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Hinduism in India

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Hinduism is the largest religion of India. According to the 2011 National Census of India, 966.3 million people identify as Hindu,[1] representing 79.8% of the country's population. India contains 94% of the global Hindu population, the world's largest Hindu population.[2] Islam is followed by 14.2% of the population, with the remaining 6% adhering to other religions (such as Christianity, Sikhism, Buddhism, Jainism, various indigenous ethnically-bound faiths, atheism) or having no religion.[3][4] The vast majority of Hindus in India belong to Shaivite and Vaishnavite denominations.[5] India is one of the three countries in the world (Nepal and Mauritius being the other two) where Hinduism is the dominant religion.

Indian Hindus
भारतीय हिंदू
Om, holy symbol of Hindus.
Venkateswara Temple at Tirumala, Andhra Pradesh.
Total population
966.3 million[1] (79.8%) ()
Regions with significant populations
Uttar Pradesh159,312,654
Maharashtra89,703,056
Bihar86,078,686
Madhya Pradesh66,007,121
West Bengal64,385,546
Tamil Nadu63,188,168
Rajasthan63,188,168
Gujarat53,533,988
Languages
Sanskrit (sacred)

Pali (ancient)

Indian languages (as per the region)
Religion
Hinduism
Related ethnic groups
Indian Sikhs, Indian Jains

India has been described as the home of Hinduism and the religion directly affects the culture of the nation.[6] In most parts of the India, Hindus are in majority especially in Uttar Pradesh, Maharashtra, Bihar, Madhya Pradesh, Rajasthan and Tamil Nadu.[7] While Hindus are found in minority in Northeast India's states, Punjab, Jammu and Kashmir (state)[note 1] and Lakshadweep.[8]

History of Hinduism

Main article: History of Hinduism

Among the roots of Hinduism are the historical Vedic religion,[9] itself already the product of "a composite of the Indo-Aryan and Harappan cultures and civilizations", which evolved into the Brahmanical religion and ideology of the Kuru Kingdom of Iron Age northern India; but also the Sramana or renouncer traditions of northeast India, and mesolithic and neolithic cultures of India, such as the religions of the Indus Valley Civilisation, Dravidian traditions, and the local traditions and tribal religions.[10]

The mature Indus Valley Civilization thrived between 2600 and 1900 BCE when the climate changed and the rivers became calmer. It declined when the rivers dried-up too much.[11] The same aridization led to the start of the Indo-European migrations from the Eastern European steppes, starting ca. 3000 BCE. Between ca. 1900 to 1400 BCE the Indo-Aryan migrations from Central Asia into north-western Indiatook place, introducing proto-Sanskrit and Indo-European religious forms.[12] The Vedic culture developed in India in 1500 BCE and 500 BCE, in which Vedism developed into Brahmanism.[13]

Buddhism and Jainism originated in the post-Vedic period of the Second Urbanisation, and the Mauryans conquered a large part of the Indian subcontinent at that time.[14] After the conversion of Ashoka to Buddhism, the Buddhism in India started to flourish, and was spread by Ashoka throughout the Indian subcontinent through his policies of Dhamma.[15] Due to the growth of urban culture and the success of Buddhism and Jainism, Brahmanism declined.[16] In response, the priestly Brahmanical religion merged with local traditions and the renouncer traditions, resulting in the emergence of Hinduism,[17][18][19] which has had a profound impact on India's history, culture and philosophy. Hindu gods like Lord Rama and Lord Krishna replaced the Vedic pantheon.[20] As per the historian , it was also observed that Hinduism re-emerged in India, after the assassination of last Maurya Emperor, Brihadratha by Pushyamitra Shunga leading to the end of Maurya Empire and rise of Shunga Empire.[21]

Hinduism in times

The term Hinduism itself is derived from Sanskrit Sindhu, the historic local appellation for the Indus River.[22] Another popular alternative name of India is Hindustān, meaning the "land of Hindus".[23]

Ancient India

 
Hinduism expansion in Indian subcontinent, during Ancient India.

In the Ancient India, Hinduism had seen its golden age.[24] Specially under the Gupta dynasty, power was centralised, along with a growth of near distance trade, standardization of legal procedures, and general spread of literacy.[25] Mahayana Buddhism flourished, but orthodox Brahmana culture began to be rejuvenated by the patronage of the Gupta Dynasty, who were Vaishnavas.[26] The position of the Brahmans was reinforced, the first Hindu temples dedicated to the gods of the Hindu deities, emerged during the late Gupta age. During the Gupta reign the first Puranas were written, which were used to disseminate "mainstream religious ideology amongst pre-literate and tribal groups undergoing acculturation". The Guptas patronised the newly emerging Puranic religion, seeking legitimacy for their dynasty. The resulting Puranic Hinduism, differed markedly from the earlier Brahmanism of the Dharmasastras and the smritis.[27]

According to P. S. Sharma, "the Gupta and Harsha periods form really, from the strictly intellectual standpoint, the most brilliant epocha in the development of Indian philosophy", as Hindu and Buddhist philosophies flourished side by side.[28] Charvaka, the atheistic materialist school, came to the fore in North India before the 8th century CE.[29]

In the times of Ancient period from 60 AD to 600 AD, Hinduism was spread in the whole Indian subcontinent ranging from Afghanistan to Indonesia, along with culture of Buddhism.[30] Ancient Hindu rulers focused on the enrichment of Hindu civilization and enhancement of art and culture, especially in the subcontinent region.[31]

Medieval India

India saw the rule of both Hindu and Muslim rulers from c. 1200 CE to 1750 CE.[32] The fall of Vijayanagar Empire to Muslim sultans had marked the end of Hindu dominance in the Deccan. Hinduism once again rose to political prestige, under the Maratha Empire.[33][34]

Partition of India

 
The Partition of British India was based on religion. The negotiations failed several times, with differing demands about boundaries, as shown in this map of 1946.
Main article: Partition of India

The partition of India was the partition of British India on the basis of religious demographics. This led to the creation of the dominions of Pakistan (that later split into the Islamic Republic of Pakistan and the People's Republic of Bangladesh) and India (later Republic of India). The Indian Independence Act 1947 had decided 15 August 1947, as the appointed date for the partition. However, Pakistan celebrates its day of creation on 14 August.

I find no parallel in history for a body of converts and their descendants claiming to be a nation apart from the parent stock.

— Mahatma Gandhi, opposing the division of India on the basis of religion in 1944.[35]

And after the partition of India into two parts on the basis of religion in which a separate state of Pakistan was created by the Britishers for the muslims and India for Hindus.[36] While the Pakistan was announced as an Islamic republic, India remained a secular state.[37] At that time there was also a large society of Hindus who want to declare India as a Hindu nation, while it was opposed by Mahatma Gandhi and first prime minister of India, J. L. Nehru.[38][39] The Hindu nationalism in India was at the decline after the assassination of Mahatma Gandhi.[note 2]

Hindu nationalism was promoted by Hindus such as:

  1. Vinayak Damodar Savarkar – for the formation of Akhand Bharat.[41]
  2. Purushottam Das Tandon – promoted Hindi as the Official language of India.[42]
  3. Syama Prasad Mukherjee – founder of Bharatiya Jana Sangh, a Hindu nationalist political party.[43]
  4. K. B. Hedgewar – founder of Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh, a Hindu nationalist volunteer organisation.[44]
  5. M.S. Golwalkar – founder of Vishwa Hindu Parishad, a Hindu nationalist organisation.[45]

Modern India

After the Independence of India in 1947, due to the partition on the basis of religion India remained a Hindu-majority nation with secular status.[46] Even being a secular nation, the modern-history of India after independence had many a time shown a religious dominance and religious extremism.[47] There have been many a times increase in the identity of Hindutva in India, which also affected the neighbouring nation of Nepal.[48] Hindu nationalists have often demand for a Hindu rashtra and stated the secularism of India as pseudo-secularism, due to decrease in the percentage of Hindus by decades.[49][50] In the mid-1980 after the Emmigration of Indians to Australia, Britain and other nations, the culture of Hinduism and India spread from India to many parts of the world.[51][52]

While in India, after 1990 due to the rise of BJP, the feelings of Hindutva among the Hindus started increasing and was mainly due to the Ram Rath Yatra by L. K. Advani.

Demographics

See also: Demographics of India

With a population of more than 1.05 billions of Hindus, India has the largest population of Hindus in the world.[53] Percentage wise, India has second-highest percentage of Hindus after Nepal.

Year Percent Change
1947 85.0%
1951 84.1% -0.9%
1961 83.45% -0.65%
1971 82.73% -0.72%
1981 82.30% -0.43%
1991 81.53% -0.77%
2001 80.46% -1.07%
2011 79.80% -0.66%

The Hindu percentage decreased steadily from 84.1% in 1951 to 79.8% in 2011.[54] When India achieved independence in 1947, Hindus formed 85% of the total population, though pre-Partition British India had 73% of Hindus and 24% of Muslims.[55]

 
Hindu population in India, as per their classification by Constitution of India.

Among the community, it is estimated that Forward castes comprise 26%, Other Backward Classes comprise 43%, Scheduled Castes (Dalits) comprises 22% and Scheduled Tribes (Adivasis) comprise 9%.[56] The Hindus have the largest section of the population belonging to the Other Backward Class (42.8%),[57] in which the most of them are from the northern India which includes people of various caste including the Gurjars, Jats, Ahir, Kurmi and others.[58][59][note 3] The population pertcentage of Forward caste comprises of 26% in the Hindus,(which is lower than than the national average) and mainly comprises of cates of Brahman, Rajput, Banias, Khatris and others.[60] While the population percentage of Scheduled Castes and Tribes is lower in Hindus, because of their conversion to Christianity in British times[61][62] and to Buddhism, due to Dalit Buddhist movement by B. R. Ambedkar.[63][64]

Caste Demographic data reported by the Sachar Committee on Muslim Affairs in 2006[65]
Religion Scheduled Caste Scheduled Tribe Other Backward Class Forward caste
Buddhism 89.50% 7.40% 0.4% 2.7%
Sikhism 30.70% 0.90% 22.4% 46.1%
Hinduism 22.20% 9.10% 42.8% 26%
Christianity 9.00% 32.80% 24.8% 33.3%
Islam 0.80% 0.50% 39.2% 59.5%

Historic growth

Historical Hindu Population
YearPop.±%
1951 303,675,084—    
1961 366,541,417+20.7%
1971 453,492,481+23.7%
1981 562,379,847+24.0%
1991 690,091,965+22.7%
2001 827,722,142+19.9%
2011 966,257,353+16.7%
Source: census of India






Hindu minority State/Union Territory in India

Of the 28 states in India, Hindus form majority in 22 states except for Punjab (Sikh majority), Meghalaya, Arunachal Pradesh, Nagaland and Mizoram (Christian majority). In Manipur, Hinduism is a plurality religion, where Hinduism is practised by 41.39 per cent and Christianity is followed by 41.29 per cent.[66] Out of the nine Union territory, Hindus form majority in six; Ladakh has a Muslim plurality, where Islam is practised by 45 per cent and Buddhism is followed by 40 per cent, while Jammu and Kashmir and Lakshadweep have a Muslim majority.[66][67]

Out of the eight states of northeast India, Tripura, Sikkim, and Assam are Hindu majority while four have Hindus as a minority, and one as a plurality.[68]

Hindu population by States and Territories

See also: Hindus by district in India
 
Percentage of Hindus in each district. Data derived from 2011 census.
Hindu in India population by States and Territories, according to the 2011 census.[66]
Region Hindus Total % Hindus
India 966,257,353 1,210,854,977 79.80%
Himachal Pradesh 6,532,765 6,864,602 95.17%
Dadra and Nagar Haveli 322,857 343,709 93.93%
Odisha 39,300,341 41,974,218 93.63%
Chhattisgarh 23,819,789 25,545,198 93.25%
Madhya Pradesh 66,007,121 72,626,809 90.89%
Daman and Diu 220,150 243,247 90.50%
Gujarat 53,533,988 60,439,692 88.57%
Rajasthan 60,657,103 68,548,437 88.49%
Andhra Pradesh 74,824,149 84,580,777 88.46%
Tamil Nadu 63,188,168 72,147,030 87.58%
Haryana 22,171,128 25,351,462 87.46%
Puducherry 1,089,409 1,247,953 87.30%
Karnataka 51,317,472 61,095,297 84.00%
Tripura 3,063,903 3,673,917 83.40%
Uttarakhand 8,368,636 10,086,292 82.97%
Bihar 86,078,686 104,099,452 82.69%
Delhi 13,712,100 16,787,941 81.68%
Chandigarh 852,574 1,055,450 80.78%
Maharashtra 89,703,056 112,374,333 79.83%
Uttar Pradesh 159,312,654 199,812,341 79.73%
West Bengal 64,385,546 91,276,115 70.54%
Andaman and Nicobar Islands 264,296 380,581 69.45%
Jharkhand 22,376,051 32,988,134 67.83%
Goa 963,877 1,458,545 66.08%
Assam 19,180,759 31,205,576 61.47%
Sikkim 352,662 610,577 57.76%
Kerala 18,282,492 33,406,061 54.73%
Manipur 1,181,876 2,855,794 41.39%
Punjab 10,678,138 27,743,338 38.49%
Arunachal Pradesh 445,876 1,383,727 30.04%
Jammu and Kashmir 3,566,674 12,541,302 28.43%
Meghalaya 342,078 2,966,889 11.53%
Nagaland 173,054 1,978,502 8.75%
Lakshadweep 1,788 64,473 2.77%
Mizoram 30,136 1,097,206 2.75%

Society

Religious organisations

Main article: List of Hindu organisations

Indian Hindus are the largest religious groups in any particular (or single country) in terms of population.[69] In India, there is no single institution or organisation to govern all the Hindus in the nation. There are many organisations for the cause of Hindus in India.[70]

This is a list of notable organisations related to Hinduism, Hindu nationalism and Hindutva.

 
RSS is one of the biggest Hindu organisation in India.

Education

Schools

Main page: Hindu schools in India

Hindu universities and colleges

Main pages: Hindu College and other Hindu universities and colleges
 
Image of IIT of Banaras Hindu University.

Hindus development in various fields

Composition Hindus
% total of population 2011 79.8
10-yr. Growth % (est. 2001–11) 16.8
Child sex ratio (0–6 yrs.) 913
Literacy rate (avg. 64.8) 63.6
Sex ratio* 939
Urban sex ratio 894
Work Participation Rate 41

Controversies

Inter-communal tensions

The 1947 Partition of India gave rise to bloody rioting and indiscriminate inter-communal killing of Hindus, Muslims, and Sikhs.[71] Around 7.5 million Muslims were moved and left for West Pakistan and East Pakistan (now known as Bangladesh) and 7.2 million Hindus and Sikhs moved to India. This was a major factor in fuelling animosity between Hindus and Sikhs, and Muslims. What followed over the years was the laying of secular principles in the Indian Constitution.[72] The last 60 years have been peaceful in most parts of the country apart from the notable exceptions of communal riots in 1992 Bombay riots,[73] following the demolition of the Babri mosque by extremists,[74] and the 2002 Gujarat riots.[75]

Andhra Pradesh and northeast India are two of the regions where conversion is prevalent. In response to the activities of Christian missionaries in India, hardline Hindu groups such as Vishwa Hindu Parishad (VHP) have aggressively started reconversion (or Ghar Wapsi) of converted Christians as well as Muslims to Hinduism. The Hindus still form the majority community in most states and territories of the country. Most of the north and northwest India, especially Gujarat, remains the stronghold of Hinduism. There is reason to believe that Hinduism is growing through the incorporation of tribal belief-systems in specific areas of the northeast.[76] However, in the Kashmir Valley, the Hindu population has decreased as a result of the terrorism which forced 550,000 members of Kashmiri Pandit community to leave the valley by Islamist insurgents.[77] In Punjab, the Sikhs form the majority population.[78] Though the relations between the Hindus and Sikhs are not bad and often helping, still the rise of Khalistan movement in Punjab lead to persecution of Hindus as many a times Khalistani groups targeted the Hindus.[79] There was also massacre of Sikhs in 1984, after the assassination of Indira Gandhi.[80][81]

Hindu nationalism

Main article: Hindu nationalism

With the passage of time and with the ongoing years, there has been an increase in the Hindu nationalism and feeling of Hindutva or Hindu identity among the Hindus of India.[82] This has been observed especially after the formation of BJP government in India after 2014.[83] There are many Hindu-nationalist political parties, out of which the BJP is the biggest among them.[84] Besides them the RSS has been blamed as the chief organisation for the same.[85][86] The increase of Hindu nationalism and Hindutva is seen as a threat to the secular laws of India.[87] It was also seen that the with rise of the Hindu nationalism, there has been an increase in the persecutions of religious minorities, especially on Muslims and Christians.[88][89] The government of Narendra Modi is also blamed for the same.[90]

Many other hardliner Hindutva groups, such as Vishva Hindu Parishad (VHP)[91] and Bajrang Dal[92] (that are declared as paramilitary groups in many nations such as Australia,[93] Canada and United States[94]) have also contributed a major role in the enhancement of the Hindu nationalism and are also blamed for increasing Islamophobia in India and attacks on christians.[95][96]

Decreasing Hindu population

Manipur

A decrease in the 1991–2001 period is observed in Manipur, from 57 per cent to 52 per cent population share, where there has been a resurgence of the indigenous Sanamahi religion. The Hindu Population share in Manipur decreased also in 2001–2011 from 52 per cent to 41.4 per cent. The religious conversion of Hindus to Christianity and migration of Christians from Nagaland are considered as the reason for this decrease in Hindu population.[97]

West Bengal

Two districts in West Bengal, Malda and North Dinajpur, had a Hindu majority in 2001 census which, by the time of the 2011 census, had become a Hindu minority or plurality.[98] The percentage of Hindu population in the state has decreased from 78.45 per cent in 1951 to 70.54 per cent in 2011. Another district, Murshidabad, is a Muslim majority district where the Muslim population steadily increased from 55.24 per cent in 1951 to 66.27 per cent in 2011.[99][100]

Uttar Pradesh

The proportion of Hindus in the Saharanpur district was 59.49 per cent in 2001. This had declined to 56.74 per cent by 2011 – a drop of 2.74 percentage points. At the same time the Muslim population increased from 39.11 per cent in 2001 to 41.95 per cent in 2011. The Deoband tehsil in the Saharanpur district saw a decline in the proportion of the Hindu population from 70.19 per cent in 2001 to 59.8 per cent in 2011, a drop of 10.39 percentage points. The proportion of the Muslim population in Deoband increased by 10.68 percentage points in the same period.[101]

Kairana tehsil witnessed a 4.16 percentage points decline in the proportion of Hindus in its population, dropping from 49.54 per cent in 2001 to 45.38 per cent by 2011.[102]

In Amroha tehsil, the Hindu population decreased from 2001 to 2011 by 2.38 percentage points; in Sardhana, by 3.58 percentage points; in Baghpat by 7.49 percentage points; and in Baraut by 2.21 percentage points.[101]

Assam

A study on population composition of Assam reveals that the Hindu population in Assam has declined from 70.78 percent in 1951 to 61.47 percent in 2011. Whereas in 1891, the Muslim population in Assam was only about 5 per cent, by the 2001 census it had risen to above 30 per cent and by 2011 to above 34 per cent of the total Assam population.[103][104] According to the 2001 census, there were six Muslim-majority districts in Assam, increasing to nine by the time of the 2011 census.[105]

Kerala

Kerala—like Assam, West Bengal, and many of the states in the northeast—has seen a drastic change in its religious demography in the census periods from 1901. The share of Indian Religionists in Kerala, who are almost all Hindus, has declined from nearly 70 percent in 1901 to 55 percent in 2011, marking a loss of 15 percentage points in eleven decades.[106]. In 2015, 42.87 % of births were recorded as Hindus, 41.45 % Muslim, and 15.42% Christian.[107] In 2016, total annual births to Muslim parents surpassed that of Hindus for the first time.[108]

Projections

Contribution of Indian Hindus in global Hindu population.

  Indian Hindus (94.3%)
  rest Hindu population (5.7%)

According to the Pew research center, by 2050 India will have largest population of Hindus in the world. The world Hindu population will closely reach 1.4 billion around that time, of which 1.3 billion Hindus (93% of the world's Hindus) will continue to live in India and will constitute 77% of the country's population, down from 80% in 2010.[53][109]

Indian contribution to global Hindus

India is often said to be the "Root of Hinduism" and contributes to more than 94% of the global Hindu population.[110] The growth rate of Hindu in India is at 16.8%, which is the second-highest after Islam.[111] Many of the Hindus, outside India are also Indian Hindus who emmigrated to other nations, especially in the west including US, UAE, Russia and Britain.[112]

Future of Hindus in India

As per the reports and researches, India would be a Hindu majority state for the next 100 years, despite being very fast growth of muslims (which is due to high fertilization rates).[113]

Hindu Rashtra

The All India Hindu Convention demanded that India should be declared a "Hindu state" officially. Other pro-Hindu and patriotic organisations throughout India and abroad are striving to establish Hindu Rashtra.[114] Saint Mahant Paramhans Das of Tapasvi Chhavni Ayodhya wrote a letter to India's President Ram Nath Kovind listing his seven demands, one of which is to declare India a Hindu state.[citation needed] Copies of the letter have been forwarded[when?] to Prime Minister Narendra Modi, home minister Amit Shah, chief minister Yogi Adityanath and district magistrate of Ayodhya.[115] The Indian constitution states that the declaration of a Hindu rashtra would require a 15-judge Supreme Court bench to overrule the basic structure limitation on the Parliament's power to amend the constitution.[116] However, the "Project Hindu Rashtra bill" has been stopped before the 2024 election for various reasons.[clarification needed] Earlier,[when?] Uttar Pradesh's BJP MLA Surendra Singh also gave a hint that, by 2024, India will be officially declared as Hindu Nation.[117][118]

See also

References

Notes

  1. ^ The state of Jammu and Kashmir includes the both Ladakh region and union territory of Jammu and Kashmir.
  2. ^ Mahatma Gandhi was assassinated by a Hindu nationalist, Nathuram Godse after which Hindu nationalism declined in India until 1990 till the dawn of Bharatiya Janata Party.[40]
  3. ^ The caste that are included in the Mandal Commission are termed as Other Backward Class (or OBC), as per the constitution.

Citations

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  4. ^ "Muslim population growth slows". The Hindu. Retrieved 13 August 2017.
  5. ^ "Major Branches of Religions". www.adherents.com. Retrieved 13 August 2017.
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  10. ^ Long ed 2021, p. 78.
  11. ^ Parpola, Roots of Hinduism
  12. ^ Nicholson 2013, p. cxii.
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