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With [[asexual reproduction]], it is sufficient to assign fitnesses to genotypes. With [[sexual reproduction]], recombination scrambles [[allele]]s into different genotypes every generation; In this case, fitness values can be assigned to [[allele]]s by averaging over possible genetic backgrounds. Natural selection tends to make [[allele]]s with higher fitness more common over time, resulting in [[Darwinism|Darwinian]] evolution.
The term "Darwinian fitness" can be used to make clear the distinction with [[physical fitness]].<ref>Wassersug, J. D., and R. J. Wassersug, 1986. Fitness fallacies. Natural History 3:34–37.</ref> Fitness does not include a measure of survival or life-span; [[Herbert Spencer]]'s well-known phrase "[[survival of the fittest]]" should be interpreted as: "Survival of the form (phenotypic or genotypic) that will leave the most copies of itself in successive generations."
[[Inclusive fitness]] differs from individual fitness by including the ability of an allele in one individual to promote the survival and/or reproduction of other individuals that share that allele, in preference to individuals with a different allele. One mechanism of inclusive fitness is [[kin selection]].
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