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During the 18th century, Spain's Irish regiments saw service not only in Europe but also in the Americas. As examples, the Irlanda Regiment (raised 1698) was stationed in Havana from 1770 to 1771, the Ultonia Regiment (raised 1709) in Mexico from 1768 to 1771, and the [[Regiment of Hibernia]] (raised 1709) in Honduras from 1782 to 1783.<ref>{{cite book| last = Chartrand | first = Rene | title = The Spanish Army in North America | date = 20 November 2011 | isbn = 978-1-84908-598-4 | pages = 17, 19, 39}}</ref>
At the time of the [[Napoleonic Wars]] all three of these Irish infantry regiments still formed part of the Spanish army. Heavy losses and recruiting difficulties diluted the Irish element in these units, although the officers remained of Irish ancestry. The Hibernia Regiment had to be reconstituted with Galician recruits in 1811 and ended the war as an entirely Spanish corps.<ref>{{cite book| last = Chartrand | first = Rene| title = Spanish Army of the Napoleonic Wars (2) 1808–1812 | date = 3 August 2010|isbn = 978-1-85532-765-8 | page = 17| publisher = Bloomsbury USA}}</ref> All three regiments were finally disbanded in 1818 on the grounds that insufficient recruits, whether Irish or other foreigners, were forthcoming.<ref>{{cite book|last = McLaughlin | first = Mark G | title = The Wild Geese{{spaced ndash}} The Irish Brigades of France and Spain| date = 15 June 1980 | isbn = 0-85045-358-5 |pages = 27, 32| publisher = Bloomsbury USA }}</ref>
===French service===
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===Austrian service===
Throughout this period, there were also substantial numbers of Irish officers and men in the armies or service of European powers, including the Austrian [[Habsburg monarchy|Habsburg Empire]].{{sfn|Newerkla|2020|p=5}}{{sfn|Riviere|2000|p=121}} It was not uncommon for Irish commanders of the Habsburg Empire to encounter enemy armies led by other Irishmen, Irishmen who they would have previously fought alongside in rebellions against [[British rule in Ireland]]. One such example was [[Peter Lacy]], a [[field marshal]] in the Imperial Russian Army, whose son [[Franz Moritz von Lacy|Franz Moritz Graf von Lacy]] excelled in the Austrian service.{{sfn|Harvey|1988|p=5}} General [[Maximilian Ulysses Browne|Maximilian Ulysses Graf von Browne]], the Austrian commanding officer in the [[Battle of Lobositz]], was also of Irish descent.<ref>[[Stefan Michael Newerkla|Newerkla, Stefan Michael]] (2019). "Die irischen Reichsgrafen von Browne-Camus in russischen und österreichischen Diensten. Vom Vertrag von Limerick (1691) bis zum Tod ihres Hausfreunds Ludwig van Beethoven (1827)" [The Irish Imperial Counts of Browne-Camus in Russian and Austrian Service. From the Treaty of Limerick (1691) to the Death of their House Friend Ludwig van Beethoven (1827)]. In: Lazar Fleishman, [[Stefan Michael Newerkla]] & Michael Wachtel (eds.), ''Скрещения судеб. Literarische und kulturelle Beziehungen zwischen Russland und dem Westen. A Festschrift for Fedor B. Poljakov'' (= Stanford Slavic Studies, Volume 49). Berlin: Peter Lang. {{ISBN|978-3-631-78385-6}}, pp. 47–50.</ref> Recruitment for Austrian service included areas of the midlands of Ireland, and members of the [[Viscount Taaffe|Taaffe]], O'Neill and Wallis families served with Austria.{{sfn|O'Hart|1878|p=653}} Count Alexander O'Nelly (O'Neill), who came from Ulster, commanded the 42nd Bohemian Infantry Regiment from 1734 to 1743. Much earlier, in 1634, during the [[Thirty Years' War]], Irish officers led by Walter Deveraux assassinated general [[Albrecht von Wallenstein]] on the orders of the Emperor. In the late 18th and throughout the 19th century, further Irish officers served in the Habsburg Empire, so [[Andreas O'Reilly von Ballinlough]] (1742–1832),<ref>[[Stefan Michael Newerkla|Newerkla, Stefan Michael]] (2020). "Das irische Geschlecht O'Reilly und seine Verbindungen zu Österreich und Russland" [The Irish O'Reilly family and their connections to Austria and Russia]. In: ''Diachronie – Ethnos – Tradition: Studien zur slawischen Sprachgeschichte'' [Diachrony – Ethnos – Tradition: Studies in Slavic Language History]. Eds. Jasmina Grković-Major, Natalia B. Korina, [[Stefan Michael Newerkla|Stefan M. Newerkla]], Fedor B. Poljakov, Svetlana M. Tolstaja. Brno: Tribun EU. {{ISBN|978-80-263-1581-0}}, pp. 265–267, [https://
===Swedish and Polish service===
In 1609, [[Arthur Chichester]], then [[Lord Deputy of Ireland]], deported 1,300 former rebel Irish soldiers from [[Ulster]] to serve in the Protestant [[Swedish Army]]. However, under the influence of Catholic clergy, many of them deserted to Polish service.
The Catholic Irish troops in Protestant Swedish service changed sides during the [[Battle of Klushino]], against largely Catholic Poland, the only European country with [[Warsaw Confederation|statutory]] [[freedom of religion]] at the time.{{Citation needed|date=September 2010}} The Irish then served in Polish service for several years during the [[Polish–Muscovite War (1605–1618)]], until their wages went unpaid.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.illyria.com/irish/mcginn_irishagains.html |title=Irish Fighting Irish By Brian McGinn |publisher=Illyria.com |access-date=
==End of the Wild Geese==
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It was some time before the British armed forces began to tap into Irish Catholic manpower. In the late 18th century, the [[Penal Laws (Ireland)|Penal Laws]] were gradually relaxed and in the 1790s the laws prohibiting Catholics from bearing arms were abolished. Thereafter, the British began recruiting Irish regiments for the Crown Force{{spaced ndash}} including for such units as the [[Connaught Rangers]]. Several more Irish-labelled units were created in the 19th century. By 1914 infantry regiments in the British Army that were associated with Ireland included the [[Prince of Wales's Leinster Regiment]], the [[Royal Dublin Fusiliers]], the [[Irish Guards]], the [[Royal Irish Regiment (1684–1922)|Royal Irish Regiment]], the [[Royal Inniskilling Fusiliers]], the [[Royal Irish Rifles]], the [[Royal Irish Fusiliers]], the Connaught Rangers and the [[Royal Munster Fusiliers]]. With the creation of the [[Irish Free State]] in 1922, five of the above regiments were disbanded, with most of the remainder undergoing a series of amalgamations between 1968 and 2006. The United Kingdom still retains four Irish-named regiments: the [[Irish Guards]], the [[The Royal Irish Regiment (27th (Inniskilling) 83rd and 87th and Ulster Defence Regiment)|Royal Irish Regiment]], the [[Scottish and North Irish Yeomanry]], and the [[London Irish Rifles]]. The [[Queen's Royal Hussars]], the successor regiment of the [[Queen's Royal Irish Hussars]], and the [[Royal Dragoon Guards]], the successor regiment of the [[4th Royal Irish Dragoon Guards]] and the [[5th Royal Inniskilling Dragoon Guards]], maintain the Irish heritage of their antecedent regiments through their uniforms, regimental bands and traditions, such as the celebration of [[Saint Patrick's Day|St. Patrick's Day]].
== Other use ==
The term "Wild Geese" is sometimes used metaphorically to refer to [[Irish diaspora|Irish emigrants]]. This usage can be seen, for example in the ''[[The Irish Times|Irish Times]]'', which has a recurrent section called Wild Geese in which "Irish people working abroad tell their stories".<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-10-08 |title=Wild Geese |url=https://www.irishtimes.com/tags/wild-geese/ |access-date=2023-10-13 |website=The Irish Times |language=en}}</ref>
==See also==
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* {{cite journal| last = Murphy| first = James H. | title = The Wild Geese | journal = The Irish Review | issue = 16 (Autumn – Winter, 1994) | publisher = Cork University Press | year = 1994 | pages = 23–28 | doi = 10.2307/29735753 | jstor = 29735753 }}
* {{cite book |author-link=Stefan Michael Newerkla|last=Newerkla |first= Stefan Michael |year=2019 |chapter=Die irischen Reichsgrafen von Browne-Camus in russischen und österreichischen Diensten. Vom Vertrag von Limerick (1691) bis zum Tod ihres Hausfreunds Ludwig van Beethoven (1827) |trans-chapter=The Irish Imperial Counts of Browne-Camus in Russian and Austrian Service. From the Treaty of Limerick (1691) to the Death of their House Friend Ludwig van Beethoven (1827) |editor-first1= Lazar |editor-last1=Fleishman |editor-first2=Stefan Michael |editor-last2=Newerkla |editor-first3= Michael |editor-last3=Wachtel |title=Скрещения судеб. Literarische und kulturelle Beziehungen zwischen Russland und dem Westen. A Festschrift for Fedor B. Poljakov |series= Stanford Slavic Studies |volume=49 |location= Berlin |publisher= Peter Lang |isbn=978-3-631-78385-6 |pages=43–68}}
* {{cite book |author-link=Stefan Michael Newerkla|last=Newerkla |first= Stefan Michael |year=2020 |chapter=Das irische Geschlecht O'Reilly und seine Verbindungen zu Österreich und Russland |trans-chapter=The Irish O'Reilly family and their connections to Austria and Russia |title=Diachronie – Ethnos – Tradition: Studien zur slawischen Sprachgeschichte |trans-title=Diachrony – Ethnos – Tradition: Studies in Slavic Language History |editor-first1= Jasmina |editor-last1=Grković-Major |editor-first2= Natalia B. |editor-last2=Korina |editor-first3=Stefan M. |editor-last3=Newerkla |editor-first4= Fedor B. |editor-last4=Poljakov |editor-first5= Svetlana M. |editor-last5=Tolstaja |location= Brno |publisher=Tribun EU |isbn=978-80-263-1581-0 |pages=259–279 |url=https://
* {{cite book | last = O Ciardha | first = Eamonn | date = 2002 | title = Ireland and the Jacobite Cause, 1685–1766 | place = Dublin | isbn = 9781851828050 | url = https://archive.org/details/irelandjacobitec00eamo }}
* {{cite book|last= O'Hart |first = John | date = 1878 | title = Irish Pedigrees, Volume 2 | place = Dublin | publisher = M'Glashan & Gill }}
* {{cite journal|last= Riviere| first = Marc Serge | title = The Earl of Tyrconnell's Impact on Franco-Prussian Relations (1750–2) |journal = Eighteenth-Century Ireland | volume = 15 | year = 2000 | pages = 120–138 | doi = 10.3828/eci.2000.9 | jstor = 30071445 | s2cid = 256179013 }}
* {{cite book|last = Scott|first = Walter| title = The Works of Jonathan Swift | place = Edinburgh | year = 1814}}
* {{cite book|last= Simms |first = J. G. | date = 1969 | title = Jacobite Ireland: 1685–91 | publisher = Routledge & Kegan Paul | place = London }}
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==External links==
* [http://indigo.ie/~wildgees/index.htm Wild Geese Heritage Museum and Library]
* [https://www.nli.ie/en/udlist/current-exhibitions.aspx?article=0a7328e2-5ccd-4387-9993-1a5982c93ab6 National Library of Ireland exhibition, ''Strangers to Citizens: the Irish in Europe, 1600–1800''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181104172104/https://www.nli.ie/en/udlist/current-exhibitions.aspx?article=0a7328e2-5ccd-4387-9993-1a5982c93ab6 |date=4 November 2018 }}
{{Kingdom of Ireland}}
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