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{{Infobox language
| name = Hawaiian Pidgin
|
| states = [[Hawaii]] (Hawaiʻi), [[United States]]
| speakers = 600,000
| date = 2015
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}}
{{external media
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| audio1 = There is a video of Hawaiian Pidgin English on this news report [https://www.yahoo.com/news/aloha-aliens-glowing-blue-ufo-170436438.html '''HERE''']
}}
'''Hawaiian Pidgin''' (alternately, '''Hawaiʻi Creole English''' or '''HCE''', known locally as '''Pidgin''') is an [[English language|English]]-based [[creole language]] spoken in [[Hawaii|Hawaiʻi]]. An estimated 600,000 residents of Hawai{{okina}}i speak Hawaiian Pidgin natively and 400,000 speak it as a second language.<ref name="
Despite its name, Hawaiian Pidgin is not a [[pidgin]], but rather a full-fledged, [[nativization|nativized]] and demographically stable creole language.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.ethnologue.com/language/hwc|title=Hawai'i Pidgin|archive-url=https://archive.today/20150309094302/http://www.ethnologue.com/language/hwc|archive-date=9 March 2015|url-status=live|access-date=2 October 2017}}</ref> It did, however, evolve from various real pidgins spoken as common languages between ethnic groups in Hawaiʻi.
Although not completely mutually intelligible with [[American English|Standard American English]], Hawaiian Pidgin retains a high degree of mutual intelligibility with it compared to some other [[English-based creoles]], such as [[Jamaican Patois]], in part due to its relatively recent emergence.
==History==
Hawaiian Pidgin originated on [[sugarcane]] [[Sugar plantations in Hawaii|plantation]]s in 1835 as a form of communication used between Hawaiian speaking [[Native Hawaiian]] residents, English speaking residents, and foreign immigrants.<ref name="nō ka ʻoi">{{cite web |url=http://www.mauinokaoimag.com/Maui-Magazine/January-February-2008/Da-Muddah-Tongue/ |title=Da Muddah Tongue |first=Kathy |last=Collins |work=www.mauinokaoimag.com – Maui nō ka ʻoi Magazine |date=January–February 2008 |oclc=226379163 |location=Wailuku, HI, USA |access-date=October 18, 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130605130329/http://www.mauinokaoimag.com/Maui-Magazine/January-February-2008/Da-Muddah-Tongue/ |archive-date=June 5, 2013 }}</ref><ref name="
The article [[Japanese loanwords in Hawaii]] lists some of those words originally from Japanese
Hawaiian Pidgin was created mainly to provide communication and facilitate cooperation between the foreign laborers and the English-speaking Americans in order to do business on the plantations.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.eyeofhawaii.com/Pidgin/pidgin.htm|title=Eye of Hawaii – Pidgin, The Unofficial Language of Hawaii|access-date=20 November 2014}}</ref> Even today, Hawaiian Pidgin retains some influences from these languages. For example, the word
In the 19th and 20th centuries, Hawaiian Pidgin started to be used outside the plantation between ethnic groups. In the 1980s, two educational programs were established which were taught in Hawaiian Pidgin to help students learn Standard English.<ref name=":1"/> Public school children learned Hawaiian Pidgin from their classmates and parents. Living in a community mixed with various cultures led to the daily usage of Hawaiian Pidgin, which caused the language to expand. It was easier for school children of different ethnic backgrounds to speak Hawaiian Pidgin than to learn another language.<ref name="Substrate"/> Children who grew up learning and speaking this language expanded Hawaiian Pidgin as it was their first language, or mother tongue.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.sls.hawaii.edu/pidgin/whatIsPidgin.php|title=Talking Story about Pidgin : What is Pidgin?|last=Department of Second Language Studies|date=2010|website=www.sls.hawaii.edu|publisher=University of Hawaiʻi at Mānoa|access-date=2017-04-11}}</ref> For this reason, [[linguistics|linguist]]s generally consider Hawaiian Pidgin to be a [[creole language]].{{Sfn|Hargrove|Sakoda|Siegel|2017}}
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== Demographics and status ==
A five-year survey that the [[United States Census Bureau|U.S. Census Bureau]] conducted in Hawaiʻi revealed that many people spoke Hawaiian Pidgin as an additional language. As a result of this, the U.S. Census Bureau in 2015 added Hawaiian Pidgin to the list of official languages in the state of Hawaiʻi.<ref name="
In the last few decades, many
Historically, teachers and policymakers have debated whether growing up speaking Hawaiʻi Creole English hinders the learning of Standard English.<ref name="Tamura 2002 pp. 17–30">{{cite journal|last=Tamura|first=Eileen H.|year=2002|title=African American Vernacular English and Hawai'i Creole English: A Comparison of Two School Board Controversies|url=http://www.jstor.org/stable/3211222|journal=The Journal of Negro Education|publisher=Journal of Negro Education|volume=71|issue=1/2|pages=17–30|issn=0022-2984|jstor=3211222|access-date=October 8, 2021}}</ref>
==Phonology==
Hawaiian Pidgin has distinct pronunciation differences from standard American English (SAE). Long vowels are not pronounced in Hawaiian Pidgin if the speaker is using Hawaiian loanwords.<ref name=":02">{{Cite journal|last=Hiramoto|first=Mie|date=2011|title=Consuming the consumers: Semiotics of Hawai'i Creole in advertisements
*[[Th-stopping]]: {{IPA|/θ/}} and {{IPA|/ð/}} are pronounced as {{IPA|[t]}} or {{IPA|[d]}} respectively—that is, changed from a [[fricative]] to a [[plosive]] (stop). For instance, ''think'' {{IPA|/θiŋk/}} becomes {{IPA|[tiŋk]}}, and ''that'' {{IPA|/ðæt/}} becomes {{IPA|[dæt]}}. An example is "Broke da mout" (tasted good).
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* Hawaiian Pidgin is [[rhotic and non-rhotic accents|non-rhotic]]. That is, ''r'' after a vowel is often omitted, similar to many dialects, such as [[Eastern New England English|Eastern New England]], [[Australian English]], and [[English English|British English]] [[variety (linguistics)|variants]]. For instance, ''car'' is often pronounced ''cah'', and ''letter'' is pronounced ''letta''. [[intrusive R|Intrusive r]] is also used. The number of Hawaiian Pidgin speakers with rhotic English has also been increasing.
* Hawaiian Pidgin has falling [[Intonation (linguistics)|intonation]] in questions. In yes/no questions, falling intonation is striking and appears to be a lasting imprint of [[Hawaiian language|Hawaiian]] (this pattern is not found in yes/no question intonation in American English). This particular falling intonation pattern is shared with some other [[Oceanic languages]], including [[Fijian language|Fijian]] and [[Samoan language|Samoan]] (Murphy, K. 2013).
*In certain words, the sound /ts/ assimilates
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"
|+
! colspan="4" |Vowels<ref name=":3">Grama, James M., (2015). Variation and
|-
|Front
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: The baby is cute.
*When the verb "to be" refers to a temporary state or location, the word ''stay'' is used (see above). This may be influenced by other Pacific creoles, which use the word ''stap'', from ''stop'', to denote a temporary state or location. In fact, ''stop'' was used in Hawaiian Pidgin earlier in its history, and may have been dropped in favor of ''stay'' due to influence from [[Portuguese language|Portuguese]] ''estar'' or ''ficar'' (ficar is literally translated to English as 'to stay', but often used in place of "to be" e.g. "ele fica feliz" ''he is happy'').
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For [[Grammatical tense|tense]]-marking of [[verb]], [[auxiliary verb]]s are employed:
* To express past tense, Hawaiian Pidgin uses ''wen'' (went)
: ''Jesus wen cry.'' ([[Bible translations into Hawaii Pidgin|"Da Jesus Book"]], John 11:35)
: Jesus cried.
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: I'm trying to think.
<!-- For more information on grammar, also see Sakoda & Siegel (References, below) and the Pidgin Coup paper (External links, below). -->
== Regional varieties ==
The grammar and vocabulary of Hawaiian Pidgin is largely uniform though there are slight changes depending on the region it’s spoken in.<ref name=":4">{{Cite book |last1=Sakoda |title=Pidgin Grammar An Introduction to the Creole English of Hawai'i |last2=Siegel |publisher=Bess Press |year=2003 |isbn=9781573061698 |pages=108 |language=en}}</ref>
For instance, while standard Pidgin uses “wen” as a past tense verb marker, [[Kauai]] speakers are more likely to use “had”.
:''She had go awready.'' (Kauai)
:''She wen go awready.'' (Standard)
:She went already.
Another example is [[shave ice]] being “ice shave” on the [[Big Island (Hawaii)|Big Island]].<ref>{{cite news |last1=Laitinen |first1=Denise |title=The great Big Island ice shave crawl |url=https://www.honolulumagazine.com/the-great-big-island-ice-shave-crawl/ |access-date=8 July 2024 |work=Frolic Hawaii |publisher=Honolulu Magazine |date=May 8, 2019}}</ref>
==Sociolinguistics==
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Most [[linguists]] categorize Hawaiian Pidgin as a [[creole language|creole]], as a creole refers to the linguistic form "spoken by the native-born children of pidgin-speaking parents".<ref>{{Citation|last=Sato|first=Charlene J.|author-link=Charlene J. Sato|chapter=Linguistic Inequality in Hawaii: The Post-Creole Dilemma|publisher=De Gruyter |isbn=9783110857320|doi=10.1515/9783110857320.255|title=Language of Inequality|year=1985|pages=255–272 }}</ref> However, many locals view Hawaiian Pidgin as a [[dialect]].<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Fishman|first=Joshua A.|date=1977|title="Standard" versus "Dialect" in Bilingual Education: An Old Problem in a New Context|journal=The Modern Language Journal|volume=61|issue=7|pages=315–325|doi=10.1111/j.1540-4781.1977.tb05146.x|issn=0026-7902}}</ref> Other linguists argue that this "standard" form of the language is also a dialect. Based on this definition, a language is primarily the "standard" form of the language, but also an [[umbrella term]] used to encapsulate the "inferior" dialects of that language.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://ndla.no/en/subjects/subject:27/topic:1:186486/resource:1:81196|title=Internasjonal engelsk - Languages, Dialects, Pidgins and Creoles - NDLA|website=ndla.no|language=en|access-date=2019-01-06}}</ref>
The Pidgin Coup, a group of Hawaiian Pidgin advocates, claims that Hawaiian Pidgin should be classified as a language. The group believes that the only reason it is not considered a language is due to the [[hegemony]] of English. "Due to the hegemony of English, a lack of equal status between these two languages can only mean a scenario in which the non-dominant language is relatively marginalized. Marginalization occurs when people hold the commonplace view that HCE and English differ in being appropriate for different purposes and different situations. It is this concept of 'appropriateness' which is a form of prescriptivism; a newer, more subtle form."<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Hargrove|first1=Ermile|last2=Sakoda|first2=Kent|date=1999|title=The Hegemony of English|journal=Journal of Hawai'i Literature and Arts|volume=75|pages=48–68}}</ref> These Hawaiian Pidgin advocates believe that by claiming there are only certain, less public contexts in which Hawaiian Pidgin is only appropriate, rather than explicitly stating that Hawaiian Pidgin is lesser than Standard English, masks the issue of refusing to recognize Hawaiian Pidgin as a legitimate language. In contrast, other researchers have found that many believe that, since Hawaiian Pidgin does not have a standardized writing form, it cannot be classified as a language.<ref>{{Citation|last=Romaine|first=Suzanne|title=Changing Attitudes to Hawai'i Creole English|volume=20|date=1999|work=Creole Genesis, Attitudes and Discourse|pages=287|publisher=John Benjamins Publishing Company|isbn=9789027252425|doi=10.1075/cll.20.20rom|series=Creole Language Library}}</ref> Many [[linguists]] argue for the need to destigmatize Pidgin. One way to do so, linguists argue, includes the use of Pidgin in the classroom.<ref name="Hiraishi 2024">{{cite web |last=Hiraishi |first=Kuʻuwehi |title=Linguist explores if Pidgin speakers have an advantage in learning ʻōlelo Hawaiʻi |website=Hawai'i Public Radio |date=2024-03-28 |url=https://www.hawaiipublicradio.org/local-news/2024-03-28/linguist-explores-if-pidgin-speakers-advantage-in-learning-hawaiian/ |access-date=2024-06-28}}</ref>
==Literature and performing arts==
In recent years, writers from Hawaiʻi such as [[Lois-Ann Yamanaka]], Joe Balaz, and [[Lee Tonouchi]] have written poems, short stories, and other works in Hawaiian Pidgin. A Hawaiian Pidgin translation of [[The Bible]] (called ''[[Bible translations into the languages of Hawaii#Hawaii_Pidgin|Da Good an Spesho Book]]'') has also been created, in 2020, by [[Wycliffe Bible Translators]], Inc. Also an adaptation of [[William Shakespeare]]'s ''[[Twelfth Night, or What You Will]]'', titled in Hawaiian Pidgin "twelf nite o' WATEVA!"<ref>{{cite news|url=http://articles.latimes.com/1995-05-31/entertainment/ca-7742_1_twelf-nite-o-wateva|title=Theater Review
Several [[theater]] companies in Hawai{{okina}}i produce plays written and performed in Hawaiian Pidgin.
The 1987 film ''[[North Shore (1987 film)|North Shore]]'' contains several characters, particularly the surfing gang Da Hui, that speak Hawaiian Pidgin.
Hawaiian Pidgin has occasionally been featured on ''[[Hawaii Five-0 (2010 TV series)|Hawaii Five-0]]'' as the protagonists frequently interact with locals. A recurring character, Kamekona Tupuola (portrayed by [[Taylor Wiley]]), speaks Hawaiian Pidgin. The show frequently displays Hawaiian culture and is filmed at Hawai{{okina}}i locations.
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==References==
* ''Da Jesus Book'' (2000).
* Murphy, Kelly (2013). Melodies of Hawaiʻi: The relationship between Hawaiʻi Creole English and ʻŌlelo Hawaiʻi prosody. University of Calgary PhD dissertation.
* Sakoda, Kent & Jeff Siegel (2003). ''Pidgin Grammar: An Introduction to the Creole Language of Hawai{{okina}}i.'' Honolulu: [[Bess Press]]. {{ISBN|1-57306-169-7}}.
* Simonson, Douglas et al. (1981). ''Pidgin to da Max.''
* Tonouchi, Lee (2001).
* "Pidgin:
* Suein Hwang "Long Dismissed, Hawaii Pidgin Finds A Place in Classroom" (Cover story) ''Wall Street Journal – Eastern Edition'', August 2005, retrieved on November 18, 2014.
* ''Digital History,'' Digital History, http://www.digitalhistory.uh.edu/disp_textbook.cfm?smtid=2&psid=3159 2014, retrieved on November 18, 2014.
* ''Eye of Hawaii,'' Pidgin, The Unofficial Language, http://www.eyeofhawaii.com/Pidgin/pidgin.htm {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181028084445/http://www.eyeofhawaii.com/Pidgin/pidgin.htm |date=2018-10-28 }}
*{{cite web |first1=Ermile |last1=Hargrove |first2=Kent |last2=Sakoda |first3=Jeff |last3=Siegel |title=Hawai'i Creole English |url=https://www.hawaii.edu/satocenter/langnet/definitions/hce.html |access-date=2017-03-29 |website=Language Varieties Web Site |ref={{Sfnref|Hargrove|Sakoda|Siegel|2017}} |publisher=University of Hawai'i}}
* Jeff Siegel, ''Emergence of Pidgin and Creole Languages'' (Oxford University Press, 2008), 3.
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* [http://www.hawaii.edu/spcl03/pace/ Pidgins and Creoles in Education (PACE) Newsletter ]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20081018135104/http://www.e-hawaii.com/fun/pidgin/default.asp e-Hawaii.com Searchable Pidgin English Dictionary]
* [http://www.hawaii.edu/satocenter/ The Charlene Sato Center for Pidgin, Creole and Dialect Studies], a center devoted to pidgin, creole, and dialect studies at the University of Hawai{{okina}}i at Mānoa, Hawai{{okina}}i.
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20131106090450/http://www.hawaii.edu/sls/pidgin.html Position Paper on Pidgin by the "Pidgin Coup"]
* [http://www.pidginbible.org Da Hawai{{okina}}i Pidgin Bible] (see ''Da Jesus Book'' above)
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20160106193211/http://www.mauimagazine.net/Maui-Magazine//Department-Archive/index.php?tagID=249 "Liddo Bitta Tita"] Hawaiian Pidgin column written by Tita, alter-ego of Kathy Collins.
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20100505025606/http://www.mauimagazine.net/Maui-Magazine/January-February-2009/Dear-Prezadent-Obama/ "Liddo Bitta Tita" audio file]
*Collection of [https://scholarspace.manoa.hawaii.edu/handle/10125/32708 Hawaii Creole
{{Languages of Hawaii}}
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[[Category:Languages of Hawaii]]
[[Category:Languages of Oceania]]
[[Category:Languages attested from the 1830s]]
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