.wcfia.harvard.edu/node/661 "Have You Eaten, Have You Divorced? Debating the Meaning of Freedom in Marriage in China"], in ''Realms of Freedom in Modern China'' (William C. Kirby ed., Stanford University Press, 2004).
*Berlin, G. (2004). [http://www.mdrc.org/publications/386/testimony.html "The Effects of Marriage and Divorce on Families and Children"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120318221009/http://www.mdrc.org/publications/386/testimony.html |date=18 March 2012 }}.
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