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{{pp-semi-indef|small=yes}}
{{Short description|Ethnic group in Sahel and West Africa}}
{{redirect|Fulani}}
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| popplace = [[West Africa]], [[North Africa]] and [[Central Africa]]
| region1 = {{flag|Nigeria}}
| pop1 = 15,300,000 (6.6%)<ref name="FulaniStudy">
| region2 = {{flag|Senegal}}
| pop2 = 5,055,782 (27.5%)<ref name="CIAFactbook2019sg">{{cite web |title=Africa: Senegal The World Factbook – Central Intelligence Agency |url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/senegal/ |website=www.cia.gov |access-date=22 December 2019 |date=2019}}</ref>|
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The '''Fula''', '''Fulani''', or '''Fulɓe people'''{{Efn|{{lang-ff|Fulɓe}}, {{lang|ff|𞤊𞤵𞤤𞤩𞤫}}; {{lang-fr|Peul|links=no}}; {{lang-ha|Fulani or Hilani}}; [[Kanuri language|Kanuri]]: ''Fillata''; {{lang-pt|Fula|links=no}}; {{lang-wo|Pël}}; {{lang-bm|Fulaw}}; {{lang-kcg|A̱fa̱taa}}}} are an ethnic group in [[Sahara]], [[Sahel]] and [[West Africa]], widely dispersed across the region.<ref name="Juang2008p492"/> Inhabiting many countries, they live mainly in [[West Africa]] and northern parts of [[Central Africa]], [[South Sudan]], [[Darfur]], and regions near the [[Red Sea]] coast in [[Sudan]]. The approximate number of Fula people is unknown, due to clashing definitions regarding Fula ethnicity. Various estimates put the figure between 25<ref name=Crowe>{{cite book|author=Felicity Crowe|title=Modern Muslim Societies|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=n4Eye4ilLVkC&pg=PA262|year=2010|publisher=Marshall Cavendish|isbn=978-0-7614-7927-7|page=262}}</ref><ref name="Danver2015p31">{{cite book|author=Steven L. Danver|title=Native Peoples of the World: An Encyclopedia of Groups, Cultures and Contemporary Issues|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vf4TBwAAQBAJ&pg=PA31|year=2015|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-1-317-46400-6|pages=31–32}}</ref> and 40 million people worldwide.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://homepage.univie.ac.at/martina.gajdos/Fulbe.html|title=Fulbe|website=homepage.univie.ac.at|language=de|access-date=30 August 2020|archive-date=24 November 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211124020817/https://homepage.univie.ac.at/martina.gajdos/Fulbe.html|url-status=dead}}</ref>
A significant proportion of the Fula–a third, or an estimated 7 to 10 million<ref name="levinsonfula">{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=JcDMrQEACAAJ|title=Encyclopedia of World Cultures: Africa and the Middle East, Volume 9|author=David Levinson|publisher=Gale Group|year=1996|isbn=978-0-8161-1808-3|chapter=Fulani}}</ref>–are [[pastoralism|pastoralists]], and their ethnic group has the largest [[nomad]]ic pastoral community in the world.<ref name="Encyclopedia of Africa">{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=A0XNvklcqbwC|title=Encyclopedia of Africa|author1=Anthony Appiah|author2=Henry Louis Gates|publisher=Oxford University Press|year=2010|isbn=978-0-19-533770-9|page=495}}</ref><ref name=levinsonladdi>{{cite book|author=David Levinson|title=Encyclopedia of World Cultures: Africa and the Middle East, Volume 9|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=JcDMrQEACAAJ|year=1996|publisher=Gale Group|isbn=978-0-8161-1808-3|chapter=Fulani }}, Quote: The Fulani form the largest pastoral nomadic group in the world. The Bororo'en are noted for the size of their cattle herds. In addition to fully nomadic groups, however, there are also semisedentary Fulani —Fulbe Laddi— who also farm, although they argue that they do so out of necessity, not choice.</ref> The majority of the Fula ethnic group consisted of semi-sedentary people,<ref name=levinsonladdi/> as well as sedentary settled farmers, scholars, artisans, merchants, and nobility.<ref name=decorsefula/><ref name=gatesfulani>{{cite book|author1=Anthony Appiah|author2=Henry Louis Gates|title=Encyclopedia of Africa|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=A0XNvklcqbwC|year=2010|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-533770-9|pages=495–496}}</ref> As an ethnic group, they are bound together by the [[Fula language]], their history<ref name="Juang2008p4922">{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wFrAOqfhuGYC&pg=PA492|title=Africa and the Americas: Culture, Politics, and History|author=Richard M. Juang|publisher=ABC-CLIO|year=2008|isbn=978-1-85109-441-7|page=492}}</ref><ref name="Ndukwe1996p92">{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HnwGNU6uoBQC|title=Fulani|author=Pat Ikechukwu Ndukwe|publisher=The Rosen Publishing Group|year=1996|isbn=978-0-8239-1982-6|pages=9–17}}</ref><ref name="Group2013852">{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ISAuAgAAQBAJ|title=Encyclopedia of African Peoples|author=D Group|publisher=Routledge|year=2013|isbn=978-1-135-96334-7|pages=85–88}}</ref> and their culture. The Fula are almost completely [[Muslims]] with a tiny minority being Christians<ref>{{Cite web |last=ComDir |date=2023-08-07 |title=
Many West African leaders are of Fulani descent, including the former President of Nigeria, [[Muhammadu Buhari]]; the first president of Cameroon [[Ahmadou Ahidjo]]; the former President of Senegal, [[Macky Sall]]; the President and the vice president of Gambia, [[Adama Barrow]] and Muhammad B.S.Jallow; the President of Guinea-Bissau, [[Umaro Sissoco Embaló]]; the Vice President of Sierra Leone, [[Mohamed Juldeh Jalloh]]; the prime minister of Guinea conakry, Bah Oury; the Prime Minister of Mali, [[Boubou Cisse]] and the Wife of Vice President of Ghana [[Samira Bawumia]]. They also occupy positions in major international institutions, such as the [[Deputy Secretary-General of the United Nations]], [[Amina J. Mohammed]]; the 74th [[President of the United Nations General Assembly]], [[Tijjani Muhammad-Bande]]; and the Secretary-General of [[OPEC]], [[Mohammed Sanusi Barkindo]].
== Names ==
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There are many names (and spellings of the names) used in other languages to refer to the ''Fulɓe''. ''Fulani'' in English is borrowed from the [[Hausa language|Hausa]] term.<ref>The [[homonym]] ''Fulani'' is also used by the Manding peoples, being the diminutive form of the word ''Fula'' in their language (with suffix ''-ni''), essentially meaning 'little Fula'.</ref> ''Fula'', from [[Manding languages]], is also used in English, and sometimes spelled ''Fulah'' or ''Fullah''. Fula and Fulani are commonly used in English, including within Africa. The French borrowed the [[Wolof language|Wolof]] term ''Pël'', which is variously spelled: ''Peul'', ''Peulh'', and even ''Peuhl''. More recently the [[Fula language|Fulfulde / Pulaar]] term ''Fulɓe'', which is a plural noun (singular, ''Pullo'') has been [[Anglicised]] as ''Fulbe'',<ref>The letter ''[[ɓ]]'' is an implosive ''b'' sound, which does not exist in English, so is replaced by ''b''. In the [[orthography for languages of Guinea (pre-1985)]], this sound was represented by ''[[Bh (digraph)|bh]]'', so one would have written ''Fulbhe'' instead of ''Fulɓe''.</ref> which is gaining popularity in use. In Portuguese, the terms Fula or Futafula are used. The terms ''Fallata'', ''Fallatah'', or ''Fellata'' are of [[Arabic language|Arabic]] origins, and are often the ethnonyms by which Fulani people are identified by in parts of Chad and Sudan.
The [[Toucouleur people]] of the central [[Senegal River]] valley speak [[Fula language|Fulfulde / Pulaar]] and refer to themselves as ''Haalpulaaren'', or those who speak Pulaar. The supposed distinction between them was invented by French ethnographers in the 19th century who differentiated between supposedly sedentary, agricultural, fanatical, and anti-European Toucouleurs on one hand and nomadic, pastoralist, docile and cooperative ''Peulhs'' on the other, but the dichotomy is false.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Clark
=== Surnames ===
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====Bundu====
In 1690, [[Torodbe]] cleric Malick Sy<ref>Not to be confused with [[Malick Sy]], founder of the Tijanniyah Sufi order.</ref> came to Bundu, in what is now eastern Senegal, from his home near [[Podor]]. Sy settled the lands with relatives from his native [[Futa Toro]] and Muslim immigrants from as far west as the [[Djolof Empire]] and as far east as [[Nioro du Sahel]].<ref>
Under Sy, Bundu became a refuge for Muslims and Islamic scholars persecuted by traditional rulers in other kingdoms.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Brooks |first1=George E. |title=WESTERN AFRICA TO c1860 A.D. A PROVISIONAL HISTORICAL SCHEMA BASED ON CLIMATE PERIODS |journal=Indiana University African Studies Program |date=August 1985 |page=209| url=https://scholarworks.iu.edu/dspace/bitstream/handle/2022/287/Western_Brooks.pdf |access-date=30 May 2023}}</ref> Sy was killed in 1699 caught in an ambush by the army of [[Gajaaga]].<ref name = Curtin/>{{rp|192}} Still, Bundu's growth that would set a precedent for later, larger, and more disruptive [[Fula jihads]].<ref name = Curtin>{{cite journal | last= Curtin | first= Philip D. | year=1975 | title= The uses of oral tradition in Senegambia : Maalik Sii and the foundation of Bundu | journal= Cahiers d'études africaines | volume=15 | issue=58 | pages=189–202 | url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/4391387 | doi=10.3406/cea.1975.2592| jstor= 4391387 }}</ref>{{rp|192}}
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Fulani in Nigeria have often requested for the development of exclusive grazing reserves, to curb conflicts.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.gamji.com/fulani8.htm |title=Grazing Reserve Development and Constraints |publisher=Gamji.com |access-date=2014-02-27}}</ref> All the leading presidential aspirants of previous elections seeking Fulɓe votes have made several of such failed promises in their campaigns. Discussions among government officials, traditional rulers, and Fulani leaders on the welfare of the pastoralists have always centred on requests and pledges for protecting grazing spaces and cattle passages. The growing pressure from '''Ardo'en''' (the Fulani community leaders) for the salvation of what is left of the customary grazing land has caused some state governments with large populations of herders (such as Gombe, Bauchi, Adamawa, Taraba, Plateau, and Kaduna) to include in their development plans the reactivation and preservation of grazing reserves. Quick to grasp the desperation of cattle-keepers for land, the administrators have instituted a Grazing Reserve Committee to find a lasting solution to the rapid depletion of grazing land resources in Nigeria.<ref name="July 21, 2012">{{cite web |url=http://www.punchng.com/news/senators-fight-over-grazing-land-for-fulani-herdsmen/ |title=Senators fight over grazing land for Fulani herdsmen |publisher=Punchng.com |date=2012-07-21 |access-date=2014-02-27 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140201214847/http://www.punchng.com/news/senators-fight-over-grazing-land-for-fulani-herdsmen/ |archive-date=2014-02-01 }}</ref>
[[File:Henri Allouard - Jeune femme Peul.jpg|thumb|Henri Allouard (1844–1929) – ''Young Fulani woman'']]
The Fulani believe that the expansion of the grazing reserves will boost livestock population, lessen the difficulty of herding, reduce seasonal migration, and enhance the interaction among farmers, pastoralists, and rural dwellers. Despite these expectations, grazing reserves are not within the reach of about three-quarters of the nomadic Fulani in Nigeria, who number in the millions, and about sixty per cent of migrant pastoralists who use the existing grazing reserves keep to the same reserves every year. The number and the distribution of the grazing reserves in Nigeria range from insufficient to severely insufficient for Fulani livestock. In countries like Nigeria, Cameroon, and Burkina Faso where meat supplies are entirely dependent on the Fulani, such conflicts lead to scarcity and hikes in animal protein prices. In recent times, the Nigerian senate and other lawmakers have been bitterly divided in attempts to pass bills on grazing lands and migration "corridors" for Fulani herdsmen. This was mainly due to Southern and Central Nigerian lawmakers opposing the proposal, and Northern Lawmakers being in support.<ref name="July 21, 2012"/> [[Fulani extremism in Nigeria|Fulani extremists]] are involved in [[Herder–farmer conflicts in Nigeria|herder-farmer conflicts in Nigeria]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.premier.org.uk/News/World/Nigerian-government-failing-to-stop-Fulani-militants-killing-Christians-charity-says|title=Nigerian government failing to stop Fulani militants killing Christians, charity says|last=Premier|date=2019-02-07|website=Premier|language=en-GB|access-date=2019-04-24}}</ref><ref name="BBC2016-08-10"/><ref name=":2" /><ref>{{Cite book|last=Amnesty International|url=https://www.amnesty.org/download/Documents/AFR4495032018ENGLISH.PDF|title=Harvest of Death Three Years Of Bloody Clashes Between Farmers and Herders in Nigeria|publisher=Amnesty International|year=2018|location=Maitama, Abuja-FCT, Nigeria}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Nwangwu|first1=Chikodiri|last2=Enyiazu|first2=Chukwuemeka|date=2019|title=Nomadic Pastoralism and Human Security: Towards a Collective Action against Herders-Farmers Crisis in Nigeria|url=https://media.africaportal.org/documents/Nomadic_Pastoralism_and_Human_Security__.pdf|journal=Nomadic Pastorialism and Human Security: Towards a Collective Action Against Herders-Farmers Crisis in Nigeria {{!}} AfriHeritage Working Paper 2019 010|access-date=2022-12-24|archive-date=2020-07-15|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200715183858/https://media.africaportal.org/documents/Nomadic_Pastoralism_and_Human_Security__.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-04-07 |title=Fulani Extremists Kill 3, Burn Church Site in Latest Attack on Christians in Nigeria – Villagers Say Gov't Doing Nothing |url=https://www1.cbn.com/cbnnews/2022/april/fulani-extremists-kill-3-burn-church-site-in-latest-attack-on-christians-in-nigeria-villagers-say-govt-doing-nothing |access-date=2022-08-15 |website=CBN News |language=en}}</ref> According to the [[Global Terrorism Index]], a continuous sequence of [[Fulani extremism|Fulani attacks across West Africa]] have occurred in [[Mali]],<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thenewhumanitarian.org/in-depth/sahel-flames-Burkina-Faso-Mali-Niger-militancy-conflict|title=The Sahel in flames|date=2019-05-31|website=The New Humanitarian|language=en|access-date=2019-06-23}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.start.umd.edu/gtd/search/Results.aspx?charttype=pie&chart=casualties&search=FLM&count=100|title=GTD Search Results|website=www.start.umd.edu|access-date=2019-04-11}}</ref><ref>{{cite report |last1=Tobie |first1=Aurélien |title=Central Mali: Violence, Local Perspectives and Diverging Narratives |date=December 2017 |url=https://www.sipri.org/sites/default/files/2018-02/sipriinsight_1713_mali_3_eng.pdf |publisher=Stockholm International Peace Research Institute |access-date=12 September 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220728035418/https://www.sipri.org/sites/default/files/2018-02/sipriinsight_1713_mali_3_eng.pdf |archive-date=28 July 2022}}</ref> [[Central African Republic]],<ref name=":2">{{Cite web|url=https://www.start.umd.edu/gtd/search/Results.aspx?chart=overtime&search=fulani&count=100|title=GTD Search Results|website=www.start.umd.edu|access-date=2019-04-11}}</ref> [[Democratic Republic of Congo]],<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.start.umd.edu/gtd/search/IncidentSummary.aspx?gtdid=201603260030|title=Incident Summary for GTDID: 201603260030|website=www.start.umd.edu|access-date=2019-04-11}}</ref> and [[Cameroon]].<ref name=HRW>
<gallery widths="190" heights="190">
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===Food===
[[File:Paoua - Peul calabashes used for cheese production.jpg|thumb|Fulani [[calabash]]es used for butter and milk storage and as containers for hawking]]
{{transliteration|ff|Kossam}} can be the general term for both fresh milk {{transliteration|ff|miraɗam}} and yoghurt known as {{transliteration|ff|pendidan}} in Fulfulde. It is central to Fulbe identity and revered as a drink or in one of its various processed forms, such as yoghurt and cheese. {{transliteration|ff|Kettugol}} and {{transliteration|ff|lébol}} are derived from milk fat, are used in light cooking and hair weaving. It is common to see Fulani women hawking milk products in characteristic beautifully decorated calabashes balanced on their heads. Other meals include a heavy porridge ({{transliteration|ff|nyiiri}}) made of flour from such grains as millet, sorghum, or corn which is eaten in combination with soup ({{transliteration|ff|takai}}, {{transliteration|ff|haako}}) made from tomatoes, onions, spices, peppers, and other vegetables.<ref name="everyculture">{{cite web |title=Fulani – Introduction, Location, Language, Folklore, Religion, Major holidays, Rites of passage, Relationships, Living conditions |url=http://www.everyculture.com/wc/Germany-to-Jamaica/Fulani.html |access-date=2013-12-28 |publisher=Everyculture.com}}</ref> Also, in addition to rice, which is a staple crop for the Fulani people, their main vegetables and staples are yams, corn, beans, and red pepper. The Fulani people eat cassava roots and fruits like plantains as well.<ref name=":1">{{Cite
Another popular meal eaten by almost all Fulani communities is made from fermenting milk into yoghurt and eaten with corn [[couscous]] known as {{transliteration|ff|latchiiri}} or {{transliteration|ff|dakkere}}, either in the same bowl or separately, also a fluid or porridge called {{transliteration|ff|gāri}} made of flour cereals such as millet, sorghum or corn and milk. The [[Wodaabe]] traditionally eat millet, milk and meat as staples. Millet is eaten in the morning, noon and night as a grease with a sauce or stew which usually contains tomatoes, peppers, bone, meat, onion, and other vegetables. On special occasions they eat meat such as goat or beef. A thick beverage similar to the Tuareg {{transliteration|ff|eghajira}} is made by pounding goat cheese, milk, dates and millet.{{citation needed|date=February 2022}}
=== Ceramics ===
The Fulani people are not as engaged in artistic endeavors like ceramics and pottery as other nearby cultures because they feel that these pursuits "violate their code of conduct and bring shame upon them". That being said, the Fulani women do produce handicrafts including knitting, weaving, and basketry. Seldom do Fulani men work in crafts. <ref name=":1" />
===Houses===
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=== Religion ===
The Fula were one of the first ethnic groups in Sub-Saharan Africa to convert to [[Islam]], maintaining it as an intrinsic part of their cultural identity, although in some cases elements of [[African traditional faiths|traditional African faiths]] are mixed in a predominantly Muslim [[religious syncretism]].<ref>{{cite web |author1=((Department of the Arts of Africa, Oceania, and the Americas)) |title=The Fulani/Fulbe People |url=https://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/fula_2/hd_fula_2.htm |publisher=[[The Metropolitan Museum of Art]] |access-date=3 December 2023|date=October 2022}}</ref> The vast majority of Fula people are Muslims, with some religious minorities — largely [[Fula Christians]], a small minority group (1-2%) present in parts of northern Nigeria. Nearly all Fula Christians are recent converts from Islam, or descendants of recent converts. The group faces severe persecution from both Fulani Muslims due to their faith and other Nigerian Christians due to their ethnicity.<ref>{{cite news |title=Nigeria's Fulani Christians are Attacked from Every Side |url=https://www.persecution.org/2023/08/07/nigerias-christian-fulani-face-persecution-from-all-sides/ |access-date=3 December 2023 |work=Perseution.org |agency=[[International Christian Concern]] |date=8 July 2023}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Kim |first1=Masara |title=Nigeria's Little Known Fulani Christians Worship In Secret |url=https://www.thenigerianvoice.com/news/303573/nigerias-little-known-fulani-christians-worship-in-secret.html |website=The Nigerian Voice |access-date=4 June 2024}}</ref>
== Rites of Passage in the Fulani Kingdom ==
=== Marriage ===
In the Fulani society, marriage is considered endogamy rather than exogamy. Marriage is permitted amongst people of the same lineage. Marriage is generally between cross-cousins and parallel cousins. Even before their birth, the children were betrothed. The caste system and political stratification have a role in their conventional marriage. Marriage exists to maintain wealth and the royal dynasty. They practice early marriage, which is typically arranged by relatives. The men marry in their twenties, while the women marry in their teens. Men are permitted to marry more than one lady as long as he can meet their requirements equally.<ref name=":3">{{Cite web |last=administrator |date=2015-05-20 |title=Traditional Marriage in Fulani Kingdom |url=https://informationparlour.com/article-culture-tradition-traditional-marriage-fulani-kingdom |access-date=2024-08-07 |website=Information Parlour |language=en-US}}</ref>
The traditional Fulani marriage system consists of three phases: the Kabbal, Koowgal, and Sharo stages.
'''The Sharo'''
In this stage of the marriage process, the man is publicly flogged by other guys in this particular flogging procedure. This is to assess his strength, discipline, and bravery. If the prospective groom cries, the bride's family may reject him and view him as a coward. Not every ethnic group adheres to this tradition. The groom's people support him during the painful flogging process.<ref name=":3" />
==Genetics==
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==Further reading==
*[https://unlocked.microsoft.com/adlam-can-an-alphabet-save-a-culture/ Can an Alphabet Save a Future?] – Story of the Barry brother's 30-year commitment to developing a native script and font, giving the Fulani people a digital footprint for a global community – published on Microsoft Unlocked▼
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20071002090950/http://condor.depaul.edu/~mdelance/CameroonCultures/FulbeBibliography.html Prof. Mark D. DeLancey's Fulbe studies bibliography], accessed 25 March 2008.
*Lam, Aboubacry-Moussa. (1993). De l'origine égyptienne des Peuls. Présence Africaine.▼
*LONCKE, Sandrine [https://www.lcdpu.fr/livre/?GCOI=27000100070850 Geerewol] (1 September 2015) Musique, danse et lien social chez les Peuls nomades wodaabe du Niger {{ISBN|9782365190091}}
*{{cite book |author-first=E.D.|author-last=Morel |author-link=E.D. Morel |title=Affairs of West Africa |publisher=William Heinemann |location=London |year=1902|language=en |url=https://archive.org/details/affairsofwestafr00more/page/n7/mode/2up }}, chapter XVI – The Fulani in West African History, pp. [https://archive.org/details/affairsofwestafr00more/page/130/mode/2up 130]–135; chapter XVII – Origins of the Fulani, pp. [https://archive.org/details/affairsofwestafr00more/page/136/mode/2up 136]–152.
▲*[https://unlocked.microsoft.com/adlam-can-an-alphabet-save-a-culture/ Can an Alphabet Save a Future?] – Story of the Barry brother's 30-year commitment to developing a native script and font, giving the Fulani people a digital footprint for a global community – published on Microsoft Unlocked
*Monembo, Tierno. (2004). Peuls. Editions Seuil.
▲*Lam, Aboubacry-Moussa. (1993). De l'origine égyptienne des Peuls. Présence Africaine.
==External links==
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