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==Traditional sources for Hwarang==
Information on the Hwarang are mainly found in the historiographical works ''[[Samguk Sagi]]'' (1145) and ''[[
All three of these works cite primary sources no longer existent, including 1) a memorial stele to Nallang (presumably a Hwarang based upon the suffix ''nang'') by the 9th–10th century Silla scholar [[Choe Chiwon]]; 2) an early [[Tang dynasty|Tang]] account of Silla titled the ''Xinluo guoji'' by the Tang official Ling Hucheng; and 3) ''[[Hwarang Segi]]''
==History==
===Wonhwa===
According to the ''Samguk Sagi'' and ''
Both sources record that during the reign of [[Jinheung of Silla]], groups of beautiful girls were chosen and taught filial and fraternal piety, loyalty, and sincerity (no firm date is given for this, and some scholars express doubt this even occurred during Jinheung's reign).<ref>Rutt, 19.</ref> However, the leaders of the two bands of Wonhwa, Nammo (南毛) and Junjeong (俊貞), grew jealous of one another. When Junjeong murdered her rival, the Wonhwa were disbanded. No doubt the details of this origin story are most likely based on myth and legend, despite the facts surrounding the foundation of the sect being true, as supported by various documented sources. First note that the term ''wonhwa'' is composed of won 源, "source", and undoubtedly refers to the founders of the sect, while hwa 花, "flower", is a euphemism for someone who has spent a great deal of time or money in the pursuit of something, i.e. a devotee. In the case of the Wonhwa, devotion to [[philosophy]] and [[the arts]]. Furthermore, while the names ''nammo'' and ''junjeong'' could have been appellations adopted by these two ladies for use in [[court (royal)|court]], one cannot overlook the obvious descriptions they portray. ''Nammo'' hints at one who is careless yet lucky, or perhaps someone who is innately insightful and therefore lackadaisical about further erudition. ''Junjeung'' clearly indicates a person who is talented and virtuous, despite the fact that she was the one who succumbed to homicidal tendencies. It would be logical to assume that if someone had to work hard, maybe even struggle with attaining certain goals, that envy might consume them if their counterpart, especially if viewed more as a rival, seemed to reach the same objectives with substantially less effort.
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The Hwarang in the later 6th and 7th centuries trained in horsemanship, swordsmanship, archery, javelin and stone throwing, polo, and ladder-climbing.<ref>Joe, 70.</ref> By the seventh century the organization had grown greatly in prestige and numbered several hundred bands.<ref>Joe, 69.</ref>
The ''Samguk Sagi'', compiled by the general and official [[
The Hwarang were greatly influenced by [[Korean Buddhism|Buddhist]], [[Korean Confucianism|Confucian]], and [[Taoism in Korea|Daoist]] ideals. A Chinese official recorded, "They [Silla] choose fair sons from noble families and deck them out with cosmetics and fine clothes and call them Hwarang. The people all revere and serve them."<ref>Rutt, 17, citing the ''Samguk Sagi'' quoting the no longer extant ''Xinluo guoji'' (Account of the Country of Silla) by the Tang official Linghu Cheng, who had visited Silla in the mid-8th century and later wrote an account of the country.</ref>
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==Five commandments==
Two youths, Gwisan (귀산,貴山) and Chwihang (취항, 取項), approached the Silla monk [[Wongwang|Won Gwang]]
The ''Samguk Sagi'', ''
Won Gwang, who had gained fame for his period of study in [[Sui dynasty|Sui China]], replied by composing the ''[[Sesok-ogye]]'' ("Five Commandments for Secular Life"; 세속 오계; 世俗五戒). These have since been attributed as a guiding ethos for the Hwarang:<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://koreanhistoricaldramas.com/hwarang/|title=The Original Flower Boys: Hwarang-do 화랑도|date=2016-12-03|newspaper=Sageuk: Korean Historical Dramas|language=en-US|access-date=2016-12-04}}</ref>
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