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{{infobox sport
| name = Electric Motorsport
| image = 2023-04-21 Motorsport, ABB FIA Formula E World Championship, Berlin E-Prix 2023 1DX 0736 by Stepro.jpg
| image = 2013-Monster-Tajima-Giti-EV.jpg
| imagesize =
| caption = [[Formula E]] World Championship, Berlin E-Prix 2023: Sam Bird (GBR, Jaguar TCS Racing)
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'''Electric motorsport''' is a category of motor sport that consists of the racing of electric powered vehicles for competition, either in all-electric series, or in open-series against vehicles with different power trainspowertrains. Very early in the history of automobiles, electric cars held several performance records over [[internal combustion engine]] cars, such as [[Land speed record#1898.E2.80.931965 .28wheel-driven.29|land speed records]], but fell behind in performance during the first decade of the 20th century.

With the renaissance of electric vehicles during the early 21st century, notable electric-only racing series have been developed, for both cars and motorcycles, including for example, the [[FIA Formula E World Championship]]. In other racing events, electric vehicles are competing alongside combustion engine vehicles, for example in the [[Isle of Man TT]] and the [[Pikes Peak International Hill Climb]], and in some cases winning outright.
 
==History==
 
===Background and early powertrains===
{{Overly detailed|section|date=January 2018}}
[[File:Goldsworthy Gurney steam carriage - Project Gutenberg eText 12496.png|thumb|The [[Goldsworthy Gurney]] [[Steam bus]], in an 1827 illustration.]]
{{see also|History of the steam engine|Locomotive#Origins{{!}}Origins of the locomotive}}
 
Early mechanically powered vehicles used steam power, a technology first developed for static applications (notably, [[Thomas Newcomen]] 1712 and [[James Watt]] 1765) (see [[History of the steam engine]]). Steam for vehicle traction was taken up both for road vehicles and for rail by [[Richard Trevithick]] who creating the [[Richard Trevithick#Puffing Devil|Puffing devil]] for transporting passengers by road in 1801, and later rail transport, initially for coal (1804) and then for people (Trevethick 1808, [[George Stephenson]] 1824 onwards). By the 1830s steam began to be more widely adopted for transportation, with steam carriages for road (e.g. the 1827 [[Goldsworthy Gurney]] [[Steam bus]]) and for rail, although the latter quickly became more established for medium and longer distance travel. Mechanically powered road vehicles were largely limited to utilitarian vehicles such as [[traction engine]]s during this period (especially 1850s onwards, see [[History of steam road vehicles#Victorian Age of steam|History of steam road vehicles]]).
 
[[File:Thomas Parker Electric car.jpg|thumb|Electric car built by [[Thomas Parker (inventor)|Thomas Parker]] ]]
 
During the 1860s diverse small experiments with personal transportation and different powertrains blossomed, with steam buggies (e.g. [[History of steam road vehicles#Henry Taylor.27s steam buggy|Henry Taylor]] 1867) and even steam motorcycles ([[History of steam road vehicles#Michaux-Perreaux Steam velocipede|Michaex-Perreux]] and [[History of steam road vehicles#Sylvester H. Roper|Sylvester Roper]], both around 1867–69). [[Amédée Bollée]] developed several long distance (Le Mans to Paris, 210&nbsp;km) steam vehicles from 1873 onwards, including the 1878 [[Amédée Bollée#La Mancelle|La Mancelle]] of which 50 were produced, and the 1881 [[Amédée Bollée#La Rapide|La Rapide]] capable of 62&nbsp;km/h (39&nbsp;mph). An early electric powertrain was exhibited in November 1881 by French inventor [[Gustave Trouvé]] at the [[International Exposition of Electricity, Paris|International Exhibition of Electricity in Paris]].<ref>{{citation|last=Wakefield|first=Ernest H.|title=History of the Electric Automobile|publisher=Society of Automotive Engineers|year=1994|isbn=978-1-56091-299-6|pages=2–3}}</ref>
 
English inventor [[Thomas Parker (inventor)|Thomas Parker]], who was responsible for innovations such as electrifying the [[London Underground]], overhead tramways in Liverpool and Birmingham, and the smokeless fuel [[coalite]], built the first production electric car in [[London]] in 1884, using his own specially designed high-capacity rechargeable batteries.<ref>{{cite news |url= https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/newstopics/howaboutthat/5212278/Worlds-first-electric-car-built-by-Victorian-inventor-in-1884.html |newspaper=The Daily Telegraph |title=World's first electric car built by Victorian inventor in 1884 |date=2009-04-24 |access-date=2009-07-14 |location=London}}</ref> Parker's long-held interest in the construction of more fuel-efficient vehicles led him to experiment with electric vehicles. He also may have been concerned about the malign effects [[smoke]] and [[pollution]] were having in London.<ref>{{cite web|url= http://auto.howstuffworks.com/fuel-efficiency/hybrid-technology/history-of-electric-cars1.htm |title=What is the history of electric cars? |last=Fuller |first=John |publisher=auto.howstuffworks.com |date=2009-04-09 |access-date=2014-12-14}}</ref>
 
Early [[petrol engine|petrol/gasoline-powered]] internal combustion engine automobiles were completed almost simultaneously by several German inventors working independently: Karl Benz built his first automobile in 1885 in [[Mannheim]]. Benz was granted a patent for his automobile on 29 January 1886, and began the first production of automobiles in 1888, after [[Bertha Benz]], his wife, had proved - with the first long-distance trip in August 1888, from Mannheim to Pforzheim and back (194&nbsp;km) - that the horseless coach was absolutely suitable for daily use.
 
Overall, there were a variety of powertrains and vehicle forms experimented with during this period, each with different advantages and disadvantages, range, reliability and speed. In terms of outright performance, different powertrains competed for the land speed record through the turn of the 20th century (see below), and it was not until 1924 onwards that internal combustion powertrains began to dominate this aspect.
 
===Early land speed records===
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The table below details the early history of land speed records from 1898 into the early decades of the 20th century. ''[[La Jamais Contente]]'' ({{lang-en|The Never Satisfied}}) was the first road vehicle to go over {{convert|100|km/h}}. It was an [[electric car|electric vehicle]] with a [[light alloy]] [[torpedo]] shaped bodywork and with Fulmen [[Battery (electricity)|batteries]]. The vehicle established the [[land speed record]] on April 29 or May 1, 1899 at [[Achères, Yvelines]] near [[Paris]], [[France]]. The vehicle had two direct drive Postel-Vinay 25&nbsp;kW motors, running at 200 V drawing 124 Amperes each<ref name=pdf1>{{cite web | title= La Jamais Contente | url= http://www.e-mobile.ch/pdf/2005/Fact-Sheet_LaJamaisContente_FW.pdf | access-date= 2015-06-06 | archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20101218064720/http://e-mobile.ch/pdf/2005/Fact-Sheet_LaJamaisContente_FW.pdf | archive-date= 2010-12-18 | url-status= dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=EV Zero? |publisher=EV1 Club |url=http://ev1-club.power.net/torpedo.htm |access-date=2006-10-18 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061012220024/http://ev1-club.power.net/torpedo.htm |archive-date=2006-10-12 |url-status=dead }}</ref> for about 68&nbsp;hp, and was equipped with [[Michelin]] [[tires]].
 
As of 1900, 38% of US automobiles, 33,842 cars, were powered by electricity (40% by steam, and 22% by gasoline).<ref>{{cite news |title=The Evolution of Electric Cars |first=Zachary |last=Shahan |publisher=Sustainnovate |url=http://sustainnovate.ae/en/innovators-blog/detail/evolution-of-electric-cars |access-date=2015-06-05}}</ref> However, as combustion powertrains developed, they offered a superior range thanto electrics, and (especiallyhad a much lower price after the 1908 [[Ford Model T]], andwas itsinvented massin production from 1913 onwards) a much lower purchase price1908. In 1912 the electric starter motor was invented by [[Charles F. Kettering|Charles Kettering]] leading to easier and faster starting of internal combustion powertrains, and removing what had been perceived as one of their main drawbacks (having to use a hand crank). Electric and subsequently steam still had some performance advantages and dominated the outright speed record until 1924. Yet the combustion engine technology benefitted from much greater market penetration and thus more development, and began to achieve greater speed performance than electrics and stream from 1924 onwards.
 
{| class="wikitable" style="clear: both; font-size:95%;"
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Both the two above teams and drivers raced again in 2016, with evolutions of the vehicles, and were joined by a prototype '4-motor EV' from Acura based on the 2016 NSX production car, with heavy modifications to all-electric drive. The Acura, driven by Tetsuya Yamano, achieved a remarkable time for its first outing, finishing in 9:06:015 minutes, and third place overall. [[Drive eO]]'s 4th generation vehicle, eO PP100 achieved a time of 8:57:118 minutes, improving on the previous year's time and coming second overall. The winning 2016 vehicle was a combustion engine Norma driven by [[Romain Dumas]] with a time 8:51:445 minutes. The Norma has similar power to weight ratio to the PP100, but weighs half as much and as a result has better traction in corners. Dumas' team also won in an earlier version of the same vehicle in 2014 with a time of 9:05:801 minutes, thus improving by some 14 seconds over 2 years technological evolution. The Drive eO vehicle improved by some 10 seconds in one year, over its 2015 time.
 
In 2018, the outright winner was the all-electric [[Volkswagen I.D. R]] Pikes Peak Prototype driven by Romain Dumas, in new overall record time 7:57.148 minutes. The previous track record stood at 8:13.878 minutes, driven by Sébastien Loeb in the 2013 [[Peugeot 208]] T16 Pikes Peak. Now that electrics have overtaken the performance of gasoline cars on Pike's Peak, it seems likely that electric cars will continue to dominate this race from 2018 onwards. Electric cars are still relatively early in their motorsport development with much room for further improvement, whereas gasoline-powered cars have had over a century of development, with only incremental improvements likely to come in the future.
 
===Isle of Man TT===
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''Formula E'' is the highest class of competition for [[Electric Car|electrically powered]] [[single-seater]] racing cars.<ref name="fia-announcement">{{cite web|url=http://www.fia.com/championship/fia-formula-e-championship/2013/fia-formula-e-championship|title=FIA Formula E Championship|publisher=fia.com}}</ref> The series was conceived in 2012, and the inaugural championship started in [[Beijing]] in September 2014.<ref>{{cite news |newspaper=[[The Daily Telegraph]] |date=2014-09-13 |title=Formula E opens with spectacular crash involving Nick Heidfeld and Nicolas Prost as Lucas di Grassi claims win |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/sport/motorsport/11094128/Formula-E-opens-with-spectacular-crash-involving-Nick-Heidfeld-and-Nicolas-Prost-as-Lucas-di-Grassi-claims-win.html |access-date=2014-09-13}}</ref>
Since the 2020–21 season, the Formula E Championship has [[Fédération Internationale de l'Automobile|FIA]] World Championship status.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.motorsport.com/formula-e/news/formula-e-world-championship-status/4606177/|title=Formula E receives FIA world championship status for 2020/21|website=www.motorsport.com|date=3 December 2019 |language=en|access-date=2019-12-03}}</ref>
 
===MotoE World CupChampionship===
{{main|MotoE World CupChampionship}}
The [[MotoGP]] motorcycle world championship has an all-electric support series called ''MotoE World Cup'' since [[2019 MotoGP season|2019]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.autosport.com/news/report.php/id/129290|title=MotoGP plans support championship for electric bikes by 2019|publisher=autosport.com|date=2017-05-03}}</ref>
The series has used the [[Energica Ego]] Corsa motorcycle from inception, manufactured by [[Energica Motor Company]],<ref>{{cite web |title=Discover the Energica Ego Corsa MotoE™ motorcycle! |url=https://www.motogp.com/en/news/2020/02/07/discover-the-energica-ego-corsa-motoe-motorcycle/256857|website=MotoGP |date=30 April 2018 |access-date=2020-08-16}}</ref> but will changechanged to [[Ducati]] fromin 2023.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.motogp.com/en/news/2021/10/21/ducati-confirmed-as-single-manufacturer-for-motoe/397580 |title=Ducati confirmed as single manufacturer for MotoE |publisher=motogp |date=21 October 2021 |access-date=22 October 2021}}</ref>
 
===Touring Car ===
====FIA ETCR – eTouring Car World Cup====
[[File:2022 ETCR - RD2 - Hungaroring (52186465409).jpg|thumb|right|[[SEAT_LeónSEAT León#León_eLeón e-Racer_Racer (ETCR)|Cupra]] #010 ([[Tom Blomqvist|Blomqvist]]) leads [[Alfa_Romeo_Giulia_Alfa Romeo Giulia (952)#Giulia_ETCRGiulia ETCR|Giulia]] #025 ([[Luca Filippi|Filippi]]) and [[Hyundai_VelosterHyundai Veloster#Veloster_N_ETCRVeloster N ETCR|Veloster]] #005 ([[Norbert Michelisz|Michelisz]]) at the [[Hungaroring]] in Round 2 of the [[2022 FIA ETCR – eTouring Car World Cup|2022 ETCR season]]]]
{{main|FIA ETCR – eTouring Car World Cup}}
The ''FIA ETCR – eTouring Car World Cup'' (known as ''Pure ETCR'' during the 2021 season) iswas a [[touring car]] series for [[electric car]]s. It wasran announcedfor aheadtwo ofseasons thein 20182021 Genevaand Motor2022, Showbut bythen [[TCRended, Internationalwith Series|TCR]]the promoter WSCciting Ltd.<ref>{{citeunresolvable web|url=https://www.touringcars.net/2018/03/wsc-launch-electric-e-tcr-touring-car-series|title=WSCdifferences toamong launchthe electricvarious E-TCRstakeholders touringconcerning carthe series|publisher=TouringCars.Net|date=2018-03-02}}</ref>sporting Theand inauguralregulatory season was held in 2021format..<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.purefia-etcr.com/fivethank-star-schedule-revealed-for-inaugural-pure-etcr-seasonyou/|title=Five-starFollowing schedulea revealedseries forof inauguraldiscussions PUREwith various stakeholders, Discovery Sports Events announces it will not promote the ETCR, eTouring Car World season|date=2021-02-01Cup during 2023.|publisher=purefia-etcr.com|date=2023-03-25}}</ref>
 
====STCC Scandinavia Touring Car Championship====
{{main|2024 STCC Scandinavia Touring Car Championship}}
''STCC'' is the first national [[touring car]] series for [[electric car]]s. It was announced in 2022. The inaugural season was meant to be held in 2023, but was delayed due to production challenges.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Mästarteamet om flytten av elektrifierad STCC-säsong till 2024 |url=https://www.stcc.se/nyheter/mstarteamet-om-flytten-av-elektrifierad-stcc-ssong-till-2024 |access-date=2023-11-10 |website=STCC |language=sv-SE}}</ref> The first races are now intended for the 2024 season. The top 3 drivers from NXT Gen Cup were offered a test in the STCC prototype car in advance of the season.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Sju juniorer testar nya elektriska STCC-bilarna i Try Out 2023 |url=https://www.stcc.se/nyheter/sju-juniorer-testar-nya-elektriska-stcc-bilarna-i-try-out-2023 |access-date=2023-11-10 |website=STCC |language=sv-SE}}</ref>
 
====NXT Gen Cup====
NXT Gen Cup<ref>{{Cite web |title=NXT Gen Cup |url=https://www.nxtgencup.com/ |access-date=2023-11-07 |website=NXT Gen Cup |language=en-GB}}</ref> is an electric junior (ages 15 to 25<ref>{{Cite web |last=Dixon |first=Ed |date=2024-02-12 |title=Formula E launches NXT Gen Cup support series |url=https://www.blackbookmotorsport.com/news/formula-e-nxt-gen-cup-support-series/ |access-date=2024-03-10 |website=BlackBook Motorsport |language=en-GB}}</ref>) touring car championship that started in 2023. Founded by Fredrik Lestrup, former racing driver and owner of Lestrup Racing, the series developed a custom electric race car, the LRT NXT1, based on the [[Mini Hatch|Mini Cooper]] electric chassis. In 2023 the series completed 6 race weekends, with 4 in [[Sweden]] and two in [[Germany]]. In 2024 four of the six European races were planned to be held at [[FIA Formula E]] weekends, but those were later cancelled due to "unexpected constraints".<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-04-08 |title=Formula E announce NXT GEN support series cancelled for Season 10|url=https://fiaformulae.com/en/news/494218|website=fiaformulae.com|language=en}}</ref> The series features a push-to-pass feature where drivers receive additional power twice per race. The 2023 series champion was Elias Adestam.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Ellysium Racing 2023 |url=https://www.ellysium.co/ |access-date=2023-11-07 |website=Ellysium Racing 2023 |language=en-US}}</ref>
[[File:NXT Gen Cup & Ellis Spiezia.jpg|thumb|Ellis Spiezia and the LRT NXT1 car, used in the inaugural season of the NXT Gen Cup Championship.]]
 
===Extreme E===
{{main|Extreme E}}
''Extreme E'' is an off-road racing series that uses [[electric vehicles|electric SUVs]] to race in extremely remote parts of the world, such as the [[AmazonArabian rainforestdesert]] or the [[ArcticGreenland]]. The series was conceived in 2018, and the [[2021 Desert X-Prix|first event]] took place in April 2021.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.autosport.com/fe/news/138361/new-extreme-e-suv-series-to-launch-with-fe|title=New Extreme E electric SUV series to launch with Formula E|first=Alex Kalinauckas and Andrew van de|last=Burgt|website=Autosport.com|date=29 August 2018 }}</ref> After its fourth season in 2024, Extreme E will be replaced by ''Extreme H'', which uses [[Hydrogen fuel cell|hydrogen-powererd]] cars for a similar race format.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Newbold |first=James |date=2024-01-11 |title=Extreme E to stop at end of 2024 amid hydrogen transition to Extreme H |url=https://www.motorsport.com/extreme-e/news/extreme-e-to-stop-at-end-of-2024-amid-hydrogen-transition-to-extreme-h/10564906/ |access-date=2024-01-16 |website=Motorsport.com |language=en}}</ref>
 
===Grand Tourer===
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{{main|FIA Electric GT Championship}}
 
The ''FIA Electric GT Championship'' is a planned [[sports car racing]] series for [[electric car|electric]] [[grand tourer]]s sanctioned by the [[Fédération Internationale de l'Automobile]] set to premiere in 2023.<ref>{{Cite web|title=FIA reveals details of &quot;groundbreaking&quot; electric GT category|url=https://www.autosport.com/general/news/fia-reveals-details-of-groundbreaking-electric-gt-category/6380625/|access-date=2021-08-06|website=www.autosport.com|date=21 April 2021 |language=en}}</ref>
 
==== Electric Production Car Series ====
{{main|Electric Production Car Series}}
A series with all-electric GT cars (in the first season all [[Tesla Model S]]), called the ''Electric Production Car Series'', was planned to start in 2018, but has been postponed.
 
===Rallycross===
[[File:Projekt E Rallycross Presentation 1.jpg|thumb|right|The Projekt E electric rallycross car]]
Because of the short races, and focus on acceleration, [[rallycross]] is well suited for electric vehicles. Several electric rallycross series exist already or are planned:
 
====World Rallycross (World RX)====
{{main|FIA World Rallycross Championship}}
TheSince the [[2022 FIA World Rallycross Championship|2022 season]], the FIA World Rallycross Championship top category "World RX" is switching touses the fully electric class ''RX1e'' starting with the [[2022 FIA World Rallycross Championship|2022 season]]. All cars in this new class willare bebased usingon the same powertrain developed by Kreisel Electric.<ref>{{Cite web|title=The future starts here: 14-car grid to electrify World RX action in 2022|url=https://www.fiaworldrallycross.com/world-rx/news/world-rx/2021/14-car-grid-to-electrify-world-rx-in-2022/|access-date=2021-10-22|website=FIA World Rallycross Championship|language=en}}</ref>
 
A second-tier electric support series to the World Rallycross Championship is ''RX2e''. The first season of six races was held alongside the [[2021 FIA World Rallycross Championship|2021 WorldRX season]]. It uses a [[One-Design|spec car]] developed by QEV Technologies and Swedish rallycross team [[Olsbergs MSE]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://dirtfish.com/rallycross/world-rx/rx2e-car-revealed-ahead-of-2021-debut/|title=RX2e car revealed ahead of 2021 debut|date=2020-11-18|publisher=dirtfish.com}}</ref>
 
''Projekt E'' was an electric support series during the [[2020 FIA World Rallycross Championship|2020 World Rallycross season]].,<ref>{{Citation | title = First Projekt E electric rallycross car unveiled at Latvian WRX | url = https://www.autosport.com/wrx/news/145980/first-projekt-e-car-revealed-ahead-of-demo-run | last = Ridge | first = Hal | publisher = autosport.com | date = 2019-09-13 | access-date = 2019-09-17}}</ref>, but due to the [[COVID-19 pandemic|COVID-19]] only two rounds were contested. No further races have been held since then.
 
====Nitro Rallycross====
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{{Main|Jaguar I-Pace eTrophy}}
The Jaguar I-Pace eTrophy was a [[stock car]] support series for [[Formula E]] run by [[Jaguar Cars|Jaguar]] lasting for two Formula E seasons from 2018 to 2020. The races took place on the same tracks and on the same day as the [[Formula E]] races.
 
===eSkootr Championship===
{{Main|eSkootr Championship}}
 
The eSkootr Championship ("eSC")<ref>{{cite web|url=https://esc.live|title=eSkootr Championship|date=11 August 2021|publisher=esc.live}}</ref> is a championship for two wheeled [[e-scooters]]. The inaugural championship race takes place in 2022.<ref>{{cite magazine|url=https://www.wired.co.uk/article/eskootr-s1x|title=This bizarre electric racing scooter goes as fast as a car|magazine=Wired UK |publisher=wired.com|accessdate=11 August 2021|last1=Nast |first1=Condé }}</ref> Motorcycle racer [[Bradley Smith (motorcyclist)|Bradley Smith]] has been contracted as a development officer, "to assist with rider recruitment and development".<ref>{{cite web |url=https://esc.live/latest/esc-announces-rider-programme-to-find-talent-ahead-of-draft |title=eSC announces Rider Programme and appoints MotoGP Rider Bradley… |website=eSkootr Championship |date=10 September 2021 |access-date=22 October 2021}}</ref> The series uses racing e-scooters capable of up to 100 kmph (62 mph). Each heat in the championship only lasts around 5 minutes, due to the battery constraints of the e-scooters.<ref>{{Cite news|date=2021-11-12|title=How high-speed electric vehicle racing is advancing tech|language=en-GB|work=BBC News|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/business-59119103|access-date=2021-11-12}}</ref>
 
==Student competitions==
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==Future prospects==
 
Electric powertrains have advantages over combustion engines in power delivery and vehicle dynamics (especially on motorbikes), but are heavy and still have range disadvantages in longer races (note that combustion engine vehicle often have to refill energy supply also, e.g. Isle of Man TT bikes refill every two laps). Early electric challengers to combustion engine vehicles are therefore typically in shorter more intensive races such as hill climbs or other limited distance races, or simply in fastest lap times (e.g. around the Isle of Man Snaefell circuit). Nevertheless, for endurance racing, hybrid electric powertrains have also proven their advantages over pure combustion engine powertrains, with recent years at the [[24 Hours of Le Mans]] all won by the hybrid electric powered cars.
 
==See also==
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==References==
{{Reflist|2}}
 
[[Category:Motorsport]]
[[Category:Green racing|*]]
[[Category:Motorsport by type]]
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electric_motorsport"