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===Bridges and tunnels===
{{see also|#Crossings}}
The [[Brooklyn Bridge]], completed in 1883, was the first bridge to span the East River, connecting the cities of New York and [[Brooklyn]], and all but replacing the frequent ferry service between them, which did not return until the late 20th century. The bridge offered [[cable car (railway)|cable car]] service across the span. The Brooklyn Bridge was followed by the [[Williamsburg Bridge]] (1903), the [[Queensboro Bridge]] (1909), the [[Manhattan Bridge]] (1912) and the [[Hell Gate Bridge|Hell Gate Railroad Bridge]] (1916). Later would come the [[Triborough Bridge]] (1936), the [[Bronx–Whitestone Bridge|Bronx-Whitestone Bridge]] (1939), the [[Throgs Neck Bridge]] (1961) and the [[Rikers Island|Rikers Island Bridge]] (1966). In addition, numerous rail tunnels pass under the East River – most of them part of the [[New York City Subway]] system – as does the [[Brooklyn–Battery Tunnel|Brooklyn-Battery Tunnel]] and the [[Queens–Midtown Tunnel|Queens-Midtown Tunnel]]. (See [[#Crossings|Crossings]] below for details.) Also under the river is Water Tunnel #1 of the [[New York City water supply system]], built in 1917 to extend the Manhattan portion of the tunnel to Brooklyn, and via City Tunnel #2 (1936) to Queens; these boroughs became part of New York City after the city's consolidation in 1898.<ref>Burrows and Wallace, p.1229</ref><ref name="water">{{cite web |website=[[New York City Department of Environmental Protection]]
[[File:Astoria Park Panorama of Triborough and Hell's Gate Bridges.jpg|thumb|center|750px|A panorama of the suspension section of the [[Triborough Bridge|Robert F. Kennedy Bridge]] (left) and the [[Hell Gate Bridge]] (right), as seen from [[Astoria Park]] in [[Queens]]]]
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