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[[File:Inland North Map.jpg|thumb|upright=2|This map shows, with red circles, the exact cities identified within the Inland North dialect region, according to Labov et al.'s (2006) ''[[Atlas of North American English|ANAE]]''.]]
{{listen|filename=NPLighthouse.ogg|type=speech|title=Speech example|description=An example of a female speaker from the [[Milwaukee area]].}}
{{listen|filename=NYSDOH Supportive Service Provider Map Walkthrough.flac|type=speech|title=Speech example|description=An example of a male speaker from the [[Buffalo–Niagara Falls Metropolitan Area|Buffalo area]].}}
{{IPA notice}}
'''Inland Northern''' ('''American''') '''English''',
The early 20th-century accent of the Inland North was the basis for the term "[[General American English|General American]]",{{sfnp|Labov|Ash|Boberg|2006|p=190}}<ref>{{cite magazine |title=Talking the Tawk |magazine=The New Yorker |date=7 November 2005 |url=https://www.newyorker.com/archive/2005/11/14/051114ta_talk_seabrook |access-date=2018-04-09}}</ref> though the regional accent has since altered, due to the '''Northern Cities Vowel Shift''': its now-defining [[chain shift]] of vowels that began in the 1930s or possibly earlier.<ref>
== Geographic distribution ==
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The dialect region called the "Inland North" consists of western and central [[New York State]] ([[Utica, New York|Utica]], [[Ithaca, New York|Ithaca]], [[Syracuse, New York|Syracuse]], [[Rochester, New York|Rochester]], [[Buffalo, New York|Buffalo]], [[Binghamton, New York|Binghamton]], [[Jamestown, New York|Jamestown]], [[Fredonia, New York|Fredonia]], [[Olean, New York|Olean]]); northern [[Ohio]] ([[Akron, Ohio|Akron]], [[Cleveland, Ohio|Cleveland]], [[Toledo, Ohio|Toledo]]), [[Michigan]]'s [[Lower Peninsula]] ([[Detroit]], [[Flint, Michigan|Flint]], [[Grand Rapids]], [[Lansing, Michigan|Lansing]]); northern [[Indiana]] ([[Gary, Indiana|Gary]], [[South Bend, Indiana|South Bend]]); northern [[Illinois]] ([[Chicago]], [[Rockford, Illinois|Rockford]]); southeastern [[Wisconsin]] ([[Kenosha, Wisconsin|Kenosha]], [[Racine, Wisconsin|Racine]], [[Milwaukee]]); and, largely, [[northeastern Pennsylvania]]'s [[Wyoming Valley]]/[[Coal Region]] ([[Scranton, PA|Scranton]] and [[Wilkes-Barre]]). This is the dialect spoken in part of America's chief industrial region, an area sometimes known as the [[Rust Belt]]. Northern Iowa and southern Minnesota may also variably fall within the Inland North dialect region; in the Twin Cities, educated middle-aged men in particular have been documented as aligning to the accent, though this is not necessarily the case among other demographics of that urban area.<ref name="Chapman"/>
Linguists identify the "[[Midland American English#St. Louis corridor|St. Louis Corridor]]", extending from Chicago down into St. Louis, as a dialectally remarkable area, because young and old speakers alike have a Midland accent, except for a single middle generation born between the 1920s and 1940s, who have an Inland Northern accent diffused into the area from Chicago.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Friedman
[[Erie, Pennsylvania]], though in the geographic area of the "Inland North" and featuring some speakers of this dialect, never underwent the Northern Cities Shift and often shares more features with [[Pittsburghese|Western Pennsylvania English]] due to contact with Pittsburghers, particularly with Erie as their choice of city for summer vacations.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Evanini
===Social factors===
The dialect's progression across the Midwest has stopped at a general boundary line traveling through central Ohio, Indiana, and Illinois and then western Wisconsin, on the other sides of which speakers have continued to maintain their [[Midland American English|Midland]] and [[North Central American English|North Central]] accents. Sociolinguist [[William Labov]] theorizes that this separation reflects a political divide and a controlled study of his shows that Inland Northern speakers tend to be more associated with [[liberal politics]] than those of the other dialects, especially as Americans continue to self-segregate in residence based on ideological concerns.<ref name="discover"/> Former President [[Barack Obama]], for example, has a mild Inland Northern accent despite not having lived in the dialect region until early adulthood.<ref name="discover"/>
== Phonology and phonetics ==
[[File:Southern Michigan English monophthongs chart.svg|thumb|upright=1.5|The [[monophthong]]s of [[Southern Michigan]] on a [[vowel chart]], typical of the Northern
[[File:Southern Michigan English diphthongs chart.svg|thumb|upright=1.5|The [[diphthong]]s of Southern Michigan on a vowel chart, adapted from Hillenbrand (2003).<ref name="jipa"/>]]
{|class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"
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! [[Open vowel|Open]]
| {{IPA link|a|ɑ}}
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[[File:Inland North IPA.PNG|upright=1.5|right|thumb|Based on Labov et al.; averaged F1/F2 means for speakers from the Inland North. Note that {{IPA|/æ/}} is higher and fronter than {{IPA|/ɛ/}}, while {{IPA|/ʌ/}} is more retracted than {{IPA|/ɑ/|cat=no}}.]]
A '''Midwestern accent''' (which may refer to [[Midwestern American English (disambiguation)|other dialectal accents]] as well), '''Chicago accent''', or '''Great Lakes accent''' are all common names in the United States for the sound quality produced by speakers of this dialect. Many of the characteristics listed here are not necessarily unique to the region and are oftentimes found elsewhere in the [[Midwest]].
===Northern Cities
[[File:Northern Cities shift.svg|thumb|upright=1.5|Northern Cities Shift as a vowel chart, based on image in Labov, Ash, and Boberg (1997)'s "A national map of the regional dialects of American English".]]
The Northern Cities
====Tensing of {{sc2|TRAP}} and fronting of {{sc2|LOT/PALM}}====
The first two sound changes in the shift, with some debate about which one led to the other or came first,<ref name="McCarthy"/> are the general [[:/æ/ raising|raising and lengthening]] (tensing) of the "short a" (the vowel sound of {{sc2|TRAP}}, typically rendered {{IPA|/æ/}} in American transcriptions), as well as the [[fronting (phonetics)|fronting]] of the sound of [[father-bother merger|{{sc2|LOT}} or {{sc2|PALM}}]] in this accent (typically transcribed {{IPA|/ɑ/}})
====Lowering of {{sc2|THOUGHT}}====
The fronting of the {{sc2|LOT/PALM}} vowel leaves a blank space
====Backing or lowering of {{sc2|DRESS}}====
The movement of {{IPA|/æ/}} to {{IPA|[ɛə]}}, in order to avoid overlap
====Backing of {{sc2|STRUT}}====
The next change is the movement of {{IPA|/ʌ/}} (the {{sc2|STRUT}} vowel) from
====Backing or lowering of {{sc2|KIT}}====
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====Vowels before {{IPA|/r/}}====
Before {{IPA|/r/}}, only {{IPA|/ɑ/}} undergoes the Northern Cities Vowel Shift, so that the vowel in ''start'' {{IPA|/
=== History of the Northern Cities Vowel Shift ===
[[William Labov]] et al.'s ''[[Atlas of North American English]]'' (2006) presents the first historical
During the 1960s, several more vowels followed suit in rapid succession, each filling in the space left by the last, including the lowering of {{IPA|/ɔ/}} as in {{sc2|THOUGHT}}, the backing and lowering of {{IPA|/ɛ/}} as in {{sc2|DRESS}}, the backing of {{IPA|/ʌ/}} as in {{sc2|STRUT}} (first reported in 1986),<ref>{{cite thesis |last=Labov
====Possible motivations for the Shift====
Migrants from all over the Northeastern U.S. traveled west to the rapidly industrializing Great Lakes area in the decades after the [[Erie Canal]] opened in 1825, and Labov suggests that the Inland North's general {{IPA|/æ/}} raising originated from the diverse and incompatible [[/æ/ raising]] patterns of these various migrants mixing into a new, simpler pattern.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Labov
====Reversals of the Shift====
Recent evidence suggests that the Shift has largely begun to reverse in many cities of the Inland North,<ref name="lansing"/><ref name="syracuse"/> such as [[Lansing, Michigan|Lansing]],<ref name="lansing">{{cite journal |first1=S. E. |last1=Wagner |first2=A.| last2=Mason |first3=M. |last3=Nesbitt |first4=E. |last4=Pevan |first5=M. |last5=Savage |year=2016 |title=Reversal and re-organization of the Northern Cities Shift in Michigan |journal=University of Pennsylvania Working Papers in Linguistics |url=http://msusociolinguistics.weebly.com/uploads/9/3/1/9/9319621/reversalandreorganization_nwav44.pdf |volume=22 |issue=2 |at=Article 19 |url-status=dead |archive-date=2021-06-23 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210623223821/http://msusociolinguistics.weebly.com/uploads/9/3/1/9/9319621/reversalandreorganization_nwav44.pdf}}</ref> [[Ogdensburg, New York|Ogdensburg]], [[Rochester, New York|Rochester]], [[Syracuse, New York|Syracuse]],<ref name="syracuse">{{cite journal |url=https://repository.upenn.edu/pwpl/vol21/iss2/6/ |title=Reversal of the Northern Cities Shift in Syracuse, New York |first1=Anna |last1=Driscoll |first2=Emma |last2=Lape |journal=University of Pennsylvania Working Papers in Linguistics |volume=21 |number=2 |year=2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/language-variation-and-change/article/abs/escaping-the-trap-losing-the-northern-cities-shift-in-real-time/C62D519D813560095D0EB9936A96F77C |last1=Thiel |first1=Anja |last2=Dinkin |first2=Aaron |year=2020 |title=Escaping the TRAP: Losing the Northern Cities Shift in Real Time |journal=Language Variation and Change |volume=32 |issue=3 |pages=373–393 |doi=10.1017/S0954394520000137|s2cid=187646349 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|last=Kapner
===Other phonetics===
*[[Rhoticity in English|Rhoticity]]: As in [[General American]], Inland North speech is [[Rhotic and non-rhotic accents|rhotic]], and the ''r'' sound is typically the retroflex {{IPA|[ɻ]}} or perhaps, more accurately, a bunched or molar {{IPA|[ɹ]}}.
*[[Canadian raising]]: The [[raising (phonetics)|raising of the tongue]] for the nucleus of the [[gliding vowel]] {{IPA|/aɪ/}} is found in the Inland North when the vowel sound appears before any [[voiceless consonant]], thus distinguishing, for example, between ''rider'' and ''writer'' by vowel quality ({{Audio|En-us-rider-writer.ogg|<small>listen</small>|help=no}}).{{sfnp|Labov|Ash|Boberg|2006|pp=203-204}} In the Inland North, unlike some other dialects, the raising occurs even before certain [[voiced consonant]]s, including in the words ''fire,'' ''tiger,'' ''iron'', and ''spider''. When it is not subject to raising, the nucleus of {{IPA|/aɪ/}} is pronounced with the tongue further to the front of the mouth than most other American dialects, as {{IPA|[a̟ɪ]}} or {{IPA|[ae]}}; however, in the Inland North speech of Pennsylvania, the nucleus is centralized as in General American, thus: {{IPA|[äɪ]}}.{{sfnp|Labov|Ash|Boberg|2006|p=161}}
*The nucleus of {{IPA|/aʊ/}} may be more backed than in other common North American accents (
*The nucleus of {{IPA|/oʊ/}} (as in ''go'' and ''boat''), like {{IPA|/aʊ/}}, tends to be [[conservative and innovative (linguistics)|conservative]], not undergoing the fronting common in the vast American southeastern super-region. Likewise, the traditionally high back vowel {{IPA|/u/}} is conservative, less fronted in the North than in other American regions, though it still undergoes some fronting after [[coronal consonant]]s.{{sfnp|Labov|Ash|Boberg|2006|p=187}} Also, {{IPA|/oʊ/}}, along with {{IPA|/eɪ/}}, can traditionally manifest as [[monophthong]]s: {{IPA|[e]}} and {{IPA|[o]}}, respectively.<ref>{{cite book | last=Boberg
*The vowel in {{IPA|/ɛg/}} can raise toward {{IPA|[e]}} in words like ''beg'', ''negative'', or ''segment'', except in Michigan.<ref>{{cite journal | last=Stanley
*Working-class [[Th-stopping|''th''-stopping]]: The two sounds represented by the spelling ''th''—{{IPA|/θ/}} (as in ''thin'') and {{IPA|/ð/}} (as in ''those'')—may shift from [[fricative consonant]]s to [[stop consonant]]s among urban and working-class speakers: thus, for example, ''thin'' may approach the sound of ''tin'' (using {{IPA|[t]}}) and ''those'' may merge to the sound of ''doze'' (using {{IPA|[d]}}).<ref>{{cite book|title=How Friendly Are the Natives? An Evaluation of Native-Speaker Judgements of Foreign-Accented British and American English|last=van den Doel|first=Rias|year=2006|publisher=Landelijke onderzoekschool taalwetenschap (Netherlands Graduate School of Linguistics)|pages=268–269|url=http://dspace.library.uu.nl/bitstream/handle/1874/13381/Doel-13-completetext.pdf}}</ref> This was parodied in the ''[[Saturday Night Live]]'' comedy sketch "[[Bill Swerski's Superfans]]," in which characters hailing from Chicago pronounce "[[Chicago Bears|The Bears]]" as "Da Bears."<ref>{{cite book |last1=Salmons
*''Caramel'' is typically pronounced with two syllables as ''carmel''.<ref name="The Harvard Dialect Survey">{{cite web |last1=Vaux
== Vocabulary ==
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*''bubbler'', in a large portion of Wisconsin around Milwaukee, for ''water fountain'' (in addition to the synonym ''[[drinking fountain]]'', also possible throughout the Inland North)
*''cash station'', in the [[Chicago area]], for ''[[Automated teller machine|ATM]]''
*''[[Devil's Night]]'', particularly in Michigan, for the night before [[Halloween]] (not Northeastern ''[[Mischief Night]]'')<ref>{{cite book | last=Metcalf
*''doorwalls'', in Detroit, for ''[[sliding glass door]]s''
*''gapers' block'' or ''gapers' delay'', in Chicago, Milwaukee and Detroit; or ''gawk block'', in Detroit, for [[traffic congestion]] caused by [[rubbernecking]]
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*''[[Convenience stores#Regional names|party store]]'', in Michigan, for a liquor store
*''rummage sale'', in Wisconsin, as a synonym for ''[[garage sale]]'' or ''yard sale''
*''treelawn'', in [[Cleveland]] and [[Michigan]]; ''devilstrip'' or ''devil's strip'' in [[Akron, Ohio]];<ref>
*''yous(e)'' or ''youz'', in [[northeastern Pennsylvania]] around its urban center of Scranton, for ''you guys''; in this sub-region, there is notable self-awareness of the Inland Northern dialect (locally called by various names, including "Coalspeak").<ref>{{cite web|last1=Feather|first1=Kasey|title=NEPAisms overlooked in new dictionary entries|url=http://thetimes-tribune.com/news/nepaisms-overlooked-in-new-dictionary-entries-1.1688884|website=The Times-Tribune|date=May 19, 2014 |publisher=Times-Shamrock Communications|access-date=27 November 2016}}</ref> ''Youse'' is also found in Chicago and its hinterland, utilized as a second-person plural pronoun (similar to "[[y'all]]").
== Notable lifelong native speakers ==
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* [[Joan Cusack]] – "a great distinctive voice" she says is due to "my Chicago accent... my A's are all flat"<ref>{{cite web|title=Joan Cusack on 'Mars Needs Moms,' Raising Kids and Her Famous Brother |url=https://china-lifestyle.blogspot.com/2011/03/joan-cusack-on-mars-needs-moms-raising.html |access-date=2022-10-11 |url-status=live |archive-date=2022-10-11 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221011080739/https://china-lifestyle.blogspot.com/2011/03/joan-cusack-on-mars-needs-moms-raising.html}}</ref>
* [[Richard M. Daley]] – "makes no effort to tame a thick Chicago accent"<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.csmonitor.com/2003/0228/p01s02-uspo.html|title=The über-mayor: what's behind Daley's longevity|newspaper=Christian Science Monitor|year=2003|last=Stein|first=Anne}}</ref>
* [[Jimmy Dore]] – "I think that Chicago comics like Jimmy Dore bring my Wisconsin/Chicago accent back with a vengence."<ref>{{cite web |last1=Kashian |first1=Jackie |title=TDF Ep 6 - Jimmy Dore and Matt Knudsen |url=https://tdf.libsyn.com/jimmy-dore-and-matt-knudsen |website=Uncut |access-date=27 November 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221127022859/https://tdf.libsyn.com/jimmy-dore-and-matt-knudsen |archive-date=27 November 2022}}</ref>
* [[Kevin Dunn]] – "a blue-collar attitude and the Chicago accent to match"<ref>{{cite web |last=Wawzenek |first=Bryan |date=May 3, 2014 |url=http://diffuser.fm/actors-best-tv-shows/ |title=10 Actors Who Always Show Up on the Best TV Shows |website=Diffuser}}</ref>
* [[David Draiman]] – "distinct Chicago accent"<ref>{{cite web|agency=The Associated Press |url=http://www.today.com/id/13326772/ns/today-today_entertainment/t/disturbed-not-if-youre-david-draiman/ |website=Today |date=June 15, 2006 |title=Disturbed? not if you're David Draiman|access-date=April 5, 2016}}</ref>
* [[Rahm Emanuel]] – "more refined (if still very Chicago)"<ref>{{cite web|last=Moser|first=Whet
* [[Dennis Farina]] – "rich Chicago accent"<ref>{{cite video|url=https://www.nbcnews.com/video/nightly-news/52548139#52548139|title=Dennis Farina, 'Law & Order' actor, dies at 69|publisher=NBC News|year=2013}}</ref>
* [[Chris Farley]] – "beatific Wisconsin accent"<ref>{{cite web|last=Desowitz|first=Bill |url=http://www.awn.com/animationworld/fantastic-mr-fox-goes-london|publisher=Animation World Network |title='Fantastic Mr. Fox' Goes to London|date=October 16, 2009|access-date=January 7, 2016 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140227054050/https://www.awn.com/animationworld/fantastic-mr-fox-goes-london | archive-date=February 27, 2014 | url-status=live }}</ref>
* [[Robert Forster]] – "accent that sounded like pure Chicago—though he hailed from Rochester, N.Y."<ref>{{cite news | last=Moorhead | first=M.V. | date=October 31, 2019 | title=Robert Forster: Recalling a memorable encounter | url=https://www.wranglernews.com/2019/10/31/robert-forster-recalling-a-memorable-encounter/|work=Wrangler News|access-date=February 20, 2024}}</ref>
* [[Dennis Franz]] – "tough-guy Chicago accent"<ref>{{cite encyclopedia|url=http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/217460/Dennis-Franz|title=Dennis Franz|encyclopedia=Encyclopædia Britannica|year=2014}}</ref>
* [[Sean Giambrone]] – "Sean, whose Chicago accent is thick enough to cut with a knife"<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.chicagotribune.com/entertainment/ct-goldbergs-sean-giambrone-20141209-story.html |newspaper=Chicago Tribune|access-date=January 6, 2018|title='Normal kid' from Park Ridge lifts 'Goldbergs'|last=Crowder|first=Courtney|date=December 9, 2014}}</ref>
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* [[Mike Krzyzewski]]<ref>{{Cite web |date=2008-07-30 |title=With Coach K, will USA hoops bring its A game and return to golden Olympic glory? |url=https://www.cleveland.com/sports/2008/07/with_coach_k_will_usa_hoops_br.html |access-date=2023-06-23 |website=cleveland.com |language=en}}</ref>
* [[Dennis Kucinich]] – "a shining example of Cleveland's version of the Inland North accent"<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.cleveland.com/tipoff/2017/01/clevelanders_probably_think_th.html|title=Clevelanders probably think they don't have an accent, but we do, and so do others in the Midwest|last=McIntyre|first=Michael K.|date=January 13, 2017|website=[[Cleveland.com]]|publisher=Advance Local|access-date=February 23, 2024}}</ref>
* [[Bill Lipinski]] – "I could live only 100 miles from the gentleman from Illinois (Mr. Lipinski) and he would have an accent and I do not"<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KCR3Vw0pUJkC&q=dan+lipinski+accent&pg=PA23867 |title=Congressional Record, V. 150, Pt. 17, October 9 to November 17, 2004 |date= November 2009|isbn=9780160844164 |access-date=2018-04-09|last1=Congress |first1=U. S. |publisher=U.S. Government Printing Office }}</ref>
* [[Terry McAuliffe]] – "that rich, unhelpful Syracuse accent"<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.thedailybeast.com/hillary-all-over-again|title=Hillary All Over Again?|last=Newell|first=Jim|date=June 8, 2009|website=The Daily Beast|publisher=The Daily Beast Company|access-date=February 23, 2024}}</ref>
* [[Mr. Skin|Jim "Mr. Skin" McBride]] – "a clipped Chicago accent"<ref>{{cite web|title=Mr. Skin Invades Sundance|last=Brooks|first=Jake|year=2004|work=The New York Observer|publisher=Observer Media|url=http://observer.com/2004/01/mr-skin-invades-sundance/}}</ref>
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* [[Paul Ryan]] – "may be the first candidate on a major presidential ticket to feature some of the Great Lakes vowels prominently"<ref>{{cite news|url=https://blogs.wsj.com/washwire/2012/10/11/paul-ryan-sounds-radical-to-linguists/|newspaper=[[The Wall Street Journal]]|last=Landers|first=Peter|date=October 11, 2012|title=Paul Ryan Sounds Radical to Linguists|access-date=January 24, 2016}}</ref>
* [[Michael Symon]] – "Michael Symon's local accent gives him an honest, working-class vibe"<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.chicagotribune.com/sns-food-next-food-michael-symon-winner-story.html|title=Michael Symon: 2007 winner of 'The Next Iron Chef'|newspaper=Chicago Tribune|year=2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230405104423/https://www.chicagotribune.com/sns-food-next-food-michael-symon-winner-story.html|archive-date=April 5, 2023}}</ref>
* [[Lily Tomlin]] – "Tomlin's Detroit accent"<ref>{{cite news |last=Maupin
* [[Gretchen Whitmer]] – "a Michigan accent probably most detectable when she{{nbsp}}... flattens out her 'a' sounds with a nasal twang"<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.huffpost.com/entry/gretchen-whitmer-michigan-midterm-elections_n_6362f7a8e4b0ab7c772ec904|title=Gretchen Whitmer Is Both Loved And Hated In Michigan — And Still 'Fighting Like Hell'|last=Cohn|first=Jonathan|date=November 5, 2022|website=Huffpost|publisher=BuzzFeed|access-date=February 23, 2024}}</ref>
<!--Please keep this list alphabetical!-->
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[[Category:American English]]
[[Category:Culture of
[[Category:Culture of Buffalo, New York]]
[[Category:Culture of Chicago]]
[[Category:Culture of Cleveland]]
[[Category:Culture of Detroit]]
[[Category:Culture of Grand Rapids, Michigan]]▼
[[Category:Culture of Green Bay, Wisconsin]]▼
[[Category:Culture of Madison, Wisconsin]]▼
[[Category:Culture of Milwaukee]]
[[Category:Culture of Rochester, New York]]
[[Category:Culture of Scranton, Pennsylvania]]▼
[[Category:Culture of Syracuse, New York]]
[[Category:Illinois culture]]
[[Category:Indiana culture]]
[[Category:Languages of Pennsylvania]]▼
[[Category:Michigan culture]]
[[Category:New York (state) culture]]
[[Category:Ohio culture]]
▲[[Category:Languages of Pennsylvania]]
[[Category:Wisconsin culture]]
▲[[Category:Culture of Grand Rapids, Michigan]]
▲[[Category:Culture of Madison, Wisconsin]]
▲[[Category:Culture of Green Bay, Wisconsin]]
▲[[Category:Culture of Toledo, Ohio]]
▲[[Category:Culture of Scranton, Pennsylvania]]
▲[[Category:Culture of Allentown, Pennsylvania]]
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