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{{Short description|Ethnic group indigenous to RussiaSiberia}}
{{Expand Russian|Хакасы|date=April 2009}}
{{Infobox ethnic group
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| population = 80,000 (est.)
| image = [[File:Khakas ethnic flag.svg|250px]]<br>[[File:KhakasinRussia.png|250px]]
| image_caption = '''Top: '''Khakas ethnic flag<br>'''Bottom: '''Khakas in [[Khakassia]] and neighboring areas
| popplace = [[Russia]] (primarily [[Khakassia]])
| region1 = {{flag|Russia}}
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The '''Khakas'''{{efn|Also spelled '''Khakass'''.}}{{efn|{{lang-kjh|italic=no|{{small|sg.}} хакас/тадар|hakas/tadar}}, {{small|pl.}} {{lang|kjh|хакастар/тадарлар}}, ''hakastar/tadarlar''}} are a [[Turkic peoples|Turkic]] [[indigenous peoples of Siberia|indigenous people of Siberia]], who live in the republic of [[Khakassia]], [[Russia]]. They speak the [[Khakas language]].
 
The Khakhassian people are direct descendants of various ancient cultures that have inhabited southern Siberia, including the [[Andronovo culture]], [[Samoyedic peoples]], the [[Tagar culture]], and the [[Yenisei Kyrgyz]] culture.<ref>{{harvnb|Khar’kov|2011||ppp=404-405404–405}}</ref><ref name="Skutsch2013">{{cite book|author=Carl Skutsch|title=Encyclopedia of the World's Minorities|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=yXYKAgAAQBAJ&q=khakas+tatar&pg=PA705|date=7 November 2013|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-1-135-19388-1|pages=705–}}</ref><ref name="Friedrich1994">{{cite book|author=Paul Friedrich|title=Encyclopedia of World Cultures: Russia and Eurasia, China|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Qc4ZAQAAIAAJ&q=khakas+tatar|date=14 January 1994|publisher=G.K. Hall|isbn=978-0-8161-1810-6}}</ref>
 
Although some populations traditionally called Khakhassian are not related to Khakhassians or any other ethnic group present in the area.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Shtygasheva, Khamina |title=Genetic diversity of the Khakass gene pool: Subethnic differentiation and the structure of Y-chromosome haplogroups |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/225461744_Genetic_diversity_of_the_Khakass_gene_pool_Subethnic_differentiation_and_the_structure_of_Y-chromosome_haplogroups |url-status=live}}</ref>
Despite the name, the [[Fuyu Kyrgyz language]] is not related to the [[Kyrgyz language]], which is of [[Kipchak languages|Kipchak]] origin. The Fuyu Kyrgyz language is more similar to the [[Yughurs|Yughur language]] and the Abakan Turkic languages.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Hölzl |first1=Andreas |title=A typology of questions in Northeast Asia and beyond: An ecological perspective |date=2018 |publisher=Language Science Press |isbn=978-3-96110-102-3 |page=331 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=cC9tDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA331|language=en|doi=10.5281/zenodo.1344467}} "Despite its name, Fuyu Kyrgyz, spoken in the Helojiang province of Northeastern China, is more closely related to Yellow Uyghur and the other Abakan Turkic languages than to Kyrgyz as such, which belongs to the Kipchak branch."</ref>
 
== Etymology ==
The Khakas people were historically known as ''Kyrgyz'', before being labelled as ''Tatar'' by the Imperial Russians following the [[Russian conquest of Siberia|conquest of Siberia]]. The name ''Tatar'' then became the autonym used by the Khakas to refer to themselves, in the form ''Tadar''. Following the [[Russian Revolution]], the Soviet authorities changed the name of the group to ''Khakas'', a newly-formed name based on the Chinese name for the Kyrgyz people, ''Xiaqiasi''.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Kara |first=Dávid Somfai |author-link=Somfai Kara David |date=2018 |title=The Formation of Modern Turkic ‘Ethnic’ Groups in Central and Inner Asia |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/26571579 |journal=The Hungarian Historical Review |volume=7 |issue=1 |pages=98–110 |issn=2063-8647 |jstor=26571579 |quote=The remaining Turkic clans (Yenisei Kyrgyz) were called the Tatars of Minusinsk by the Russians, and soon this became their autonym (tadarlar). In Soviet times, their official name (exonym) changed. They became Khakas after their Chinese name “xiaqiasi,” or Kyrgyz.}}</ref>
The name Khakas is generally thought to be a corruption of ''Khyagas'' of the Chinese chronicles. Note also the probable connection of Khakas to ''Xaas'', the (former) self-designation of the Qača clan. Some Khakas-speaking people apparently disapprove of the ethnonym Khakas, preferring to use their self-designation ''Tadar'' (i.e. Tatar), a name in all likelihood actually given to these and all other Turkic-speaking ethnolinguistic groups of south-central Siberia by an earlier group of Russians. The ethnonym Khakas, also the name of one of the two literary languages in the area, was adopted by the local intelligentsia after 1917.
 
== History ==
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The Yenisei Kyrgyz were made to pay tribute in a treaty concluded between the Dzungars and Russians in 1635.<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=8FVsWq31MtMC&pg=PA89 Millward 2007], p. 89.</ref> The Dzungar Oirat Kalmyks coerced the Yenisei Kyrgyz into submission.<ref>{{cite book|title=Concise Encyclopedia of Languages of the World|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=F2SRqDzB50wC&q=kirghiz+kipchak+dzungars&pg=PA611|date=6 April 2010|publisher=Elsevier|isbn=978-0-08-087775-4|pages=611–}}</ref><ref name="BrownAsher2006">{{cite book|author1=E. K. Brown|author2=R. E. Asher|author3=J. M. Y. Simpson|title=Encyclopedia of language & linguistics|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1D8OAQAAMAAJ&q=kirghiz+kipchak+dzungars|year=2006|publisher=Elsevier|isbn=978-0-08-044299-0|page=224}}</ref>
 
Some of the Yenisei Kyrgyz were relocated into the [[Dzungar Khanate]] by the [[Dzungars]], and then the Qing moved them from [[Dzungaria]] to northeastern China in 1761, where they became known as the [[Fuyu Kyrgyz language|Fuyu Kyrgyz]].<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=AzG5llo3YCMC&pg=PA110 Tchoroev (Chorotegin) 2003], p. 110.</ref><ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=LbmP_1KIQ_8C&pg=PA113 Pozzi & Janhunen & Weiers 2006, p. 113.]</ref><ref name="StaryPozzi2006">{{cite book|author1=Giovanni Stary|author2=Alessandra Pozzi|author3=Juha Antero Janhunen |author4=Michael Weiers |title=Tumen Jalafun Jecen Aku: Manchu Studies in Honour of Giovanni Stary|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=LbmP_1KIQ_8C&pg=PA112|year=2006|publisher=Otto Harrassowitz Verlag|isbn=978-3-447-05378-5|pages=112–}}</ref> Sibe Bannermen were stationed in Dzungaria while Northeastern China (Manchuria) was where some of the remaining Öelet Oirats were deported to.<ref name="Janhunen1996">{{cite book|author=Juha Janhunen|title=Manchuria: An Ethnic History|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vfJiAAAAMAAJ&q=pacified|year=1996|publisher=Finno-Ugrian Society|isbn=978-951-9403-84-7|page=112}}</ref> The Nonni basin was where Oirat Öelet deportees were settled. The Yenisei Kyrgyz were deported along with the Öelet.<ref name="Janhunen1996 2">{{cite book|author=Juha Janhunen|title=Manchuria: An Ethnic History|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vfJiAAAAMAAJ&q=Oelet|year=1996|publisher=Finno-Ugrian Society|isbn=978-951-9403-84-7|pages=111–112}}</ref> Chinese and Oirat replaced Oirat and Kyrgyz during [[Manchukuo]] as the dual languages of the Nonni-based Yenisei Kyrgyz.<ref name="Janhunen1996 3">{{cite book|author=Juha Janhunen|title=Manchuria: An Ethnic History|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vfJiAAAAMAAJ&q=Oirat|year=1996|publisher=Finno-Ugrian Society|isbn=978-951-9403-84-7|page=59}}</ref>
 
[[File:MinusinskTatars.jpg|thumb|A group of Khakas at [[Minusinsk]]]]
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The names Khongorai and Khoorai were applied to the Khakas before they became known as the Khakas.<ref name="Balzer1995">{{cite book|author=Marjorie Mandelstam Balzer|title=Culture Incarnate: Native Anthropology from Russia|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=T6iqnD-NX5EC&q=khakas+tatar&pg=PA75|year=1995|publisher=M.E. Sharpe|isbn=978-1-56324-535-0|pages=75–}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=Anthropology & Archeology of Eurasia|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=z9QiAQAAMAAJ&q=khongorai|year=1994|publisher=M.E. Sharpe Incorporated|page=42}}</ref><ref name="Vajda2004">{{cite book|author=Edward J. Vajda|title=Languages and Prehistory of Central Siberia|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QTo6AAAAQBAJ&q=khongorai&pg=PA215|date=29 November 2004|publisher=John Benjamins Publishing Company|isbn=978-90-272-7516-5|pages=215–}}</ref><ref name="BridgerPine2013">{{cite book|author1=Sue Bridger|author2=Frances Pine|title=Surviving Post-Socialism: Local Strategies and Regional Responses in Eastern Europe and the Former Soviet Union|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Jeix5BV4BqIC&q=khongorai&pg=PA55|date=11 January 2013|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-1-135-10715-4|pages=55–}}</ref> Khakas refer to themselves as Tadar.<ref>{{cite book|author=Marjorie Mandelstam Balzer|title=Culture Incarnate: Native Anthropology from Russia|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=T6iqnD-NX5EC&q=khakas+tadar&pg=PA71|year=1995|publisher=M.E. Sharpe|isbn=978-1-56324-535-0|pages=71–}}</ref><ref name="Vajda2004 1">{{cite book|author=Edward J. Vajda|title=Languages and Prehistory of Central Siberia|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QTo6AAAAQBAJ&q=khakas+tadar&pg=PA215|date=29 November 2004|publisher=John Benjamins Publishing Company|isbn=978-90-272-7516-5|pages=215–}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=Canadian Review of Studies in Nationalism: Revue Canadienne Des Études Sur Le Nationalisme|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lBZVAAAAYAAJ&q=khakas+tadar|year=1997|publisher=University of Prince Edward Island.|page=149}}</ref> Khoorai (Khorray) has also been in use to refer to them.<ref name="Minahan2002">{{cite book|author=James B. Minahan|title=Encyclopedia of the Stateless Nations: Ethnic and National Groups Around the World A-Z &#91;4 Volumes&#93;|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZfnWCQAAQBAJ&q=khakas+tadar&pg=PA979|date=30 May 2002|publisher=ABC-CLIO|isbn=978-0-313-07696-1|pages=979–}}</ref><ref name="Minahan2002 1">{{cite book|author=James Minahan|title=Encyclopedia of the Stateless Nations: D-K|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=d2WcCIm6WaQC&q=khakas+tadar&pg=PA978|date=1 January 2002|publisher=Greenwood Publishing Group|isbn=978-0-313-32110-8|pages=979–}}</ref><ref name="Minahan2014">{{cite book|author=James B. Minahan|title=Ethnic Groups of North, East, and Central Asia: An Encyclopedia|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=oZCOAwAAQBAJ&q=khakas+tadar&pg=PA140|date=10 February 2014|publisher=ABC-CLIO|isbn=978-1-61069-018-8|pages=140–}}</ref> Now the Khakas call themselves Tadar<ref name="BridgerPine2013 1">{{cite book|author1=Sue Bridger|author2=Frances Pine|title=Surviving Post-Socialism: Local Strategies and Regional Responses in Eastern Europe and the Former Soviet Union|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Jeix5BV4BqIC&q=khakas+tadar&pg=PA55|date=11 January 2013|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-1-135-10715-4|pages=55–}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=Folia orientalia|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HoAhAQAAMAAJ&q=khakas+tadar|year=1994|publisher=Państwowe Wydawn. Naukowe|page=157}}</ref> and do not use Khakas to describe themselves in their own language.<ref>{{cite book|title=Anthropology & Archeology of Eurasia|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=z9QiAQAAMAAJ&q=khakas+tadar|year=1994|publisher=M.E. Sharpe Incorporated|page=38}}</ref> They are also called Abaka Tatars.<ref name="Friedrich1994 1">{{cite book|author=Paul Friedrich|title=Encyclopedia of World Cultures: Russia and Eurasia, China|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Qc4ZAQAAIAAJ&q=khakas+tadar|date=14 January 1994|publisher=G.K. Hall|isbn=978-0-8161-1810-6|page=186}}</ref>
 
During the 19th century, many Khakas accepted the Russian ways of life, and most were converted en masse to [[Russian Orthodox Church|Russian Orthodox Christianity]]. [[Shamanism]], however, is still common;.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Stepanoff |first1=Charles |title=Drums and virtual space in Khakas shamanism |journal=Gradhiva |date=January 2013 |volume=17 |issue=1 |pages=144–169 |doi=10.4000/gradhiva.2649|url=http://journals.openedition.org/gradhiva/pdf/2649 |doi-access=free }}</ref> it has Buddhist influences.<ref>[http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-38602/Russia Russia Religion&ndash;Encyclopædia Britannica]</ref> Many Christians practice shamanism with Christianity.<ref>{{cite book|title=Singing Story, Healing Drum: Shamans and Storytellers of Turkic Siberia|author=Kira Van Deusen|publisher=[[McGill-Queen's University Press]]|pages=8–9|year=2003|isbn=0-7735-2617-X}}</ref> In Imperial Russia, the Khakas used to be known under other names, used mostly in historic contexts: ''Minusinsk Tatars'' ({{lang-ru|минуси́нские тата́ры}}), ''Abakan Tatars'' (абака́нские тата́ры), and ''Yenisei Turks''.
 
During the [[Russian Revolution of 1905|Revolution of 1905]], a movement towards autonomy developed. When Soviets came to power in 1923, the Khakas National District was established, and various ethnic groups (Beltir, Sagai, Kachin, [[Koibal people|Koibal]], and Kyzyl) were artificially "combined" into one&mdash;the Khakas. The National District was reorganized into [[Khakas Autonomous Oblast]], a part of [[Krasnoyarsk Krai]], in 1930.<ref name="Forsyth1994">{{cite book|author=James Forsyth|title=A History of the Peoples of Siberia: Russia's North Asian Colony 1581-1990|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nzhq85nPrdsC&q=khakas+tatar&pg=PA300|date=8 September 1994|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-0-521-47771-0|pages=300–}}</ref> The [[Khakassia|Republic of Khakassia]] in its present form was established in 1992.
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== Genetics ==
===Paternal lineages ===
Genetic research has identified 4 primary [[paternal]] lineages in the Khakhas population.<ref>{{harvnb|Xu|Li|2017|ppp=42-4342–43}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Khar’kov |first1=V. N. |title=Genetic diversity of the Khakass gene pool: Subethnic differentiation and the structure of Y-chromosome haplogroups |journal=Molecular Biology |date=2011 |volume=45 |issue=3 |pages=404–416 |doi=10.1134/S0026893311020117 |s2cid=37140960 |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/225461744}}</ref>
 
* [[Haplogroup_N_Haplogroup N (Y-DNA)|Haplogroup N]] is the predominant paternal haplogroup in the Khakhas population. It represents roughly 64% of Khakas male lineages, mainly N1b (P43) and N1c (M178). It has been proposed that haplogroup N1b (specifically N2a1-B478) in the Khakassians may represent descent from [[Samoyedic languages|Samoyedic]] speakers who were assimilated by Turkic speakers.<ref>{{harvnb|Khar’kov|2011|p=407}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Xu |first1=Dan |last2=Li |first2=Hui |title=Languages and Genes in Northwestern China and Adjacent Regions |date=2017 |publisher=Springer |isbn=978-981-10-4169-3 |page=43 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YQPNDgAAQBAJ&pg=PA43 |language=en}} "From a generic perspective, N1b-P43 samples in Samoyed and Tuvan populations belong to a specific subclade named N2a1-B478. The expansion time of N2a1-B478 is only about 3600 years ago, as shown in Fig. 2. Hence, we propose that the southern part of Samoyed populations may have changed their language to a Turkic language at various historical periods, bringing haplogroup N2a1-B478 in to Tuvan, Khakhassian and Shors populations."</ref>
* [[Haplogroup_R1a_Haplogroup R1a (Y-DNA)|Haplogroup R1a]] is the second most common haplogroup in Khakhas populations; representing 27.9-33% of the total. Haplogroup R1a has the predominant paternal haplogroup in the [[Altai mountainsMountains|Altai]] region since the appearance of the [[Andronovo culture]].<ref>{{harvnb|Xu|Li|2017|ppp=42-4342–43}}</ref> It represents a migration of Indo-European speakers who migrated east and settled in central Siberia in the [[Bronze Age|Bronze]] and [[Iron Age]] periods, such as the Indo-Iranian [[Andronovo culture]] and the [[Tagar culture]].<ref>{{harvnb|Khar’kov|2011|p=413}}</ref> ▼
 
Other paternal haplogroups in Khakassians include [[Haplogroup_Q_Haplogroup Q (Y-DNA)|Haplogroup Q]], which is probably the "original" Siberian[[Siberia]]n lineage in Khakassians. It has a frequency of approximately 4.8% in the Khakassian population. Minor frequencies of haplogroups [[Haplogroup_R1b_Haplogroup R1b (Y-DNA)|R1b]], [[Haplogroup_C_Haplogroup C (Y-DNA)|C3]], and [[Haplogroup_E_Haplogroup E (Y-DNA)|E1]] were also reported.▼
▲* [[Haplogroup_R1a_(Y-DNA)|Haplogroup R1a]] is the second most common haplogroup in Khakhas populations; representing 27.9-33% of the total. Haplogroup R1a has the predominant paternal haplogroup in the [[Altai mountains|Altai]] region since the appearance of the [[Andronovo culture]].<ref>{{harvnb|Xu|Li|2017|p=42-43}}</ref> It represents a migration of Indo-European speakers who migrated east and settled in central Siberia in the [[Bronze Age|Bronze]] and [[Iron Age]] periods, such as the Indo-Iranian [[Andronovo culture]] and the [[Tagar culture]].<ref>{{harvnb|Khar’kov|2011|p=413}}</ref>
 
▲Other paternal haplogroups in Khakassians include [[Haplogroup_Q_(Y-DNA)|Haplogroup Q]], which is probably the "original" Siberian lineage in Khakassians. It has a frequency of approximately 4.8% in the Khakassian population. Minor frequencies of haplogroups [[Haplogroup_R1b_(Y-DNA)|R1b]], [[Haplogroup_C_(Y-DNA)|C3]], and [[Haplogroup_E_(Y-DNA)|E1]] were also reported.
 
=== Maternal lineages ===
 
Over 80% of Khakassian [[mtDNA]] lineages belong to East Eurasian lineages, although a significant percentage (18.9%) belong to various West Eurasian mtDNA lineages. <ref>{{cite journal |last1=Derenko |first1=MV |title=Diversity of Mitochondrial DNA Lineages in South Siberia |journal=Annals of Human Genetics |date=September 2003 |volume=67 |issue=5 |page=400 |doi=10.1046/j.1469-1809.2003.00035.x |pmid=12940914 |s2cid=28678003 |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/10595717}}</ref>
 
==Religion==
At present, the Khakas predominantly are [[Eastern Orthodox Church|Orthodox Christians]] ([[Russian Orthodox Church]]).
 
Also there is traditional [[Shamanism in Siberia|shamanism]] ([[Tengrism]]), including following movements:<ref name="BourdeauxFilatov">{{cite book|year=2006|editor-surname1=Bourdeaux |editor-given1=Michael |editor-surname2=Filatov |editor-given2=Sergei |title=Современная религиозная жизнь России. Опыт систематического описания |trans-title=Contemporary Religious Life of Russia. Systematic description experience |place=Moscow |publisher=[[Keston Institute]]; Logos |volume=4 |language=ru |pages=124–129 |isbn=5-98704-057-4}}</ref>
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==External links==
*{{commonscatcommons category-inline|Khakas people}}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20060619004517/http://www.nupi.no/cgi-win/Russland/etnisk_b.exe?Khakasian NUPI - Centre for Asian Studies profile]
* [http://www.kiravan.com/Articles/Sleeping_Warrior_Article.html The Sleeping Warrior: New Legends in the Rebirth of Khakass Shamanic Culture] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180301210603/http://www.kiravan.com/Articles/Sleeping_Warrior_Article.html |date=1 March 2018 }}
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[[Category:Ethnic groups in Russia]]
[[Category:Ethnic groups in Siberia]]
[[Category:Indigenous peoples of North AsiaSiberia]]
[[Category:Turkic peoples of Asia]]
[[Category:Khakas| ]]
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