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The Department had surveyed {{convert|13,700|ft}} of shoreline by 1878, as well as documenting the currents and tides. By 1900, {{convert|75|mi}} had been surveyed and core samples had been taken to inform the builders of how deep the bedrock was. The work was completed just as [[World War I]] began, allowing the Port of New York to be a major point of embarkation for troops and materiel.<ref name=concrete184 />
The new seawall helps protect Manhattan island from storm surges, although it is only {{convert|5|ft}} above the mean sea level, so that particularly dangerous storms, such as the [[nor'easter]] of 1992 and [[Hurricane Sandy]] in 2012, which hit the city in a way to create surges which are much higher, can still do significant damage. (The Hurricane of September 3,
===Bridges and tunnels===
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