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According to Culum Brown from [[Macquarie University]], "Fish are more intelligent than they appear. In many areas, such as memory, their cognitive powers match or exceed those of ‘higher’ [[vertebrate]]s including non-human primates."<ref>Brown, Culum (2004) [https://www.newscientist.com/article/mg18224515.200-animal-minds-not-just-a-pretty-face.html Animal minds: Not just a pretty face] ''New scientist'', '''2451''': 42-43.</ref>
Fish hold records for the [[Brain-to-body mass ratio|relative brain weights]] of vertebrates. Most vertebrate species have similar brain-to-body mass ratios. The deep sea bathypelagic [[bony-eared assfish]]<ref name="fishbase">{{FishBase |genus=Acanthonus |species=armatus |year=2014 |month=January}}</ref> has the smallest ratio of all known vertebrates.<ref name="Fine">Fine ML, Horn MH and Cox B (1987) [http://rspb.royalsocietypublishing.org/content/230/1259/257.abstract "''Acanthonus armatus'', a Deep-Sea Teleost Fish with a Minute Brain and Large Ears"] ''Proceedings of the Royal Society B'', '''230'''(1259)257-265.</ref> At the other extreme, the electrogenic [[Gnathonemus petersii|elephantnose fish]], an African freshwater fish, has one of the largest brain-to-body weight ratios of all known vertebrates (slightly higher than
==Brain==
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