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The '''Khakas'''{{efn|Also spelled '''Khakass'''.}}{{efn|{{lang-kjh|italic=no|{{small|sg.}} хакас/тадар|hakas/tadar}}, {{small|pl.}} {{lang|kjh|хакастар/тадарлар}}, ''hakastar/tadarlar''}} are a [[Turkic peoples|Turkic]] [[indigenous peoples of Siberia|indigenous people of Siberia]], who live in the republic of [[Khakassia]], [[Russia]]. They speak the [[Khakas language]].
The Khakhassian people are direct descendants of various ancient cultures that have inhabited southern Siberia, including the [[Andronovo culture]], [[Samoyedic peoples]], the [[Tagar culture]], and the [[Yenisei Kyrgyz]] culture.<ref>{{harvnb|Khar’kov|2011||ppp=404-405404–405}}</ref><ref name="Skutsch2013">{{cite book|author=Carl Skutsch|title=Encyclopedia of the World's Minorities|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=yXYKAgAAQBAJ&q=khakas+tatar&pg=PA705|date=7 November 2013|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-1-135-19388-1|pages=705–}}</ref><ref name="Friedrich1994">{{cite book|author=Paul Friedrich|title=Encyclopedia of World Cultures: Russia and Eurasia, China|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Qc4ZAQAAIAAJ&q=khakas+tatar|date=14 January 1994|publisher=G.K. Hall|isbn=978-0-8161-1810-6}}</ref>
== Etymology ==
== Genetics ==
===Paternal lineages ===
Genetic research has identified 4 primary [[paternal]] lineages in the Khakhas population.<ref>{{harvnb|Xu|Li|2017|ppp=42-4342–43}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Khar’kov |first1=V. N. |title=Genetic diversity of the Khakass gene pool: Subethnic differentiation and the structure of Y-chromosome haplogroups |journal=Molecular Biology |date=2011 |volume=45 |issue=3 |pages=404–416 |doi=10.1134/S0026893311020117 |s2cid=37140960 |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/225461744}}</ref>
* [[Haplogroup_N_Haplogroup N (Y-DNA)|Haplogroup N]] is the predominant paternal haplogroup in the Khakhas population. It represents roughly 64% of Khakas male lineages, mainly N1b (P43) and N1c (M178). It has been proposed that haplogroup N1b (specifically N2a1-B478) in the Khakassians may represent descent from [[Samoyedic languages|Samoyedic]] speakers who were assimilated by Turkic speakers.<ref>{{harvnb|Khar’kov|2011|p=407}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Xu |first1=Dan |last2=Li |first2=Hui |title=Languages and Genes in Northwestern China and Adjacent Regions |date=2017 |publisher=Springer |isbn=978-981-10-4169-3 |page=43 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YQPNDgAAQBAJ&pg=PA43 |language=en}} "From a generic perspective, N1b-P43 samples in Samoyed and Tuvan populations belong to a specific subclade named N2a1-B478. The expansion time of N2a1-B478 is only about 3600 years ago, as shown in Fig. 2. Hence, we propose that the southern part of Samoyed populations may have changed their language to a Turkic language at various historical periods, bringing haplogroup N2a1-B478 in to Tuvan, Khakhassian and Shors populations."</ref>
* [[ Haplogroup_R1a_Haplogroup R1a (Y-DNA)|Haplogroup R1a]] is the second most common haplogroup in Khakhas populations; representing 27.9-33% of the total. Haplogroup R1a has the predominant paternal haplogroup in the [[Altai mountains|Altai]] region since the appearance of the [[Andronovo culture]].<ref>{{harvnb|Xu|Li|2017| ppp= 42-4342–43}}</ref> It represents a migration of Indo-European speakers who migrated east and settled in central Siberia in the [[Bronze Age|Bronze]] and [[Iron Age]] periods, such as the Indo-Iranian [[Andronovo culture]] and the [[Tagar culture]].<ref>{{harvnb|Khar’kov|2011|p=413}}</ref> ▼
Other paternal haplogroups in Khakassians include [[ Haplogroup_Q_Haplogroup Q (Y-DNA)|Haplogroup Q]], which is probably the "original" Siberian lineage in Khakassians. It has a frequency of approximately 4.8% in the Khakassian population. Minor frequencies of haplogroups [[ Haplogroup_R1b_Haplogroup R1b (Y-DNA)|R1b]], [[ Haplogroup_C_Haplogroup C (Y-DNA)|C3]], and [[ Haplogroup_E_Haplogroup E (Y-DNA)|E1]] were also reported. ▼▲* [[Haplogroup_R1a_(Y-DNA)|Haplogroup R1a]] is the second most common haplogroup in Khakhas populations; representing 27.9-33% of the total. Haplogroup R1a has the predominant paternal haplogroup in the [[Altai mountains|Altai]] region since the appearance of the [[Andronovo culture]].<ref>{{harvnb|Xu|Li|2017|p=42-43}}</ref> It represents a migration of Indo-European speakers who migrated east and settled in central Siberia in the [[Bronze Age|Bronze]] and [[Iron Age]] periods, such as the Indo-Iranian [[Andronovo culture]] and the [[Tagar culture]].<ref>{{harvnb|Khar’kov|2011|p=413}}</ref>
▲Other paternal haplogroups in Khakassians include [[Haplogroup_Q_(Y-DNA)|Haplogroup Q]], which is probably the "original" Siberian lineage in Khakassians. It has a frequency of approximately 4.8% in the Khakassian population. Minor frequencies of haplogroups [[Haplogroup_R1b_(Y-DNA)|R1b]], [[Haplogroup_C_(Y-DNA)|C3]], and [[Haplogroup_E_(Y-DNA)|E1]] were also reported.
=== Maternal lineages ===
Over 80% of Khakassian [[mtDNA]] lineages belong to East Eurasian lineages, although a significant percentage (18.9%) belong to various West Eurasian mtDNA lineages. <ref>{{cite journal |last1=Derenko |first1=MV |title=Diversity of Mitochondrial DNA Lineages in South Siberia |journal=Annals of Human Genetics |date=September 2003 |volume=67 |issue=5 |page=400 |doi=10.1046/j.1469-1809.2003.00035.x |pmid=12940914 |s2cid=28678003 |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/10595717}}</ref>
==Religion==
At present, the Khakas predominantly are [[Eastern Orthodox Church|Orthodox Christians]] ([[Russian Orthodox Church]]).
Also there is traditional [[Shamanism in Siberia|shamanism]] ([[Tengrism]]), including following movements:<ref name="BourdeauxFilatov">{{cite book|year=2006|editor-surname1=Bourdeaux |editor-given1=Michael |editor-surname2=Filatov |editor-given2=Sergei |title=Современная религиозная жизнь России. Опыт систематического описания |trans-title=Contemporary Religious Life of Russia. Systematic description experience |place=Moscow |publisher=[[Keston Institute]]; Logos |volume=4 |language=ru |pages=124–129 |isbn=5-98704-057-4}}</ref>
==External links==
*{{commonscatcommons category-inline|Khakas people}}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20060619004517/http://www.nupi.no/cgi-win/Russland/etnisk_b.exe?Khakasian NUPI - Centre for Asian Studies profile]
* [http://www.kiravan.com/Articles/Sleeping_Warrior_Article.html The Sleeping Warrior: New Legends in the Rebirth of Khakass Shamanic Culture] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180301210603/http://www.kiravan.com/Articles/Sleeping_Warrior_Article.html |date=1 March 2018 }}
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