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{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2020}}{{Infobox person
| name = Facundo Astudillo Castro
| image = Facundo José Astudillo Castro.jpg
| birth_date = {{birth date|df=yes|1997|8|23}}
| disappeared_date = {{Disappeared date and age|df=yes|2020|4|30|1997|8|23}}
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| body_discovered = {{coord|-38.752532|-62.448676}}<ref>{{Cite news|date=16 August 2020|title=Los restos del cuerpo hallado en Villarino Viejo fueron trasladados a Buenos Aires para someterlos a exámenes periciales|language=es-AR|work=[[Ministerio Público (Argentina)|Attorneys general of Argentina]]|location=Buenos Aires|url=https://www.fiscales.gob.ar/violencia-institucional/los-restos-del-cuerpo-hallado-en-villarino-viejo-fueron-trasladados-a-buenos-aires-para-someterlos-a-examenes-periciales/|access-date=2 September 2020}}</ref>
}}
'''Facundo Astudillo Castro''' (23 August 1997 – [[Listc. of15 people who disappeared mysteriously: post-1970|disappeared]] 30 AprilAugust 2020) was an [[Argentines|Argentine]] citizen who went missing on 30 April 2020 after being stopped by the [[Buenos Aires Provincial Police|police]] during the [[COVID-19 pandemic in Argentina|COVID-19 pandemic]] strict lockdowns in Argentina. He was [[hitchhiking]] from Pedro Luro to [[Bahía Blanca]], when in the town entrance of [[Mayor Buratovich]] was stopped in a [[Security checkpoint|police checkpoint]] of circulation permits.<ref name=":0">{{Cite news|last=Bermúdez|first=Gabriel|date=10 July 2020|title=Custodiado por un policía y al lado de un patrullero: la última foto de Facundo Astudillo Castro|language=es-AR|trans-title=In police custody and next to a patrol: the last photo of Facundo Astudillo Castro|work=[[Clarín (Argentine newspaper)|Clarín]]|url=https://www.clarin.com/policiales/custodiado-policia-lado-patrullero-ultima-foto-facundo-astudillo-castro_0_YNxIzUoMT.html|access-date=12 August 2020}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite news|date=30 July 2020|title=A tres meses de la desaparición de Facundo Astudillo Castro, continúa la investigación para hallar al joven|language=es-AR|trans-title=Three months since the Facundo Astudillo Castro disappearance, the investigation to find him continues|work=[[Infobae]]|url=https://www.infobae.com/sociedad/policiales/2020/07/30/a-tres-meses-de-la-desaparicion-de-facundo-astudillo-castro-continua-la-investigacion-para-hallar-al-joven/|access-date=12 August 2020}}</ref><ref name=":2">{{Cite news |last=Meyer |first=Adriana |date=10 August 2020 |title=Facundo Castro: los diálogos policiales que abrieron las sospechas|language=es-AR |trans-title=Facundo Castro: the police tapes that sparked suspictions|work=[[Páginasuspicions 12]]|location=Buenos Aires|url=https://www.pagina12.com.ar/284089-facundo-castro-los-dialogos-policiales-que-abrieron-las-sosp |access-date=12 August 2020 |work=[[Página 12]] |location=Buenos Aires |language=es-AR}}</ref> His last known [[image]], taken the day of disappearance, depicts him being held by the police for violating the lockdown, with his hands against the [[Police transport|police vehicle]] number RO 23360.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":3">{{Cite news|last=Meyer|first=Adriana|date=23 July 2020|title=Cómo sigue la investigación por la desaparición de Facundo Castro|language=es-AR|trans-title=What is next in the Facundo Castro disappearance investigation|work=[[Página 12]]|location=Buenos Aires|url=https://www.pagina12.com.ar/280405-como-sigue-la-investigacion-por-la-desaparicion-de-facundo-c|access-date=12 August 2020}}</ref><ref name=":4">{{Cite news|date=10 July 2020|title=La última foto de Facundo Astudillo Castro: esposado por la policía bonaerense|language=es-AR|trans-title=The last photo of Facundo Astudillo Castro: handcuffed by the Buenos Aires Province police|work=[[Ámbito Financiero]]|location=Buenos Aires|url=https://www.ambito.com/informacion-general/facundo-astudillo-castro/la-ultima-foto-esposado-la-policia-bonaerense-n5116273|access-date=12 August 2020}}</ref> It was cataloged by the victim family as a [[Forced disappearance]] in hands of the Buenos Aires Provincial Police. This theory was also followed by [[Human rights defender|human rights activist]] [[Estela de Carlotto]].<ref name=":5">{{Cite news|date=16 July 2020|title=Estela de Carlotto, sobre Facundo Astudillo Castro: "Es un desaparecido en democracia"|language=es-AR|trans-title=Estela de Carlotto, on Facundo Astudillo Castro: "He is a disappeared in democracy"|work=[[La Nación]]|location=Buenos Aires|url=https://www.lanacion.com.ar/seguridad/facundo-astudillo-castro-desaparecido-democracia-estela-carlotto-nid2398619|access-date=12 August 2020}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|date=20 July 2020|title=Estela de Carlotto: "Lo consideramos como uno de nuestros desaparecidos"|language=es-AR|trans-title=Estela de Carlotto: "We consider him one of our own disappearedsdisappeared"|work=[[LRA Radio Nacional]]|location=Bahía Blanca|url=http://www.radionacional.com.ar/estela-de-carlotto-lo-consideramos-como-uno-de-nuestros-desaparecidos/|access-date=12 August 2020}}</ref> [[Nora Cortiñas]], another known activist in Argentina, demanded the resignation of Sergio Berni, the [[Buenos Aires Province]] Minister of Security.<ref name=":110">{{Cite news|date=24 July 2020|title=Sergio Berni: "No tengo por qué renunciar"|language=es-AR|trans-title=Sergio Berni: “There"There is no reason I should resignate”resignate"|work=[[Infobae]]|url=https://www.infobae.com/politica/2020/07/24/sergio-berni-no-tengo-por-que-renunciar/|access-date=12 August 2020}}</ref> The minister considered this an irresponsible request.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Rodríguez|first=Carlos|date=19 July 2020|title=La mamá del joven pidió la intervención de la ministra nacional de Seguridad, Sabina Frederic|language=es-AR|trans-title=The young man's mother requested the intervention of the National Ministry of Security, Sabina Frederic|work=[[Página 12]]|location=Buenos Aires|url=https://www.pagina12.com.ar/279428-la-mama-del-joven-pidio-la-intervencion-de-la-ministra-nacio|access-date=12 August 2020}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|date=16 July 2020|title=Berni consideró "prematuro" e "irresponsable" acusar a la Policía de la desaparición de Facundo|language=es-AR|trans-title=Berni considered "premature" and "irresponisble" to accuse the police of the Facundo disappearance|work=[[La Voz del Interior]]|location=Córdoba|url=https://www.lavoz.com.ar/ciudadanos/berni-considero-prematuro-e-irresponsable-acusar-a-policia-de-desaparicion-de-facundo|access-date=12 August 2020}}</ref><ref name=":110" />
 
The [[United Nations|UN]] Committee on Enforced Disappearances ([[Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights|OHCHR]]) demanded the [[Government of Argentina|Argentine government]] to be expedite and throughthorough in the investigation, as well as to take any possible hypothesis in consideration.<ref name=":6">{{Cite news|last=Meyer|first=Adriana|date=11 July 2020|title=La ONU reclamó al Estado una "estrategia integral" para hallar a Facundo Castro|language=es-AR|trans-title=The UN asked the State for a "comprehensive strategy" to find Facundo Castro|work=[[Página 12]]|location=Buenos Aires|url=https://www.pagina12.com.ar/277965-la-onu-reclamo-al-estado-una-estrategia-integral-para-hallar|access-date=12 August 2020}}</ref><ref name=":7">{{Cite news|date=11 July 2020|title=La ONU le pidió al Estado argentino "inmediatez y exhaustividad" en la investigación por la desaparición de Facundo Castro|language=es-AR|trans-title=The UN asked the Argentine State to be "expedite and thorough" in the Facundo Castro disappearance investigation|work=[[Infobae]]|location=Buenos Aires|url=https://www.infobae.com/sociedad/policiales/2020/07/11/la-onu-le-pidio-al-estado-argentino-inmediatez-y-exhaustividad-en-la-investigacion-por-la-desaparicion-de-facundo-castro/|access-date=12 August 2020}}</ref> The [[Inter-American Commission on Human Rights]] also issued a precautionary measure.<ref>{{Cite news|date=3 August 2020|title=CIDH emite medidas cautelares para Facundo José Astudillo Castro, desaparecido en Argentina|language=es-AR|trans-title=IACHR issues precautionary measures for Facundo José Astudillo Castro, disappeared in Argentina|work=[[Organization of American States]]|location=Washington, D.C.|url=http://www.oas.org/es/cidh/prensa/comunicados/2020/188.asp|access-date=12 August 2020}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=1 August 2020|title=RESOLUCIÓN 43/2020 - Medidas cautelares No. 691-20 - Facundo José Astudillo Castro respecto de Argentina|trans-title=RESOLUTION 43/2020 - Precautionary measures No. 691-20 - Facundo José Astudillo Castro regarding Argentina|url=http://www.oas.org/es/cidh/decisiones/pdf/2020/43-20MC691-20-AR.pdf|access-date=12 August 2020|work=[[Organization of American States]]|location=Washington, D.C.|language=es-AR}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|date=3 August 2020|title=La CIDH reclamó medidas para proteger a Facundo Astudillo Castro de un "daño irreparable a sus derechos"|language=es-AR|trans-title=The IACHR demanded measures to protect Facundo Astudillo Castro from "irreparable damage to his rights"|work=[[La Nación]]|location=Buenos Aires|url=https://www.lanacion.com.ar/seguridad/la-cidh-reclamo-medidas-proteger-facundo-astudillo-nid2411605|access-date=12 August 2020}}</ref> The [[Alberto Fernández|President of Argentina]], during a radio interview, stated: "We need to know what happened to Facundo. I want us to find him and, if someone was responsible for an illicit act, they will have to face the consequences".<ref>{{Cite news|date=11 August 2020|title=Alberto Fernández, sobre la desaparición de Facundo Astudillo Castro: "Necesitamos saber qué pasó|language=es-AR|trans-title=Alberto Fernández, on the disappearance of Facundo Astudillo Castro: “We"We need to know what happened|work=[[La Voz del Interior]]|location=Córdoba|url=https://www.lavoz.com.ar/politica/alberto-fernandez-sobre-desaparicion-de-facundo-astudillo-castro-necesitamos-saber-que-paso|access-date=12 August 2020}}</ref>
 
The investigation started under the legal title of Whereabouts inquiry but then turned to a Forced disappearance investigation.<ref name=":5" /><ref name=":21">{{Cite news|date=8 July 2020|title=Facundo Astudillo Castro: información sobre la investigación por desaparición forzada|language=es-AR|trans-title=Facundo Astudillo Castro: information on the forced disappearance investigation|work=[[Ministerio Público (Argentina)|Attorneys general of Argentina]]|location=Buenos Aires|url=https://www.fiscales.gob.ar/violencia-institucional/la-desaparicion-de-facundo-seran-peritados-los-elementos-secuestrados-en-el-puesto-policial-de-teniente-origone/|access-date=12 August 2020}}</ref> In August, the involvement of the [[Argentine Forensic Anthropology Team]] in the investigation was required.<ref>{{Cite news|date=12 August 2020|title=Facundo Astudillo Castro: el EAAF se constituirá en Bahía Blanca para participar de la investigación|language=es-AR|trans-title=Facundo Astudillo Castro: the AFAT will present in Bahía Blanca to take part in the investigation|work=[[Ministerio Público (Argentina)|Attorneys general of Argentina]]|location=Buenos Aires|url=https://www.fiscales.gob.ar/violencia-institucional/facundo-astudillo-castro-el-eaaf-se-constituira-en-bahia-blanca-para-participar-de-la-investigacion/|access-date=12 August 2020}}</ref><ref name=":132">{{Cite news|date=12 August 2020|title=El Equipo de Antropología Forense se suma a la investigación del caso de Facundo Astudillo|language=es-AR|trans-title=The Argentine Forensic Anthropology Team joins the Facundo Astudillo investigation|work=[[Télam]]|url=https://www.telam.com.ar/notas/202008/501636-incorporan-equipo--antropologia-forense-investigacion-caso-facundo-astudillo.html|access-date=12 August 2020}}</ref> His body remains were found on August 15, 2020, in an advanced state of decomposition,<ref name=":26">{{cite news|date=16 August 2020|title=Hallan un cuerpo en un canal cerca de Bahia Blanca y podría ser el de Facundo Astudillo Castro|work=[[Perfil]]|location=Buenos Aires|url=https://www.perfil.com/noticias/actualidad/facundo-astudillo-castro-hallan-cuerpo-general-derri-cerca-de-bahia-blanca-policia-federal.phtml|access-date=31 August 2020|language=es-AR}}</ref> in an area between the cities of General Daniel Cerri and Villarino Viejo.<ref name=":27">{{cite news|date=31 August 2020|title=El cuerpo encontrado es de Facundo Astudillo Castro|work=[[Perfil]]|location=Buenos Aires|url=https://www.perfil.com/noticias/actualidad/confirman-cuerpo-hallado-es-facundo-astudillo-castro.phtml|access-date=31 August 2020|language=es-AR}}</ref><ref name=":023">{{cite news|date=31 August 2020|title=Facundo Astudillo Castro: esperan saber esta semana si el cuerpo es del joven|work=[[Clarín (Argentine newspaper)|Clarín]]|location=Buenos Aires|url=https://www.clarin.com/policiales/facundo-astudillo-castro-esperan-saber-semana-cuerpo-joven_0_e7sdmZqJg.html|access-date=31 August 2020|language=es-AR}}</ref><ref name=":212">{{Cite news|date=21 August 2020|title=La búsqueda de Facundo: informan quiénes participarán de la autopsia al cuerpo encontrado en Villarino Viejo|language=es-AR|trans-title=Search of Facundo: Participants on the autopsy to the body discovered in Villarino Viejo are informed|work=[[Ministerio Público (Argentina)|Attorneys general of Argentina]]|location=Buenos Aires|url=https://www.fiscales.gob.ar/violencia-institucional/la-busqueda-de-facundo-informan-quienes-participaran-de-la-autopsia-al-cuerpo-encontrado-en-villarino-viejo/|access-date=2 September 2020}}</ref> The autopsy was done in the former ESMA in Buenos Aires, where the Argentine Forensic Anthropology Team has its laboratory.<ref name=":242">{{cite news|date=25 August 2020|title=Unos 15 peritos y casi diez horas de autopsia en la identificación de los restos hallados|work=[[Télam]]|url=https://www.telam.com.ar/notas/202008/506229-comienza-la-autopsia-sobre-los-restos-hallados-en-el-marco-de-la-causa-astudillo-castro.html|access-date=31 August 2020|language=es-AR}}</ref> 15 experts from different areas participated in the exam, which lasted for 10 hours.<ref name=":242" /><ref name=":024">{{cite news|date=25 August 2020|title=Facundo Astudillo Castro: sospechan que un patrullero estuvo en la zona del hallazgo de los restos óseos|work=[[La Nación (Argentina)|La Nación]]|location=Buenos Aires|url=https://www.lanacion.com.ar/seguridad/astudillo-castro-fiscal-pidio-secuestrar-patrullero-habria-nid2431296|access-date=31 August 2020|language=es-AR}}</ref> The [[autopsy]] report, published by the Argentine Forensic Anthropology Team, established the [[cause of death]] as [[drowning]] while the [[manner of death]] as an unnatural death, but it couldn't be established whether it was a result of homicide, suicide, or an accident.<ref name=":28">{{Cite news|date=1 October 2020|title=La autopsia de Facundo Astudillo Castro: qué dice el informe|language=es-AR|work=[[Página 12]]|url=https://www.pagina12.com.ar/296094-la-autopsia-de-facundo-astudillo-castro-que-dice-el-informe}}</ref><ref name=":29">{{Cite news|date=1 October 2020|title=Autopsia. Facundo Astudillo Castro murió ahogado|language=es-AR|work=[[La Nación]]|url=https://www.lanacion.com.ar/seguridad/autopsia-facundo-astudillo-castro-murio-ahogado-nid2466803}}</ref> Algae matching the one sampled in the discovery place was found in the body.
 
== Disappearance ==
On 30 April 2020, Facundo Astudillo Castro left his house in Pedro Luro to Bahía Blanca (both cities located in the [[Buenos Aires Province]]) to visit his ex-girlfriend, trying to get back together. At this time the country was under a [[COVID-19 pandemic lockdown in Argentina|strict lockdown]] during the [[COVID-19 pandemic in Argentina|COVID-19 pandemic]], which required eligible persons to travel withhave a permit to travel, and punished those who violated the regulation. He did not have this permit, and traveled [[hitchhiking]].<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" /><ref name=":9">{{Cite web|last=Centenera|first=Mar|date=14 July 2020|title=La Justicia argentina investiga a la policía por la desaparición de un joven de 22 años|trans-title=Argentine justice investigates police for the disappearance of a 22 years old young man|url=https://elpais.com/sociedad/2020-07-14/la-justicia-argentina-investiga-a-la-policia-por-la-desaparicion-de-un-joven-de-22-anos.html|access-date=12 August 2020|website=[[El País]]|location=Madrid|language=es}}</ref><ref name=":53">{{Cite news|date=27 July 2020|title=Desaparición de Facundo Astudillo Castro: el presidente Alberto Fernández habló con la madre del joven|language=es-AR|trans-title=Disappearance of Facundo Astudillo Castro: President Alberto Fernández spoke with the young man's mother|work=[[La Nación]]|location=Buenos Aires|url=https://www.lanacion.com.ar/seguridad/desaparicion-facundo-astudillo-castro-presidente-alberto-fernandez-nid2405626|access-date=12 August 2020}}</ref>
 
At around 13 hours, the young man called his mother, stating: "Mom, you have no idea where am I at, you'll never see me again".<ref name=":2" /><ref name=":12">{{Cite news|date=7 August 2020|title=Búsqueda de Facundo Castro: investigarán los restos óseos hallados por los perros|language=es-AR|trans-title=Search for Facundo Castro: bone remains found by dogs will be investigated|work=[[Infobae]]|location=Buenos Aires|url=https://www.infobae.com/sociedad/policiales/2020/08/07/busqueda-de-facundo-castro-investigaran-los-restos-oseos-hallados-por-los-perros/|access-date=12 August 2020}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|date=9 August 2020|title="Única hipótesis", la desaparición forzada|language=es-AR|trans-title="Only hypothesis", a forced disappearance|work=[[El Día (La Plata)]]|location=La Plata|url=https://www.eldia.com/nota/2020-8-8-4-37-33--unica-hipotesis-la-desaparicion-forzada-policiales|access-date=12 August 2020}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|date=25 July 2020|title=Para la familia Astudillo, nueve policías desplegaron el plan de desaparición y encubrimiento en cinco etapas|language=es-AR|trans-title=According to the Astudillo family, nine policemen deployed the disappearance and cover-up plan in five stages|work=[[Télam]]|url=https://www.telam.com.ar/notas/202007/494274-para-la-familia-astudillo-9-policias-desplegaron-plan-de-desaparicion-y-encubrimiento-en-5-etapas.html|access-date=12 August 2020}}</ref>
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== Investigation ==
On 5 July, a formal missing persons [[Complaint|report]] was enteredfiled, which was assigned to Rodolfo De Lucía, head of the 20th [[Unidad funcional de instrucción|UFI]] in Bahía Blanca.<ref name=":8">{{Cite news|last=Di Lodovico|first=Cecilia|date=7 August 2020|title=La desaparición, una búsqueda tardía y cruces políticos: los 100 días sin Facundo Astudillo Castro|language=es-AR|trans-title=The disappearance, a late search and political crosses: the 100 days without Facundo Astudillo Castro|work=[[Todo Noticias]]|location=Buenos Aires|url=https://tn.com.ar/policiales/la-desaparicion-una-busqueda-tardia-y-cruces-politicos-los-100-dias-sin-facundo-astudillo-castro_1102890|access-date=12 August 2020}}</ref><ref name=":18">{{Cite news|date=8 August 2020|title=La mamá de Facundo Astudillo Castro se quejó de la búsqueda: "No quieren encontrarte"|language=es-AR|trans-title=Facundo Astudillo Castro's mother complained about the search: "They don't want to find you"|work=[[Todo Noticias]]|location=Buenos Aires|url=https://tn.com.ar/policiales/la-mama-de-facundo-astudillo-castro-se-quejo-de-la-busqueda-no-quieren-encontrarte_1103073|access-date=12 August 2020}}</ref> The family of the disappeared criticized police action, pointing out how hard they made it to file the report, and the fact that the police took note of one of Astudillo Castro's friends testimonial on a [[Delicatessen|deli]] piece of paper.<ref name=":2" /><ref name=":24">{{Cite news|title=Aparicio: "Hay que investigar la hipótesis de encubrimiento"|language=es-AR|trans-title=Aparicio: “The"The cover-up hypothesis needs to be investigated”investigated"|work=[[Radio Provincia]]|url=https://provinciaradio.com.ar/index.php/2020/07/27/aparicio-si-nosotros-advertimos-irregularidades-y-berni-no-o-no-las-vio-o-esta-encubriendo/|access-date=12 August 2020}}</ref><ref name=":53"/><ref name=":55">{{Cite news|date=27 July 2020|title=Las fuerzas federales continuarán con los rastrillajes en busca de Facundo Astudillo|language=es-AR|trans-title=Federal forces will continue the search for Facundo Astudillo|work=[[Infobae]]|location=Buenos Aires|url=https://www.infobae.com/sociedad/policiales/2020/07/27/las-fuerzas-federales-continuran-con-los-rastrillajes-en-busca-de-facundo-astudillo/|access-date=12 August 2020}}</ref>
 
On 17 June, Cristina Castro (his mother) reached out to Mayor Buratovich to witness a police operation, but five [[Police truck|trucks]] offrom the Buenos Aires police blocked her.<ref name=":22">{{Cite news|date=25 July 2020|title=nueve policías diseñaron plan de encubrimiento|language=es-AR|trans-title=nine policemen designed a cover-up plan|work=[[Crónica (newspaper)|Crónica]]|location=Buenos Aires|url=https://www.cronica.com.ar/edicionimpresa/nueve-policias-disenaron-plan-de-encubrimiento-20200725-0081.html|access-date=12 August 2020}}</ref><ref name=":23">{{Cite news|title=LAS FUERZAS FEDERALES CONTINUARÁN CON LOS RASTRILLAJES DE FACUNDO|language=es-AR|trans-title=Federal forces continue with the search of Facundo|work=Primero Bahía|location=Bahía Blanca|url=https://primerobahia.com/2020/07/27/las-fuerzas-federales-continuaran-con-los-rastrillajes-de-facundo/|access-date=12 August 2020|archive-date=13 September 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200913033159/https://primerobahia.com/2020/07/27/las-fuerzas-federales-continuaran-con-los-rastrillajes-de-facundo/|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name=":55"/>
 
On 25 June, the Federal System for the Search of Lost and Missing Persons became aware of the case and reported it to police and government agencies across the country through the systems of the federal [[Ministry of Security (Argentina)|Ministry of Security]].<ref name=":32">{{Cite news|last=Meyer|first=Adriana|date=14 July 2020|title=Amplían la búsqueda de Facundo con fuerzas federales|language=es-AR|trans-title=The search for Facundo is broadened with federal forces|work=[[Página 12]]|location=Buenos Aires|url=https://www.pagina12.com.ar/278287-amplian-la-busqueda-de-facundo-con-fuerzas-federales|access-date=12 August 2020}}</ref>
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Also on 8 July, federal judge Gabriel Marrón took on the case, with the investigation being taken by prosecutor Santiago Ulpiano Martínez.<ref name=":8" /><ref>{{Cite news|date=6 August 2020|title=Búsqueda de Facundo Astudillo Castro: analizarán restos óseos y objetos hallados en un desagüe al costado de la Ruta 3|language=es-AR|trans-title=Search for Facundo Astudillo Castro: bone remains and objects found in a drain on the side of Route 3 will be analyzed|work=[[Infobae]]|location=Buenos Aires|url=https://www.infobae.com/sociedad/policiales/2020/08/06/busqueda-de-facundo-astudillo-castro-analizaran-restos-oseos-y-objetos-hallados-en-un-desague-al-costado-de-la-ruta-3/|access-date=12 August 2020}}</ref> The Buenos Aires provincial police was removed from the investigation as it was under suspicions, and [[Adolfo Pérez Esquivel]] and [[Roberto Cipriano García]] (members of the Provincial Commission on Memory) were accepted as [[plaintiff]]s.<ref name=":8" />
 
On 11 July, and by request of the Provincial Commission on Memory, a UN committee demanded the Argentinian [[Sovereign state|State]] conduct an "expedite and throughthorough" investigation.<ref name=":6" /><ref name=":7" /> The government of that time informed the UN of their absolute commitment to the investigation.<ref name=":02">{{Cite news|date=24 July 2020|title=El Gobierno le respondió al reclamo de la ONU por la desaparición de Facundo Astudillo Castro|language=es-AR|trans-title=Government replied to the UN claim about the Facundo Astudillo Castro disappearance|work=[[Clarín (Argentine newspaper)|Clarín]]|url=https://www.clarin.com/politica/gobierno-respondio-reclamo-onu-desaparicion-facundo-astudillo-castro_0_X1PhMFfhj.html|access-date=12 August 2020}}</ref>
 
On 12 July, during a Buenos Aires police procedure looking for human remains in a Mayor Buratovich [[Landfill]], the family attorney was threatened by a police [[deputy commissioner]].<ref name=":322">{{Cite news|last=Meyer|first=Adriana|date=12 July 2020|title=Amenazan al abogado de la familia del desaparecido Facundo Castro|language=es-AR|trans-title=The family attorney of the disappeared Facundo Castro is threatened|work=[[Página 12]]|location=Buenos Aires|url=https://www.pagina12.com.ar/278097-amenazan-al-abogado-de-la-familia-del-desaparecido-facundo-c|access-date=12 August 2020}}</ref> Then, at the prosecutor's request, the provincial police left the scene to the federal police. No human remains were found that day.<ref name=":322" /> The deputy commissioner was discharged by order of Internal Affairs.<ref>{{Cite news|date=13 July 2020|title=Relevaron a un subcomisario acusado de amenazar al abogado de la familia de Facundo Astudillo Castro|language=es-AR|trans-title=A deputy commissioner was relieved accused of threatening the Facundo Astudillo Castro family attorney|work=[[Todo Noticias]]|location=Buenos Aires|url=https://tn.com.ar/policiales/relevaron-un-subcomisario-acusado-de-amenazar-al-abogado-de-la-familia-de-facundo-astudillo-castro_1093284|access-date=12 August 2020}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|date=13 July 2020|title=La desaparición de Facundo: relevaron a un subcomisario por presuntas amenazas y comienza un rastrillaje por la Ruta 3|language=es-AR|trans-title=Facundo disappearance: a deputy commissioner was relieved from charge because of alleged threats and a search begins on the 3 Route|work=[[Infobae]]|location=Buenos Aires|url=https://www.infobae.com/sociedad/policiales/2020/07/13/74-dias-despues-de-la-desaparicion-de-facundo-astudillo-castro-crecen-las-dudas-y-comienza-un-fuerte-rastrillaje-por-la-ruta-3-para-dar-con-el-paradero-del-joven/|access-date=12 August 2020}}</ref>
 
Between the 14 and 15 of July, 200 members of the Federal Police, the [[Argentine Naval Prefecture|Naval Prefecture]] and the [[Argentine National Gendarmerie|National Gendarmerie]] conducted cross country and air searchsearches between Pedro Luro and Bahía Blanca, in an area near to the National Route 3.<ref name=":9" /><ref name=":32" /><ref>{{Cite news|date=16 July 2020|title=Sigue la búsqueda de Facundo Astudillo Castro: tercer día de rastrillajes con drones y helicópteros|language=es-AR|trans-title=The search for Facundo Astudillo Castro continues: third day of searches with drones and helicopters|work=[[La Nación]]|location=Buenos Aires|url=https://www.lanacion.com.ar/seguridad/donde-esta-facundo-drones-helicopteros-sigue-rastrillaje-nid2398511|access-date=12 August 2020}}</ref>
 
On 15 July, a [[Forensic science|forensic examination]] was conducted on police vehicles, in search of physical and biological traces, including blood and other DNA samples.<ref name=":10">{{Cite news|last=Segui|first=Sergio|date=20 July 2020|title=Caso Facundo Castro: se hicieron peritajes en vehículos, teléfonos y el libro de la comisaría».|language=es-AR|trans-title=Facundo Castro case: forensic examinations were made on vehicles, telephones and the police station's book|work=De la Bahía|location=Bahía Blanca|url=https://www.delabahia.com.ar/caso-facundo-castro-se-hicieron-peritajes-en-vehiculos-telefonos-y-el-libro-de-la-comisaria/|access-date=12 August 2020}}</ref><ref name=":11">{{Cite news|date=20 July 2020|title=Desaparición de Facundo Castro Astudillo: continúan los rastrillajes|language=es-AR|trans-title=Disappearance of Facundo Castro Astudillo: the searches continue|work=[[Diario Río Negro]]|location=General Roca|url=https://www.rionegro.com.ar/desaparicion-de-facundo-castro-astudillo-continuan-los-rastrillajes-1436271/|access-date=12 August 2020}}</ref> Forensics on the policemen mobile phones using [[Universal Forensic Extraction Device]] (UFED) technology were requested, as well as an analysis on the Mayor Buratovich police station logbook, looking for any kind of manipulation to hide the detention of Facundo Astudillo Castro in that station.<ref name=":10" /><ref name=":11" /> Stains compatible with [[blood residue]] were found on the [[Trunk (car)|trunk]] of a police officer's personal vehicle and, on police [[pickup truck]] number 22788, stains on the [[glove compartment]], back seat and rear cargo box, as well as minor stains on the steering wheel.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Palavecino|first=Darío|date=17 July 2020|title=Caso Facundo Astudillo: hallan manchas compatibles con sangre en patrulleros y el auto de una policía|language=es-AR|trans-title=Facundo Astudillo case: blood compatible stains are found in police patrol and a policemen's personal vehicle|work=[[La Nación]]|location=Buenos Aires|url=https://www.lanacion.com.ar/seguridad/caso-facundo-astudillo-hallan-restos-sangre-patrulleros-nid2399083|access-date=12 August 2020}}</ref><ref name=":16">{{Cite news|last=Bermúdez|first=Gabriel|date=17 July 2020|title=Detectan una conexión del celular de Facundo Astudillo Castro y encuentran sangre en uno de los patrulleros|language=es-AR|trans-title=A connection from Facundo's cellphone is detected, and blood is found in a police vehicle|work=[[Clarín (Argentine newspaper)|Clarín]]|location=Buenos Aires|url=https://www.clarin.com/policiales/detectan-conexion-celular-facundo-astudillo-castro-encuentran-sangre-patrulleros_0_4a49Goyt7y.html|access-date=12 August 2020}}</ref><ref name=":17">{{Cite news|date=17 July 2020|title=Hallan rastros de sangre y señales del teléfono de Facundo Astudillo Castro en móviles de la policía|language=es-AR|trans-title=Blood residue and cellphone signals from Facundo's phone found in police vehicles|work=[[La Prensa (Buenos Aires)]]|location=Buenos Aires|url=http://www.laprensa.com.ar/491297-Hallan-rastros-de-sangre-y-senales-del-telefono-deFacundo-Astudillo-Castro-en-moviles-de-la-policia.note.aspx|access-date=12 August 2020}}</ref>
 
On 17 July, Astudillo Castro's mobile provider informed that around 19 hours on March the 30th30, [[Ping (networking utility)|pings]] from the [[Facebook]] app were sent by the disappeared's phone. This was registered by two sites, one located in the National Route 3, and the other in the [[Bahía Blanca petrochemical pole]].<ref name=":16" /><ref name=":17" /> On 21 July, the disappeared's mother made a substitution request on the federal prosecutor, Santiago Ulpiano Martínez, citing wrongdoings in the June 19th search, such as contacting the Buenos Aires province police (which was at the moment already taken off the investigation) and data leaks published on Facebook.<ref name=":13" /><ref name=":14" /><ref name=":323">{{Cite news|last=Meyer|first=Adriana|date=22 July 2020|title=Facundo Castro: la familia recusó al fiscal federal Ulpiano Martínez|language=es-AR|trans-title=Facundo Castro: the family made a substitution request on federal prosecutor Ulpiano Martínez|work=[[Página 12]]|location=Buenos Aires|url=https://www.pagina12.com.ar/279926-facundo-castro-la-familia-recuso-al-fiscal-federal-ulpiano-m|access-date=12 August 2020}}</ref>
 
Between the 25 and 27 of July, a new search was made, comprising the area between the entrance to the [[Villarino Partido|Villarino partido]] (department) and the Aguará train station. It also covered a part of National Route 3, and involved the use of canine units, Federal Police drones, and tactical divers from the National Prefecture.<ref name=":324">{{Cite news|date=27 July 2020|title=Facundo Astudillo: las fuerzas federales continúan con tareas de rastrillaje|language=es-AR|trans-title=Facundo Astudillo: federal forces continue the search|work=[[El Litoral]]|location=Buenos Aires|url=https://www.ellitoral.com/index.php/id_um/251189-facundo-astudillo-las-fuerzas-federales-continuan-con-tareas-de-rastrillaje-desaparecido-desde-el-30-de-abril-sucesos.html|access-date=12 August 2020}}</ref><ref name=":325">{{Cite news|date=27 July 2020|title=Nuevo rastrillaje para dar con el paradero de Facundo|language=es-AR|trans-title=New search to find Facundo's whereabouts|work=[[Crónica (newspaper)|Crónica]]|location=Buenos Aires|url=https://www.cronica.com.ar/policiales/Nuevo-rastrillaje-para-dar-con-el-paradero-de-Facundo-20200725-0111.html|access-date=12 August 2020}}</ref>
 
On 29 July, federal judge María Gabriela Marrón denied the request for prosecutor substitution, on the ground of considering it procedurally incorrect.<ref>{{Cite web|date=29 July 2020|title=File FBB 8604/2020/1|url=https://www.fiscales.gob.ar/wp-content/uploads/2020/07/CAUSA-ASTUDILLO-CASTRO-RECHAZA-RECUSACI%C3%93N.pdf|website=[[Judiciary of Argentina]]|language=es-AR|access-date=13 August 2020|archive-date=14 November 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201114033120/https://www.fiscales.gob.ar/wp-content/uploads/2020/07/CAUSA-ASTUDILLO-CASTRO-RECHAZA-RECUSACI%C3%93N.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref>
 
On 31 July, a new search using canine units was performed in the Teniente Origone precinct, where in an abandoned cellblock an object that could belong to Astudillo Castro was found. His mother claims it was gifted to him by his grandmother.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Video of Search in the Teniente Origone precinct|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=u86mhCh3OBM|website=[[La Nueva Provincia]]}}</ref><ref name=":3232">{{Cite news|last=Meyer|first=Adriana|date=4 August 2020|title=Encontraron un objeto igual a uno de Facundo Castro en la comisaría de Origone|language=es-AR|trans-title=An object just like one of Facundo Castro was found in the Origone precinct|work=[[Página 12]]|location=Buenos Aires|url=https://www.pagina12.com.ar/282615-encontraron-un-objeto-igual-a-uno-de-facundo-castro-en-la-co|access-date=12 August 2020}}</ref><ref name=":20">{{Cite news|date=3 August 2020|title=La desaparición de Facundo: serán peritados los elementos secuestrados en el puesto policial de Teniente Origone|language=es-AR|trans-title=Disappearance of Facundo: elements seized in the Teniente Origone precinct will be analyzed|work=[[Ministerio Público (Argentina)|Attorneys general of Argentina]]|location=Buenos Aires|url=https://www.fiscales.gob.ar/violencia-institucional/la-desaparicion-de-facundo-seran-peritados-los-elementos-secuestrados-en-el-puesto-policial-de-teniente-origone/|access-date=12 August 2020}}</ref><ref name=":3233">{{Cite news|last=Grimaldi|first=Ignacio|date=5 August 2020|title=El hallazgo de un objeto de Facundo Astudillo Castro, clave para esclarecer su desaparición|language=es-AR|trans-title=The finding of an object belonging to Facundo Astudillo Castro, key to clarifying his disappearance|work=[[CNN en Español]]|url=https://cnnespanol.cnn.com/video/hallazgo-objeto-facundo-astudillo-castro-clave-desaparicion-perspectivas-pkg-ignacio-grimaldi-perspectivas-buenos-aires/|access-date=12 August 2020}}</ref><ref name=":15" />
 
On 7 August, and by request of the disappeared's family, new searches using canine units were performed in Mayor Buratovich, around the 780-kilometre mark of National Route 3. Burnt bone remains were found, which at the moment of the search could not be determined to belong to any person in particular.<ref>{{Cite news|date=7 August 2020|title=Astudillo Castro: serán peritados huesos hallados durante un intenso rastrillaje|language=es-AR|trans-title=Astudillo Castro: bones found during a harsh search will be analyzed|work=[[La Nación]]|location=Buenos Aires|url=https://www.lanacion.com.ar/seguridad/astudillo-castro-seran-peritados-huesos-hallados-durante-nid2415217|access-date=12 August 2020}}</ref><ref name=":12" /><ref name=":3252">{{Cite news|date=8 August 2020|title=Madre de Facundo pide que amplíen rastrillaje en la zona donde encontraron huesos|language=es-AR|trans-title=Facundo's mother ask for the search to be broadened in the area where the bone remains were found|work=[[Crónica (newspaper)|Crónica]]|location=Buenos Aires|url=https://www.cronica.com.ar/policiales/Madre-de-Facundo-pide-que-amplien-rastrillaje-en-la-zona-donde-encontraron-huesos-20200808-0035.html|access-date=12 August 2020}}</ref> The young man's family belongsbelieves he was taken into a police patrol vehicle in the whereabouts of this finding.<ref name=":12" />
 
On 8 August, it was revealed that the girlfriend and the brother of the disappeared had been threatened by the Buenos Aires provincial policemen in search of a confession, as well asand that an illegal raid had been carried out at the family's home.<ref name=":19">{{Cite news|date=8 August 2020|title=Astudillo Castro: reconocen que la exnovia del joven fue amenazada por policías|language=es-AR|trans-title=Astudillo Castro: they recognize that the young man's ex-girlfriend was threatened by police|work=[[La Nación]]|location=Buenos Aires|url=https://www.lanacion.com.ar/seguridad/astudillo-castro-reconocen-exnovia-del-joven-fue-nid2415974|access-date=12 August 2020}}</ref> The prosecutor said that these actions, despite being qualified as a felony, actually exposed the will of the police to find the young man, more than being indicative of a cover-up.<ref name=":19" />
 
The disappeared's family made a second substitution request on the federal prosecutor, Santiago Ulpiano Martínez, on the 8th of August after he denied an arrest request on several policemen.<ref name=":18" /><ref name=":32322">{{Cite news|last=Meyer|first=Adriana|date=8 August 2020|title=Facundo Castro: Recusan por segunda vez al fiscal de la causa|language=es-AR|trans-title=Facundo Castro: a second substitution request made on the prosecutor|work=[[Página 12]]|location=Buenos Aires|url=https://www.pagina12.com.ar/283669-facundo-castro-recusan-por-segunda-vez-al-fiscal-de-la-causa|access-date=12 August 2020}}</ref>
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== Body discovery ==
HisAstudillo bodyCastro's remains were found on 15 August 2020, in an advanced state of decomposition,<ref name=":26" /> in an area between the cities of General Daniel Cerri and Villarino Viejo.<ref name=":27" /><ref name=":023" /><ref name=":212" /> The autopsy was done in the former ESMA in Buenos Aires, where the Argentine Forensic Anthropology Team has its laboratory.<ref name=":242" /> 15 experts from different areas participated in the exam, which lasted for 10 hours.<ref name=":242" /><ref name=":024" />
 
The [[autopsy]] report, published by the Argentine Forensic Anthropology Team, established the [[cause of death]] as [[drowning]] while the [[manner of death]] as an unnatural death, but it couldn't be established whether it was a result of homicide, suicide, or an accident.<ref name=":28" /><ref name=":29" />
 
However, the analysis of the water [[diatom]]s (a form of [[algae]]) found in Astudillo Castro's marrow demonstrated clearly that he had not drowned in the location he was found. Of the 17 different types of diatoms found in the local water, only 5 were found present in Astudillo Castro's marrow.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.laizquierdadiario.com/Caso-Facundo-Castro-el-informe-pericial-de-la-querella-que-desarma-el-encubrimiento|title=Caso Facundo Castro: El informe pericial de la querella que desarma el encubrimiento}}</ref> The [[Forensic dentistry|forensic dentist]] Marta Maldonado claimed that FacundoAstudillo Castro's teeth showed that his death was violent.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.laizquierdadiario.com/Caso-Facundo-Castro-el-informe-pericial-de-la-querella-que-desarma-el-encubrimiento|title = Caso Facundo Castro: El informe pericial de la querella que desarma el encubrimiento}}</ref> The Facundo Castro family appointed an independent forensic expert Virginia Creimer who criticised the autopsy of the EAAF, due to its links with the Argentinean state. She claimed that the EAAF forensics appeared in a hurry to perform the autopsy before all the forensic experts had assembled for the autopsy.<ref>docs.google.com/spreadsheets/d/1l2YM4B0xwDhsDkzb18H1YDPCOG9bC-A1Fp666V8HGhI/edit#gid=838330024</ref> Creimer also claimed that the EAAF forensics seemed biased towards the non-violent death hypothesis. Creimer hypothesised that Facundo Astudillo Castro was drowned in another location and then transferred to the place his body was discovered, possibly due to waterboarding, a common torturing technique that Argentinean security forces are known to apply on occasion.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://delacalle.org/creimer-las-evidencias-encontradas-nos-llevan-a-pensar-que-facundo-estuvo-aca-y-que-probablemente-haya-sido-lastimado/|title = Creimer: "Las evidencias encontradas nos llevan a pensar que Facundo estuvo acá y que probablemente haya sido lastimado"|date = 19 February 2021}}</ref>
 
== Suspects ==
Since the disappearance, four Buenos Aires provincial policemen are suspected, due to changes and contradictions in their statements. The two main suspects are Mario Gabriel Sosa and Jana Jennifer Curuhinca who arrested Astudillo Castro, took photos of him and his identity card during his arrest.<ref name="pagina12.com.ar">{{Cite web|url=https://www.pagina12.com.ar/290471-quien-es-quien-entre-los-policias-del-caso-facundo-castro|title = Quién es quién entre los policías del caso Facundo Castro &#124; Falso testimonio, amenazas y pacto de silencio| date=7 September 2020 }}</ref> Sosa and Curuhinca appeared to be worried following Castro's disappearancesdisappearance in WhatsappWhatsApp message exchanges. The agents deleted the application WhatsappWhatsApp soon after Facundo's disappearance.<ref name="pagina12.com.ar"/> The court did not foundfind this extraordinary as it was claimed that "we all delete applications".
A police car had been circulating close to the location where Astudillo Castro's body was discovered, evidence that was obtained thanks to the police's geolocation system.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.infobae.com/sociedad/policiales/2020/08/26/caso-facundo-un-patrullero-estuvo-en-la-zona-en-la-que-aparecio-el-cuerpo-el-mismo-dia-que-una-policia-sospechada-borro-el-whatsapp-de-su-celular/|title=Caso Facundo: Un patrullero estuvo en la zona en la que apareció el cuerpo el mismo día que una policía sospechada borró el WhatsApp de su celular|date=26 August 2020 }}</ref> This raises suspicions that police agents might have been involved in Facundo's death.
There are also allegations that some of the suspects tried to influence investigations. Sergeant Siomara Flores appears to have participated in the investigation of Facundo's death despite the fact that she is the half-sister of agent Curuhinca.<ref>Siomara Flores</ref> Agent Sosa was also identified by a member of Facundo's ex-girlfriend's family as being part of a police party that interrogated him, asked him to claim that Facundo was involved with drugs. The same person testified that both agent Sosa and agent Curuhinca were present in the interrogation and appeared very anxious,<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.laizquierdadiario.com/Excunado-de-Facundo-Castro-El-policia-Sosa-es-el-mismo-que-me-apreto-para-que-mienta|title = Excuñado de Facundo: "El policía Sosa es el mismo que quiso allanar ilegalmente mi casa"}}</ref> while the house of Facundo's ex-girlfriend was also investigatedsearched by a police party without prior authorization. The police party appears to have illegally visited Facundo's ex-girlfriend home and put pressure on her to falsely testify that Facundo had "problems with drugs".<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.pagina12.com.ar/289293-la-cronologia-del-caso-facundo-castro|title=La cronología del caso Facundo Castro &#124; Desde su desaparición a la identificación de los restos|date=2 September 2020 }}</ref>
 
Despite the family requests on their arrest, the prosecutors office considers (as of 13 August) that there is not enough evidence to jail the policemen.<ref>{{Cite news|date=7 August 2020|title=Caso Facundo Astudillo Castro: según el fiscal, hasta ahora no hay indicios suficientes para incriminar a los policías por la desaparición del joven|language=es-AR|trans-title=Facundo Astudillo Castro case: according to the prosecutor, so far there is not enough evidence incriminating the police for the young man's disappearance|work=[[Infobae]]|location=Buenos Aires|url=https://www.infobae.com/sociedad/policiales/2020/08/08/caso-facundo-astudillo-castro-segun-el-fiscal-hasta-ahora-no-hay-indicios-suficientes-para-incriminar-a-los-policias-por-la-desaparicion-del-joven/|access-date=12 August 2020}}</ref><ref name=":25" />
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* [[Luciano Arruga]]
* [[List of cases of police brutality in Argentina]]
* [[List of solved missing person cases: post-2000|List of solved missing person cases]]
* [[List of unsolved deaths]]
 
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== External links ==
*[https://www.argentina.gob.ar/persona-buscada/astudillo-castro Official missing persons website] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200919065208/https://www.argentina.gob.ar/persona-buscada/astudillo-castro |date=19 September 2020 }} (in Spanish)
 
{{DEFAULTSORT:Astudillo Castro, Facundo}}
[[Category:2020 in Argentina]]
[[Category:2020s missing person cases]]
[[Category:ForcedDeaths disappearancesby in Argentinadrowning]]
[[Category:Enforced disappearances in Argentina]]
[[Category:Formerly missing people]]
[[Category:Missing person cases in Argentina]]
[[Category:Police misconduct in Argentina]]
[[Category:Presidency of Alberto Fernández]]
[[Category:Unsolved deaths]]