Khakas: Difference between revisions

{{Short description|Ethnic group indigenous to RussiaSiberia}}

| group = Khakas

| population = 80,000 (est.)

| image = [[File:Khakas ethnic flag.svg|250px]]<br>[[File:KhakasinRussia.png|250px]]

| image_caption = '''Top: '''Khakas ethnic flag<br>'''Bottom: '''Khakas people in [[Khakassia]] and neighboring areas

| popplace = [[Russia]] (primarily [[Khakassia]])

| region1 = {{flag|Russia}}

[[File:Хакасы.JPG|thumb|left|Khakas people with traditional instruments.]]

The Yenisei KirghizKyrgyz were made to pay tribute in a treaty concluded between the Dzungars and Russians in 1635.<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=8FVsWq31MtMC&pg=PA89 Millward 2007], p. 89.</ref> The Dzungar Oirat Kalmyks coerced the Yenisei KirghizKyrgyz into submission.<ref>{{cite book|title=Concise Encyclopedia of Languages of the World|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=F2SRqDzB50wC&q=kirghiz+kipchak+dzungars&pg=PA611|date=6 April 2010|publisher=Elsevier|isbn=978-0-08-087775-4|pages=611–}}</ref><ref name="BrownAsher2006">{{cite book|author1=E. K. Brown|author2=R. E. Asher|author3=J. M. Y. Simpson|title=Encyclopedia of language & linguistics|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1D8OAQAAMAAJ&q=kirghiz+kipchak+dzungars|year=2006|publisher=Elsevier|isbn=978-0-08-044299-0|page=224}}</ref>

Some of the Yenisei KirghizKyrgyz were relocated into the [[Dzungar Khanate]] by the [[Dzungars]], and then the Qing moved them from [[Dzungaria]] to northeastern China in 1761, where they became known as the [[Fuyu Kyrgyz language|Fuyu Kyrgyz]].<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=AzG5llo3YCMC&pg=PA110 Tchoroev (Chorotegin) 2003], p. 110.</ref><ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=LbmP_1KIQ_8C&pg=PA113 Pozzi & Janhunen & Weiers 2006, p. 113.]</ref><ref name="StaryPozzi2006">{{cite book|author1=Giovanni Stary|author2=Alessandra Pozzi|author3=Juha Antero Janhunen |author4=Michael Weiers |title=Tumen Jalafun Jecen Aku: Manchu Studies in Honour of Giovanni Stary|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=LbmP_1KIQ_8C&pg=PA112|year=2006|publisher=Otto Harrassowitz Verlag|isbn=978-3-447-05378-5|pages=112–}}</ref> Sibe Bannermen were stationed in Dzungaria while Northeastern China (Manchuria) was where some of the remaining Öelet Oirats were deported to.<ref name="Janhunen1996">{{cite book|author=Juha Janhunen|title=Manchuria: An Ethnic History|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vfJiAAAAMAAJ&q=pacified|year=1996|publisher=Finno-Ugrian Society|isbn=978-951-9403-84-7|page=112}}</ref> The Nonni basin was where Oirat Öelet deportees were settled. The Yenisei KirghizKyrgyz were deported along with the Öelet.<ref name="Janhunen1996 2">{{cite book|author=Juha Janhunen|title=Manchuria: An Ethnic History|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vfJiAAAAMAAJ&q=Oelet|year=1996|publisher=Finno-Ugrian Society|isbn=978-951-9403-84-7|pages=111–112}}</ref> Chinese and Oirat replaced Oirat and KirghizKyrgyz during [[Manchukuo]] as the dual languages of the Nonni-based Yenisei KirghizKyrgyz.<ref name="Janhunen1996 3">{{cite book|author=Juha Janhunen|title=Manchuria: An Ethnic History|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vfJiAAAAMAAJ&q=Oirat|year=1996|publisher=Finno-Ugrian Society|isbn=978-951-9403-84-7|page=59}}</ref>

In the 17th century, the Khakas formed Khakassia in the middle of the lands of Yenisei KirghizKyrgyz{{citation needed|date=January 2023}}, who at the time were [[vassal]]s of a [[Mongolia]]n ruler. The [[Russians]] arrived shortly after the KirghizKyrgyz left, and an inflow of Russian agragian settlers began. In the 1820s, [[gold]] mines started to be developed around [[Minusinsk]], which became a regional industrial center.

The names Khongorai and Khoorai were applied to the Khakas before they became known as the Khakas.<ref name="Balzer1995">{{cite book|author=Marjorie Mandelstam Balzer|title=Culture Incarnate: Native Anthropology from Russia|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=T6iqnD-NX5EC&q=khakas+tatar&pg=PA75|year=1995|publisher=M.E. Sharpe|isbn=978-1-56324-535-0|pages=75–}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=Anthropology & Archeology of Eurasia|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=z9QiAQAAMAAJ&q=khongorai|year=1994|publisher=M.E. Sharpe Incorporated|page=42}}</ref><ref name="Vajda2004">{{cite book|author=Edward J. Vajda|title=Languages and Prehistory of Central Siberia|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QTo6AAAAQBAJ&q=khongorai&pg=PA215|date=29 November 2004|publisher=John Benjamins Publishing Company|isbn=978-90-272-7516-5|pages=215–}}</ref><ref name="BridgerPine2013">{{cite book|author1=Sue Bridger|author2=Frances Pine|title=Surviving Post-Socialism: Local Strategies and Regional Responses in Eastern Europe and the Former Soviet Union|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Jeix5BV4BqIC&q=khongorai&pg=PA55|date=11 January 2013|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-1-135-10715-4|pages=55–}}</ref> Khakas people refer to themselves as Tadar.<ref>{{cite book|author=Marjorie Mandelstam Balzer|title=Culture Incarnate: Native Anthropology from Russia|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=T6iqnD-NX5EC&q=khakas+tadar&pg=PA71|year=1995|publisher=M.E. Sharpe|isbn=978-1-56324-535-0|pages=71–}}</ref><ref name="Vajda2004 1">{{cite book|author=Edward J. Vajda|title=Languages and Prehistory of Central Siberia|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QTo6AAAAQBAJ&q=khakas+tadar&pg=PA215|date=29 November 2004|publisher=John Benjamins Publishing Company|isbn=978-90-272-7516-5|pages=215–}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=Canadian Review of Studies in Nationalism: Revue Canadienne Des Études Sur Le Nationalisme|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lBZVAAAAYAAJ&q=khakas+tadar|year=1997|publisher=University of Prince Edward Island.|page=149}}</ref> Khoorai (Khorray) has also been in use to refer to them.<ref name="Minahan2002">{{cite book|author=James B. Minahan|title=Encyclopedia of the Stateless Nations: Ethnic and National Groups Around the World A-Z &#91;4 Volumes&#93;|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZfnWCQAAQBAJ&q=khakas+tadar&pg=PA979|date=30 May 2002|publisher=ABC-CLIO|isbn=978-0-313-07696-1|pages=979–}}</ref><ref name="Minahan2002 1">{{cite book|author=James Minahan|title=Encyclopedia of the Stateless Nations: D-K|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=d2WcCIm6WaQC&q=khakas+tadar&pg=PA978|date=1 January 2002|publisher=Greenwood Publishing Group|isbn=978-0-313-32110-8|pages=979–}}</ref><ref name="Minahan2014">{{cite book|author=James B. Minahan|title=Ethnic Groups of North, East, and Central Asia: An Encyclopedia|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=oZCOAwAAQBAJ&q=khakas+tadar&pg=PA140|date=10 February 2014|publisher=ABC-CLIO|isbn=978-1-61069-018-8|pages=140–}}</ref> Now the Khakas call themselves Tadar<ref name="BridgerPine2013 1">{{cite book|author1=Sue Bridger|author2=Frances Pine|title=Surviving Post-Socialism: Local Strategies and Regional Responses in Eastern Europe and the Former Soviet Union|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Jeix5BV4BqIC&q=khakas+tadar&pg=PA55|date=11 January 2013|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-1-135-10715-4|pages=55–}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=Folia orientalia|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HoAhAQAAMAAJ&q=khakas+tadar|year=1994|publisher=Państwowe Wydawn. Naukowe|page=157}}</ref> and do not use Khakas to describe themselves in their own language.<ref>{{cite book|title=Anthropology & Archeology of Eurasia|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=z9QiAQAAMAAJ&q=khakas+tadar|year=1994|publisher=M.E. Sharpe Incorporated|page=38}}</ref> They are also called Abaka Tatars.<ref name="Friedrich1994 1">{{cite book|author=Paul Friedrich|title=Encyclopedia of World Cultures: Russia and Eurasia, China|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Qc4ZAQAAIAAJ&q=khakas+tadar|date=14 January 1994|publisher=G.K. Hall|isbn=978-0-8161-1810-6|page=186}}</ref>

During the 19th century, many Khakas accepted the Russian ways of life, and most were converted en masse to [[Russian Orthodox Church|Russian Orthodox Christianity]]. [[Shamanism]], however, is still common;.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Stepanoff |first1=Charles |title=Drums and virtual space in Khakas shamanism |journal=Gradhiva |date=January 2013 |volume=17 |issue=1 |pages=144–169 |doi=10.4000/gradhiva.2649|url=http://journals.openedition.org/gradhiva/pdf/2649 |doi-access=free }}</ref> it has Buddhist influences.<ref>[http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-38602/Russia Russia Religion&ndash;Encyclopædia Britannica]</ref> Many Christians practice shamanism with Christianity.<ref>{{cite book|title=Singing Story, Healing Drum: Shamans and Storytellers of Turkic Siberia|author=Kira Van Deusen|publisher=[[McGill-Queen's University Press]]|pages=8–9|year=2003|isbn=0-7735-2617-X}}</ref> In Imperial Russia, the Khakas used to be known under other names, used mostly in historic contexts: ''Minusinsk Tatars'' ({{lang-ru|минуси́нские тата́ры}}), ''Abakan Tatars'' (абака́нские тата́ры), and ''Yenisei Turks''.

The Khakas people account for only about 12% of the total population of the republic (78,500 as of 1989 Census)<!--need 2002 Census numbers here-->. The Khakas people traditionally practiced nomadic herding, agriculture, hunting, and fishing. The Beltir people specialized in handicraft as well. Herding sheep and cattle is still common, although the republic became more industrialized over time.

Genetic research has identified 4 primary [[paternal]] lineages in the Khakhas population.<ref>{{harvnb|Xu|Li|2017|ppp=42-4342–43}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Khar’kov |first1=V. N. |title=Genetic diversity of the Khakass gene pool: Subethnic differentiation and the structure of Y-chromosome haplogroups |journal=Molecular Biology |date=2011 |volume=45 |issue=3 |pages=404–416 |doi=10.1134/S0026893311020117 |s2cid=37140960 |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/225461744}}</ref>

* [[Haplogroup_N_Haplogroup N (Y-DNA)|Haplogroup N]] is the predominant paternal haplogroup in the Khakhas population. It represents roughly 64% of Khakas male lineages, mainly N1b (P43) and N1c (M178). It has been proposed that haplogroup N1b (specifically N2a1-B478) in the Khakassians may represent descent from [[Samoyedic languages|Samoyedic]] speakers who were assimilated by Turkic speakers.<ref>{{harvnb|Khar’kov|2011|p=407}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Xu |first1=Dan |last2=Li |first2=Hui |title=Languages and Genes in Northwestern China and Adjacent Regions |date=2017 |publisher=Springer |isbn=978-981-10-4169-3 |page=43 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YQPNDgAAQBAJ&pg=PA43 |language=en}} "From a generic perspective, N1b-P43 samples in Samoyed and Tuvan populations belong to a specific subclade named N2a1-B478. The expansion time of N2a1-B478 is only about 3600 years ago, as shown in Fig. 2. Hence, we propose that the southern part of Samoyed populations may have changed their language to a Turkic language at various historical periods, bringing haplogroup N2a1-B478 in to Tuvan, Khakhassian and Shors populations."</ref>

Over 80% of Khakassian [[mtDNA]] lineages belong to East Eurasian lineages, although a significant percentage (18.9%) belong to various West Eurasian mtDNA lineages. <ref>{{cite journal |last1=Derenko |first1=MV |title=Diversity of Mitochondrial DNA Lineages in South Siberia |journal=Annals of Human Genetics |date=September 2003 |volume=67 |issue=5 |page=400 |doi=10.1046/j.1469-1809.2003.00035.x |pmid=12940914 |s2cid=28678003 |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/10595717}}</ref>

At present, the Khakas predominantly are [[Eastern Orthodox Church|Orthodox Christians]] ([[Russian Orthodox Church]]).

* Traditional religion of the Khakas people society "Izykh" ({{lang-ru|Общество традиционной религии хакасского народа "Изых"|r=|p=}});

*{{commonscatcommons category-inline|Khakas people}}

[[Category:Indigenous peoples of North AsiaSiberia]]