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'''[[Cryptoprocta spelea|Giant fossa]]''' (''Cryptoprocta spelea''): The fossil record of Madagascar has yielded the remains of a recently extinct fossa which was about a quarter larger than the living species,<ref>{{cite journal |vauthors=Goodman SM, Rasoloarison RM, Ganzhorn JU |title=On the specific identification of subfossil ''Cryptoprocta'' (Mammalia, Carnivora) from Madagascar |journal=Zoosystema |volume=26 |issue=1 |pages=129–143 |year=2004 |url=http://www.mnhn.fr/museum/front/medias/publication/1334_z04n1a9.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061127073601/http://www.mnhn.fr/museum/front/medias/publication/1334_z04n1a9.pdf |archive-date=27 November 2006 }}</ref> making it close to the size of an [[ocelot]]. This species was believed to have preyed upon the larger lemurs that inhabited Madagascar until the island was settled by man.
'''[[Malagasy hippopotamus]]es''': There are thought to have been three species of dwarf or pygmy hippopotamus in Madagascar,<ref>{{cite book |author=Nick Garbutt |title=Mammals of Madagascar |publisher=Yale University Press |location=New Haven, Conn |year=1999 |isbn=0-300-07751-3 |url-access=registration |url=https://archive.org/details/mammalsofmadagas0000garb }}</ref> the last of which died out no earlier than 1,000 years ago, probably as a result of [[human]] settlement of the island.
[[File:Leptosomusdiscolorcrop.jpg|right|thumb|[[Cuckoo-roller]] (''Leptosomus discolor''), the only member of a family unique to Madagascar and the nearby Comoros.]]
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