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{{for|the United States Navy ship|USS Kuwana II (SP-594)}}
{{refimprove|date=October 2018}}
{{Infobox settlement
<!-- See Template:Infobox settlement for additional fields and descriptions -->
| name = {{raise|0.2em|Kuwana}}
| official_name =
| native_name = {{lower|0.1em|{{nobold|{{lang|ja|桑名市}}}}}}
| native_name_lang = ja
| settlement_type = [[Cities of Japan|City]]
Line 22 ⟶ 21:
| image_map = Kuwana in Mie Prefecture Ja.svg
| map_alt =
| map_caption = Location of Kuwana in [[Mie Prefecture]]
| pushpin_map = Japan
| pushpin_label_position = <!-- position of the pushpin label: left, right, top, bottom, none -->
Line 36 ⟶ 35:
| subdivision_name1 = [[Kansai region|Kansai]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[Prefectures of Japan|Prefecture]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Mie Prefecture|Mie]]
| subdivision_type3 =
| subdivision_name3 =
Line 51 ⟶ 50:
| leader_party =
| leader_title = Mayor
| leader_name = Narutaka ItoItō
| leader_title1 =
| leader_name1 = <!-- etc., up to leader_title4 / leader_name4 -->
Line 70 ⟶ 69:
<!-- population -->
| population_footnotes = <!-- for references: use <ref> tags -->
| population_total = 139141,587045
| population_as_of = JuneMarch 131, 20192021
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_est =
| pop_est_as_of =
| population_demonym = <!-- demonym, iei.e. Liverpudlian for someone from Liverpool -->
| population_note =
<!-- time zone(s) -->
Line 88 ⟶ 87:
| area_code =
<!-- blank fields (section 1) -->
| blank_name_sec1 = City SymbolsPhone&nbsp;number
| blank1_name_sec1blank_info_sec1 = 0594- Tree24-1136
| blank1_name_sec1 = Address
| blank1_info_sec1 = [[Cornus florida|Flowering Dogwood]]
| blank1_info_sec1 = 2-37 Chūōchō, Kuwana-shi, Mie-ken 511-8601
| blank2_name_sec1 = - Flower
| blank2_info_sec1 = [[Japanese iris]]
| blank3_name_sec1 =
| blank3_info_sec1 =
| blank4_name_sec1 =
| blank4_info_sec1 =
| blank5_name_sec1 =
| blank5_info_sec1 =
| blank6_name_sec1 =
| blank6_info_sec1 =
| blank7_name_sec1 =
| blank7_info_sec1 =
<!-- blank fields (section 2) -->
| blank_name_sec2 = Phone&nbsp;number[[Köppen climate classification|Climate]]
| blank_info_sec2 = 0594-24-1136[[Humid subtropical climate|Cfa]]
| blank1_name_sec2 = Address
| blank1_info_sec2 = 2-37 Chūōchō, Kuwana-shi, Mie-ken 511-8601
<!-- website, footnotes -->
| website = {{URLOfficial website|http://www.city.kuwana.lg.jp}}
| footnotes =
| module = {{Infobox place symbols| embedded=yes
| tree = [[Cornus florida|Flowering Dogwood]]
| flower = [[Japanese iris]]
| bird =
| flowering_tree =
| butterfly =
| fish =
| other_symbols =
}}
}}
[[File:Kuwana Cityhall Mie01.jpg|thumb|Kuwana City Hall]]
{{nihongo|'''Kuwana'''|桑名市|Kuwana-shi}} is a [[Cities of Japan|city]] located in [[Mie Prefecture]], [[Japan]]. {{As of|2021|03|31}}, the city had an estimated [[population]] of 141,045 in 60,301 households and a [[population density]] of 1000 persons per km<sup>2</sup>.<ref name="Kuwana-hp">{{cite web |url=https://www.city.kuwana.lg.jp/index.cfm/25,48013,215,322,html|title= Kuwana city official statistics|location= Japan|language= ja}}</ref> The total area of the city is {{convert|136.68|sqkm|sqmi}}.
 
In June 1, 2019, the city had an estimated [[population]] of 139,587 and a [[population density]] of 1,021 per km². The total area is 136.68&nbsp;km².
 
==Geography==
Line 121 ⟶ 114:
 
===Neighboring municipalities===
*Mie Prefecture
**[[Yokkaichi, Mie]]
**[[Inabe, Mie|Inabe]]
**[[Kisosaki, Mie|Kisosaki]]
**[[Tōin, Mie|Tōin]]
**[[Asahi, Mie|Asahi]]
**[[Kawagoe, Mie|Kawagoe]]
*[[Aichi Prefecture]]
**[[Aisai, Aichi]]
**[[Yatomi, Aichi]]
*[[Gifu Prefecture]]
**[[Kaizu, Gifu]]
 
==History=Climate===
Kuwana has a [[Humid subtropical climate]] (Köppen ''Cfa'') characterized by warm summers and cool winters with light to no snowfall. The average annual temperature in Kuwana is {{cvt|16.1|C}}. The average annual rainfall is {{cvt|1616.3|mm}} with September as the wettest month. The temperatures are highest on average in August, at around {{cvt|28.0|C}}, and lowest in January, at around {{cvt|4.8|C}}.<ref name=normals/>
{{unreferenced|section|date=October 2018}}
During the late [[Heian period]] and [[Muromachi period]], the area of modern Kuwana was known as {{nihongo|Juraku-no-tsu|十楽の津||}} and was a major seaport on the east coast of Japan, controlled by a guild of merchants. The poet Socho described it in 1515 as a major city with over a thousand houses, temples and inns. During the [[Sengoku period]], the area came under the control of the warlord [[Oda Nobunaga]]. The [[Sieges of Nagashima]] took place in 1571, 1573 and 1574, finally resulting in the destruction of the [[Ikkō-ikki]] by Nobunaga’s forces.
 
* Temperature: Maximum {{cvt|39.8|C}} (August 3, 2018), Minimum {{cvt|-6.4|C}} (February 4, 1999)
After Nobunaga’s death, the area came under the control of [[Toyotomi Hideyoshi]], who initially installed Nobunaga’s younger son [[Oda Nobukatsu]] as ruler as all of [[Ise Province]]. However, following the [[Siege of Odawara (1590)|Battle of Odawara]], Hideyoshi demoted Oda Nobukatsu, divided Ise Province into several domains, was assigned to [[Ujiie Yukihiro]] as a 22,000 ''[[koku]]'' domain in 1595. Ujiie Yukihiro sided with the pro-Toyotomi armies in the [[Battle of Sekigahara]] and was dispossessed by [[Tokugawa Ieyasu]].
* Precipitation: Maximum {{cvt|358.0|mm}} (September 11, 2000)
* Instantaneous wind speed: Maximum 27.8 meters/second (September 4, 2018)<ref name=extremes/>
 
{{Weather box
In January 1601, one of Ieyasu’s main generals, [[Honda Tadakatsu]] was installed as [[daimyō]] of Kuwana Domain, with revenues of 150,000 ''koku''. The [[Tokugawa Shogunate]] recognized the strategic value of the location as both a seaport, and also as [[Kuwana-juku]], as the forty-second [[53 Stations of the Tōkaidō|post station]] on the vital [[Tōkaidō (road)|Tōkaidō]] highway connecting [[Edo]] with [[Kyoto]]. Some travelers along the road would take ships and boats across [[Ise Bay]] from [[Miya-juku]] (located in present-day [[Nagoya]] near [[Atsuta Shrine]]) to Kuwana, which reportedly made the journey more enjoyable. The trip across the Ise Bay, which took a whole day, made Kuwana a necessary stop for most of the travelers, benefiting the city's numerous inns and restaurants which served fresh sea food. Kuwana was especially known for its clams.
|width = auto
|single line = Y
|metric first = Y
|location = Kuwana (1991−2020 normals, extremes 1979−present)
|Jan record high C = 17.7
|Feb record high C = 20.6
|Mar record high C = 24.9
|Apr record high C = 30.8
|May record high C = 34.1
|Jun record high C = 37.5
|Jul record high C = 39.7
|Aug record high C = 40.4
|Sep record high C = 38.0
|Oct record high C = 32.3
|Nov record high C = 26.3
|Dec record high C = 21.9
|Jan record low C = -5.3
|Feb record low C = -6.4
|Mar record low C = -4.4
|Apr record low C = 0.2
|May record low C = 6.0
|Jun record low C = 11.6
|Jul record low C = 16.3
|Aug record low C = 15.5
|Sep record low C = 10.9
|Oct record low C = 4.5
|Nov record low C = -0.7
|Dec record low C = -5.0
|Jan high C = 9.2
|Feb high C = 10.2
|Mar high C = 13.9
|Apr high C = 19.3
|May high C = 24.0
|Jun high C = 27.1
|Jul high C = 31.0
|Aug high C = 32.7
|Sep high C = 29.0
|Oct high C = 23.3
|Nov high C = 17.3
|Dec high C = 11.6
|Jan mean C = 4.8
|Feb mean C = 5.5
|Mar mean C = 8.9
|Apr mean C = 14.2
|May mean C = 19.1
|Jun mean C = 22.8
|Jul mean C = 26.7
|Aug mean C = 28.0
|Sep mean C = 24.4
|Oct mean C = 18.6
|Nov mean C = 12.6
|Dec mean C = 7.3
|Jan low C = 1.2
|Feb low C = 1.5
|Mar low C = 4.5
|Apr low C = 9.6
|May low C = 14.8
|Jun low C = 19.3
|Jul low C = 23.5
|Aug low C = 24.6
|Sep low C = 20.9
|Oct low C = 14.8
|Nov low C = 8.6
|Dec low C = 3.5
|precipitation colour = green
|Jan precipitation mm = 54.3
|Feb precipitation mm = 63.2
|Mar precipitation mm = 112.8
|Apr precipitation mm = 141.7
|May precipitation mm = 166.8
|Jun precipitation mm = 209.5
|Jul precipitation mm = 193.2
|Aug precipitation mm = 137.1
|Sep precipitation mm = 233.3
|Oct precipitation mm = 165.8
|Nov precipitation mm = 79.7
|Dec precipitation mm = 59.0
|year precipitation mm = 1616.3
|unit precipitation days = 1.0 mm
|Jan precipitation days = 6.3
|Feb precipitation days = 7.1
|Mar precipitation days = 9.2
|Apr precipitation days = 9.3
|May precipitation days = 10.2
|Jun precipitation days = 12.3
|Jul precipitation days = 11.8
|Aug precipitation days = 8.7
|Sep precipitation days = 11.1
|Oct precipitation days = 9.3
|Nov precipitation days = 6.4
|Dec precipitation days = 7.1
|Jan sun = 159.8
|Feb sun = 158.3
|Mar sun = 188.5
|Apr sun = 194.3
|May sun = 199.9
|Jun sun = 154.2
|Jul sun = 175.2
|Aug sun = 218.6
|Sep sun = 163.3
|Oct sun = 167.1
|Nov sun = 157.8
|Dec sun = 156.7
|year sun = 2093.6
|source 1 = [[Japan Meteorological Agency]]<ref name=extremes>{{cite web
| url = https://www.data.jma.go.jp/obd/stats/etrn/view/rank_a.php?prec_no=53&block_no=0500&year=&month=&day=&view=h0
|script-title=ja:観測史上1～10位の値（年間を通じての値）
| publisher = [[Japan Meteorological Agency|JMA]]
| access-date = April 11, 2022}}</ref><ref name=normals>{{cite web
| url = https://www.data.jma.go.jp/obd/stats/etrn/view/nml_amd_ym.php?prec_no=53&block_no=0500&year=&month=&day=&view=h0
|script-title=ja:気象庁 / 平年値（年・月ごとの値）
| publisher = [[Japan Meteorological Agency|JMA]]
| access-date = April 11, 2022}}</ref>}}
 
===Demographics===
In 1609, Honda Tadakatsu was succeeded by his son [[Honda Tadamasa]], who distinguished himself at the [[Siege of Osaka]] and was rewarded with a transfer to the more lucrative [[Himeji Domain]] in 1617.The strategic Kuwana Domain was then assigned to Ieyasu’s half-brother, [[Hisamatsu Sadakatsu]], whose descendants ruled until they were transferred to [[Takada Domain]] in [[Echigo Province]] in 1710, and their place taken by the Okudaira branch of the [[Matsudaira clan]], who ruled to 1823, when a branch of the Hisamatsu returned to Kuwana from [[Shirakawa Domain]] in [[Mutsu Province]]. The Hisamatsu continued to rule Kuwana until the end of the Tokugawa shogunate. [[Matsudaira Sadaaki]], the next-to-last daimyō of Kuwana served as the last ''[[Kyoto shoshidai]]'' and supported his brother, [[Matsudaira Katamori]], daimyō of [[Aizu Domain]]. He fought in the [[Boshin War]], finally surrendering to the [[Meiji government]] after the fall of the [[Republic of Ezo]].
Per Japanese census data,<ref>[https://www.citypopulation.de/php/japan-mie.php Kuwana population statistics]</ref> the population of Kuwana has increased steadily over the past 60 years.
 
{{Historical populations
With the [[abolition of the han system]] in July 1871 after the [[Meiji restoration]], Kuwana Domain became “Kuwana Prefecture”, and later became Kuwana District within Mie Prefecture.
| 1950 | 78,754
| 1960 | 88,556
| 1970 | 101,403
| 1980 | 110,310
| 1990 | 124,042
| 2000 | 134,856
| 2010 | 140,281
|align = none
| footnote =
}}
 
==History==
The area re-established itself as a regional commercial center and was noted for its metal casting industry. Kuwana Town was established in April 1889. The modern city was founded on April 1, 1937, as a result of a merger between existing towns and villages in the area. The city was devastated by Allied air raids on July 17 and July 24, 1945, during [[World War II]], which destroyed some 90% of its urban area.
[[File:Hamaguri Plaza ac (9).jpg|thumb|''[[Corbicula japonica|Shijimi]]'' clams being sold in Kuwana. The city is historically known for its clams]]
During the late [[Heian period]] and [[Muromachi period]], the area of modern Kuwana was known as {{nihongo|Juraku-no-tsu|十楽の津||}} and was a major seaport on the east coast of Japan, controlled by a guild of merchants. The poet Socho described it in 1515 as a major city with over a thousand houses, temples and inns. During the [[Sengoku period]], the area came under the control of the warlord [[Oda Nobunaga]]. The [[Sieges of Nagashima]] took place in 1571, 1573 and 1574, finally resulting in the destruction of the [[Ikkō-ikki]] by Nobunaga's forces. After Nobunaga's death, the area came under the control of [[Toyotomi Hideyoshi]], who initially installed Nobunaga's younger son [[Oda Nobukatsu]] as ruler as all of [[Ise Province]]. However, following the [[Siege of Odawara (1590)|Battle of Odawara]], Hideyoshi demoted Oda Nobukatsu, divided Ise Province into several domains, was assigned to [[Ujiie Yukihiro]] as a 22,000 ''[[koku]]'' domain in 1595. Ujiie Yukihiro sided with the pro-Toyotomi armies in the [[Battle of Sekigahara]] and was dispossessed by [[Tokugawa Ieyasu]].<ref name="Kuwana2-hp">{{cite web |url=https://www.city.kuwana.lg.jp/index.cfm/30,0,249,htmll|title= Kuwana city history|location= Japan|language= ja}}</ref>
 
Under the [[Tokugawa shogunate]], Kuwana was the [[jōkamachi|castle town]] of [[Kuwana Domain]], with a ''[[kokudaka]]'' of 150,000 ''koku''. It was also the location of [[Kuwana-juku]], as the forty-second [[53 Stations of the Tōkaidō|post station]] on the vital [[Tōkaidō (road)|Tōkaidō]] highway connecting [[Edo]] with [[Kyoto]]. Some travelers along the road would take ships and boats across [[Ise Bay]] from [[Miya-juku]] (located in present-day [[Nagoya]] near [[Atsuta Shrine]]) to Kuwana, which reportedly made the journey more enjoyable. As the trip across Ise Bay took a whole day, Kuwana became a necessary stop for most travelers, benefiting the city's numerous inns and restaurants which served fresh sea food. Kuwana was especially known for its clams. The shogunate recognized the strategic value of the location as both a seaport, and the domain was always ruled by a ''[[fudai daimyō]]'', and from 1823 by the ''[[Shinpan (daimyo)|shinpan daimyō]]'' Hisamatsu clan. [[Matsudaira Sadaaki]], the next-to-last ''daimyō'' of Kuwana served as the last ''[[Kyoto shoshidai]]'' and supported his brother, [[Matsudaira Katamori]], daimyō of [[Aizu Domain]]. He fought in the [[Boshin War]], finally surrendering to the [[Meiji government]] after the fall of the [[Republic of Ezo]]. With the [[abolition of the han system]] in July 1871 after the [[Meiji restoration]], Kuwana Domain became “Kuwana Prefecture”, and later became Kuwana District within Mie Prefecture.<ref name="Kuwana2-hp"/>
 
The area re-established itself as a regional commercial center and was noted for its metal casting industry. Kuwana Town was established in April 1889 with the establishment of the modern municipalities system. It was raised to city status on April 1, 1937, as a result of a merger between existing towns and villages in the area. The city was devastated by Allied air raids on July 17 and July 24, 1945, during [[World War II]], which destroyed some 90% of its urban area. Portions of the city were again heavily damaged in 1959 by the [[Isewan Typhoon]].
 
On December 6, 2004, the towns of [[Nagashima, Mie|Nagashima]] and [[Tado, Mie|Tado]] (both from [[Kuwana District, Mie|Kuwana District]]) were merged into Kuwana.
 
==Government==
Portions of the city were heavily damaged in 1959 by the [[Isewan Typhoon]].
Kuwana has a [[mayor-council]] form of government with a directly elected mayor and a [[unicameral]] city council of 26 members. Kuwana contributes four members to the Mie Prefectural Assembly. In terms of national politics, the city is part of Mie 3rd district of the [[House of Representatives of Japan|lower house]] of the [[Diet of Japan]].
 
==Economy==
On December 6, 2004, old Kuwana city, the towns of [[Nagashima, Mie|Nagashima]] and [[Tado, Mie|Tado]] (both from [[Kuwana District, Mie|Kuwana District]]) were merged into new and expanded city of Kuwana.
Traditionally, Kuwana has been noted for its metal casting industry, which remains an important factor in the local economy, especially with the production on manhole covers and gratings. Another traditional industry that Kuwana was famous for was the production of [[Banko ware]] ceramics, and for its woodworking industries, including the production of wooden trays and furniture. [[Commercial fishing]], especially the farming of [[Meretrix lusoria|''hamaguri'']] clams is also an important industry. Today, the city functions as a [[bed town]] for nearby [[Nagoya]] and [[Yokkaichi, Mie|Yokkaichi]]. A large housing estate called Ōyamada (大山田) is located west of central Kuwana.
 
==Education==
Today, the city functions as a [[bed town]] for nearby [[Nagoya]] and [[Yokkaichi, Mie|Yokkaichi]]. A large housing estate called Ōyamada (大山田) is located west of central Kuwana.
Kuwana has 27 public elementary schools and nine public middle schools operated by the city government and four public high schools operated by the Mie Prefectural Department of Education. There are also one private elementary school, middle school and high school. The prefecture also operates one special education school for the handicapped.
 
==Transportation==
===Railway===
*[[File:JR logo (central).svg|20px]] [[Central Japan Railway Company|JR CentralTōkai]] – [[Kansai Main Line]]
**{{STN|Nagashima}} - {{STN|Kuwana}}
*[[file:KintetsuLogo.svg|20px]] [[Kintetsu Railway|Kintetsu]] – [[Nagoya Line (Kintetsu)|Nagoya Line]]
**{{STN|Kintetsu Nagashima}} - {{STN|Kuwana}}
*[[File:Yoro Railway Logo.svg|20px]] [[Yōrō Railway Yōrō Line|Yōrō Railway]] – [[Yōrō Railway Yōrō Line|Yōrō Line]]
** {{STN|Kuwana}} - {{STN|Harima}} - {{STN|Shimo-Fukaya}} - {{STN|Shimo-Noshiro}} - {{STN|Tado}}
*[[file:Sangi Railway Logo.svg|20px]] [[Sangi Railway]] – [[Sangi Railway Hokusei Line|Hokusei Line]]
**{{STN|Nishi-Kuwana}} - {{STN|Umamichi}} - {{STN|Nishibessho}} - {{STN|Rengeji}} - {{STN|Ariyoshi}} - {{STN|Hoshikawa|Mie}} - {{STN|Nanawa}}
 
===Highway===
*[[file:JP Expressway E23.svg|24px|link=|alt=E23]] [[Higashi-Meihan Expressway]]
*[[file:JP Expressway E1A.svg|24px|link=|alt=E1A]] [[Isewangan Expressway]]
* {{jct|country=JPN|Route|1}}
*[[Japan National Route 1]]
* {{jct|country=JPN|Route|23}}
*[[Japan National Route 23]]
*[[Japan National {{jct|country=JPN|Route |258]]}}
*[[Japan National {{jct|country=JPN|Route |421]]}}
 
== Local attractions ==
=== Places of interest ===
[[File:Tado Festival 2.jpg|thumb|Tado Festival, held in May every year]]
[[File:Rokkaen ac (7).jpg|thumb|Rokkaen]]
 
* [[Nagashima Spa Land]]
* [[Tado Shrine]]
* [[Kiso Three Rivers|Kiso Sansen]] [[National Government Parks|National Government Park]]
* [[Yōrō Mountains|Mount Tado]]
* Rokkaen
* Nabana no Sato, famous for its illuminations<ref>{{cite web|title=5.8 million Lights illuminate Nabana no Sato theme park in Japan|url=http://www.fareastgizmos.com/other_stuff/58_million_lights_illuminate_nabana_no_sato_theme_park_in_japan.php|publisher=FarEastGizmos.com|accessdate=5 November 2012|date=9 November 2010}}</ref>[[File:Nabana no Sato Illumination.jpg|thumb|right|Illumination in Nabana Park]]
* Nabana no Sato, famous for its illuminations<ref>{{cite web|title=5.8 million Lights illuminate Nabana no Sato theme park in Japan|url=http://www.fareastgizmos.com/other_stuff/58_million_lights_illuminate_nabana_no_sato_theme_park_in_japan.php|publisher=FarEastGizmos.com|access-date=5 November 2012|date=9 November 2010}}</ref>[[File:Nabana no Sato Illumination.jpg|thumb|right|Illumination in Nabana Park]]
 
=== Festivals ===
Line 187 ⟶ 319:
 
=== Famous products ===
* [[ClamMeretrix lusoria|Hamaguri]] (Oriental clam) dishes
* [[Carp]] dishes
 
Line 197 ⟶ 329:
==Notable people==
{{Unreferenced section|date=December 2012}}
* [[Tatsumi Naofumi]] -, [[samurai]], [[general]] of the [[Imperial Japanese Army]]
* [[Toyama Atsuko]], bureucrat and diplomat
* [[Toshihiko Seko]] - [[long-distance runner]]
* [[TsugioToshihiko MatsudaSeko]] -, [[racinglong-distance driverrunner]]
* [[KatsuyoriTsugio ShibataMatsuda]] -, [[professionalracing wrestlerdriver]]
* [[HirookiKatsuyori GotoShibata]], - [[professional wrestler]]
* [[Hirooki Goto]], professional wrestler
* [[Hiroki Shimowada]] – voice actor
* [[Koji Iwamoto]], professional wrestler
* [[Mikako Komatsu]] – voice actress
* [[Hiroki Shimowada]], voice actor
* [[Mikako Komatsu]], voice actress
 
==References==
Line 209 ⟶ 343:
 
==External links==
* {{commons category-inline}}
* {{osmrelation-inline|4538612}}
* [http://www.city.kuwana.lg.jp/ Kuwana City official website] {{jain iconlang|ja}}
* [http://kanko.city.kuwana.mie.jp/t-en/index.html Kuwana-city Tourist guide (Kuwana City)] {{enin iconlang|en}}
** [http://www.city.kuwana.lg.jp/index.cfm/26,49663,c,html/49663/web_en_02.pdf Travel brochure (Kuwana City)] {{enin iconlang|en}}
* [https://ukiyo-e.org/image/mfa/sc163289 Kuwana: Shichiri Crossing from the series Fifty-three Stations of the Tōkaidō, by Utagawa Hiroshige (Ukiyo-e Search)] {{enin iconlang|en}}
 
{{Mie}}
 
{{Authority control}}
 
[[Category:Cities in Mie Prefecture]]
[[Category:Port settlements in Japan]]
[[Category:Populated coastal places in Japan]]
[[Category:StatesKuwana, and territories established in 2004Mie]]
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kuwana,_Mie"