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m physically doesn't fit since the mythic description vary, it could as likely be a giant starfish or tentacle monster according to such, only the etymology really connects the original myth it with cephalopods |
Randy Kryn (talk | contribs) →Literary influences: spelling fix per direct link ('Seas', not 'Sea') |
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== Etymology ==
The English word
According to a Norwegian dictionary, the root meaning of ''krake'' is "malformed or overgrown, crooked tree".<ref name="UIB"/> It originates from [[Old Norse]] {{lang|non|kraki}}, which is etymologically related to Old Norse {{lang|non|krókr}}, {{literally|hook}}, [[cognate]] with "crook". This is backed up by the [[Swedish language|Swedish]] dictionary [[SAOB]], published by the [[Swedish Academy]], which gives essentially the exact same description for the word in Swedish and confirming the lead ''krak'' as a [[diminutive form]] of ''krok'', Norwegian and Swedish for 'hook/crook' (''krake'' thus roughly translate to "crookie").<ref name="krake sbst.4"/> With time, "krake" have come to mean any severed tree stem or trunk with crooked outgrowths, in turn giving name to objects and tools based on such, notably for the subject matter, primitive [[anchor]]s and ''drags'' ([[grapnel anchor]]s) made from severed spruce tops or branchy bush trunks outfitted with a stone sinker,<ref name="UIB"/><ref name="krake sbst.4"/> known as ''krake'', but also ''krabbe'' in Norwegian or ''krabba'' in Swedish ({{literally|crab}}).{{efn|{{lang-no|Krabbe}}, {{lang-sv|krabba}} ({{literally|crab}}) as a word for ''drag'' ([[grapnel anchor]]) is assumed to be figuratively derived from the animal of the same name, as both shares the nature of crawling on the sea bed. The word stems from {{lang-non|krabbi}}, etymologically root cognate with {{lang-gml|krabbe}}, {{lang-ang|crabba}}, 'to crawl'.<ref name="krabba sbst.1"/><ref name="krabba sbst.2"/><ref name="credibility"/>}} Old Norse {{lang|non|kraki}} mostly corresponds to these uses in modern [[Icelandic language|Icelandic]], meaning, among other things, "twig" and "drag", but also "pole
[[File:Trädragg.jpg|thumb|Old style Scandinavian drag ([[grapnel anchor]]) made from the top of a tree, historically known as ''krake'' or ''krabbe'' in the [[Scandinavian languages]], probably the root for the naming of the mythological monster.]]
=== Synonyms ===
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=== Paleo-cephalopod===
{{Main|Mark McMenamin#Triassic kraken}}
[[Paleontology|Paleontologist]] [[Mark McMenamin]] and his spouse Dianna Schulte McMenamin claimed that an ancient, giant cephalopod resembling the legendary kraken caused the deaths of ichthyosaurs during the [[Triassic]] Period.<ref>{{cite journal |url=https://www.nature.com/news/2011/111011/full/news.2011.586.html |first=Sid |last=Perkins |title=Kraken versus ichthyosaur: let battle commence |date=2011 |journal=Nature |doi=10.1038/news.2011.586 |access-date=December 2, 2020 |doi-access=free }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=McMenamin |first1=Mark A. S. |last2=McMenamin |first2=Dianna Schulte |date=Oct 2011 |title=Triassic Kraken: The Berlin Ichthyosaur Death Assemblage Interpreted as a Giant Cephalopod Midden |url=http://gsa.confex.com/gsa/2011AM/finalprogram/abstract_197227.htm |journal=Geological Society of America Abstracts with Programs |volume=43 |issue=5 |page=310 |access-date=18 May 2023 |archive-date=14 May 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190514141456/https://gsa.confex.com/gsa/2011AM/finalprogram/abstract_197227.htm |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |author1=McMenamin, M. A. S. |author2=McMenamin, Dianna Schulte |year=2013 |title=The Kraken's back: New evidence regarding possible cephalopod arrangement of ichthyosaur skeletons |journal=Geological Society of America Abstracts with Programs |volume=43 |issue=5 |page=87}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=McMenamin |first=Mark A. S. |date=2023 |title=A Late Triassic Nuculanoid Clam (Bivalvia: Nuculanoidea) and Associated Mollusks: Implications for Luning Formation (Nevada, USA) Paleobathymetry |journal=Geosciences |language=en |volume=13 |issue=3 |pages=80 |doi=10.3390/geosciences13030080 |issn=2076-3263 |doi-access=free |bibcode=2023Geosc..13...80M }}</ref> However, this theory has been met with criticisms by multiple researchers.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://the-meniscus.blogspot.com/2011/10/kraken-sleepeth.html | title=The Meniscus: The Kraken Sleepeth | date=16 October 2011 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last=Simpson |first=Sarah |date=October 11, 2011 |title=Smokin' Kraken? |url=http://news.discovery.com/earth/smokin-kraken-111011.html |accessdate=2011-10-11 |work=Discovery News |publisher=[[Discovery Channel]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |date=October 12, 2011 |title=Mythical Kraken-Like Sea Monster Might be Real: Researcher |url=http://www.ibtimes.com/articles/229497/20111012/mythical-kraken-kraken-prehistoric-oceans-ichthyosaur-bones-charles-lewis-camp.htm |accessdate=2011-10-12 |work=[[International Business Times]] |publisher=The International Business Times Inc.}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Than |first1=Ker |date=October 11, 2011 |title=Kraken Sea Monster Account "Bizarre and Miraculous" |url=http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2011/10/111011-kraken-sea-monster-ichthyosaurs-science/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111012163622/http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2011/10/111011-kraken-sea-monster-ichthyosaurs-science/ |url-status=dead |archive-date=12 October 2011 |accessdate=2011-10-12 |work=National Geographic News |publisher=[[National Geographic Society]]}}</ref>
== Literary influences ==
[[File:20000 squid holding sailor.jpg|thumb|upright|An illustration from the original 1870 edition of ''[[Twenty Thousand Leagues Under the
The French novelist [[Victor Hugo]]'s ''Les Travailleurs de la mer'' (1866, "[[Toilers of the Sea]]") discusses the man-eating octopus, the kraken of legend, called ''pieuvre'' by the locals of the [[Channel Islands]] (in the [[Guernésiais|Guernsey dialect]], etc.).<ref name="cahill"/><ref name="hugo1866"/>{{Refn|group="lower-alpha"|Hugo also produced an ink and wash sketch of the octopus.<ref name="weiss"/>}} Hugo's octopus later influenced [[Jules Verne]]'s depiction of the kraken in ''[[Twenty Thousand Leagues Under the
In the English-speaking world, examples in fine literature are [[Alfred Tennyson, 1st Baron Tennyson|Alfred Tennyson]]'s 1830 irregular [[sonnet]] ''[[The Kraken (poem)|The Kraken]]'',<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.victorianweb.org/authors/tennyson/kraken.html |title=The Kraken (1830) |website=Victorianweb.org |date=2005-01-11 |access-date=2011-11-21}}</ref> references in [[Herman Melville]]'s 1851 novel ''[[Moby-Dick]]'' (Chapter 59 "Squid"),<ref>{{cite book |url=https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/2701 |title=Moby Dick; Or, The Whale |last=Melville |first=Herman |author-link=Herman Melville |date=2001 |orig-year=1851 |publisher=[[Project Gutenberg]]}}</ref>
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Examples include: [[John Wyndham]]'s novel ''[[The Kraken Wakes]]'' (1953), the [[Kraken (Marvel Comics)|Kraken]] of [[Marvel Comics]], the 1981 film ''[[Clash of the Titans (1981 film)|Clash of the Titans]]'' and its [[Clash of the Titans (2010 film)|2010 remake of the same name]], and the [[Seattle Kraken]] professional ice hockey team. Krakens also appear in video games such as ''[[Sea of Thieves]]'', ''[[God of War II]]'', ''[[Return of the Obra Dinn]]'' and ''[[Dredge (video game)|Dredge]]''. The kraken was also featured in two of the [[Pirates of the Caribbean (film series)|Pirates of the Caribbean]] movies, as the pet of the fearsome Davy Jones in the 2006 film, ''[[Pirates of the Caribbean: Dead Man's Chest]]'' and appears in the film's sequel, ''[[Pirates of the Caribbean: At World's End|At World's End]]''. In [[George R.R. Martin]]'s fantasy novel series, [[A Song of Ice and Fire]] and its [[HBO]] series adaptations, [[Game of Thrones]] and [[House of the Dragon]], the mythical kraken is the [[sigil]] of [[House Greyjoy]] of the Iron Islands.
Two features on the surfaces of other celestial objects have been named after the Kraken. ''[[Kraken Mare]]'', a major sea of liquid ethane and methane, is the largest known body of liquid on [[Saturn]]'s moon [[Titan (moon)|Titan]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2017-04-25 |title=Kraken Mare: The Largest Methane Sea Known To Humankind |url=https://www.worldatlas.com/articles/which-is-the-largest-methane-sea-known-to-us.html |access-date=2023-10-13 |website=WorldAtlas |language=en-US}}</ref> ''[[Kraken Catena]]'' is a
==See also==
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<ref name="beck">{{citation|last=Beck |first=Thor Jensen |author-link=<!--Thor Jensen Beck (1882–1967), modern language professor--> |title=Northern Antiquities in French Learning and Literature (1755-1855): A Study in Preromantic Ideas |volume=2 |location= |publisher=Columbia university |date=1934|url={{GBurl|id=xywvAAAAIAAJ|q=Negri}} |page=199 |isbn=5-02-002481-3 |quote=Before Pontoppidan, the same " Krake ” had been taken very seriously by the Italian traveler, Francesco Negri }}</ref>
<ref name="bell">{{citation|last=Bell |first=F. Jeffrey |author-link=Francis Jeffrey Bell |title=XLIV. Some Notes on British Ophiurids |journal=Annals
<ref name="bhattacharjee">{{cite book|last=Bhattacharjee |first=Shuhita |author-link=<!--Shuhita Bhattacharjee--> |chapter=The Colonial Idol, the Animalistic, and the New Woman in the Imperial Gothic of Richard Marsh |editor1-last=Heholt |editor1-first=Ruth |editor1-link=<!--Ruth Heholt--> |editor2-last=Edmundson|editor2-first=Melissa |editor2-link=<!--Melissa Edmundson--> |title=Gothic Animals: Uncanny Otherness and the Animal With-Out |location= |publisher=Springer Nature |year=1657 |chapter-url={{GBurl|id=XWvDDwAAQBAJ|p=259}} |page=259 |isbn=978-3-030-34540-2}}</ref>
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