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'''Inland Northern''' ('''American''') '''English''',{{sfnp|Gordon|2004|p=xvi}} also known in [[American linguistics]] as the '''Inland North''' or '''Great Lakes dialect''',<ref>{{cite book |last1=Garn-Nunn |first1=Pamela G. |last2=Lynn |first2=James M. |year=2004 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gjp3MWFuGSoC |title=Calvert's Descriptive Phonetics |publisher=Thieme |page=136|isbn=978-1-60406-617-3 }}</ref> is an [[American English]] dialect spoken primarily by [[White Americans]] in a geographic band reaching from the major urban areas of [[Upstate New York]] westward along the [[Erie Canal]] and through much of the U.S. [[Great Lakes region]]. The most distinctive Inland Northern accents are spoken in [[Chicago]], [[Milwaukee]], [[Detroit]], [[Cleveland]], [[Buffalo, New York|Buffalo]], [[Rochester, New York|Rochester]], and [[Syracuse, New York|Syracuse]].{{sfnp|Gordon|2004|p=297}} The dialect can be heard as far west as eastern [[Iowa]] and even among certain demographics in the [[Twin Cities, Minnesota]].<ref name="Chapman">{{cite thesis | last=Chapman | first=Kaila | title=The Northern Cities Shift: Minnesota's Ever-Changing Vowel Space | publisher=Macalester College | date=2017-10-25 | url=https://digitalcommons.macalester.edu/ling_honors/12/ |quote=The satisfaction of the three NCS measures was found only in the 35-55 year old male speakers. The three male speakers fully participating in the NCS had high levels of education and strong ties to the city |page=41}}</ref> Some of its features have also infiltrated a [[St. Louis dialect|geographic corridor]] from Chicago southwest along [[U.S. Route 66 in Illinois|historic Route 66]] into [[St. Louis, Missouri]]; today, the corridor shows a mixture of both Inland North and [[Midland American English|Midland American accents]].{{sfnp|Labov|Ash|Boberg|2006|loc=Chapter 19|p=276}} Linguists often characterize the western Great Lakes region's dialect separately as [[North-Central American English]].
The early 20th-century accent of the Inland North was the basis for the term "[[General American English|General American]]",{{sfnp|Labov|Ash|Boberg|2006|p=190}}<ref>{{cite magazine |title=Talking the Tawk |magazine=The New Yorker |date=7 November 2005 |url=https://www.newyorker.com/archive/2005/11/14/051114ta_talk_seabrook |access-date=2018-04-09}}</ref> though the regional accent has since altered, due to the '''Northern Cities Vowel Shift''': its now-defining [[chain shift]] of vowels that began in the 1930s or possibly earlier.<ref>{{cite web | title=Do You Speak American? - Language Change - Vowel Shifting |year=2005| website=PBS | url=http://www.pbs.org/speak/ahead/change/changin/}}</ref> A 1969 study first formally showed lower-middle-class women leading the regional population in the first two stages ([[Raising (
== Geographic distribution ==
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===Social factors===
The dialect's progression across the Midwest has stopped at a general boundary line traveling through central Ohio, Indiana, and Illinois and then western Wisconsin, on the other sides of which speakers have continued to maintain their [[Midland American English|Midland]] and [[North Central American English|North Central]] accents. Sociolinguist [[William Labov]] theorizes that this separation reflects a political divide and a controlled study of his shows that Inland Northern speakers tend to be more associated with [[liberal politics]] than those of the other dialects, especially as Americans continue to self-segregate in residence based on ideological concerns.<ref name="discover"/> Former President [[Barack Obama]], for example, has a mild Inland Northern accent despite not having lived in the dialect region until early adulthood.<ref name="discover"/>
== Phonology and phonetics ==
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[[File:Inland North IPA.PNG|upright=1.5|right|thumb|Based on Labov et al.; averaged F1/F2 means for speakers from the Inland North. Note that {{IPA|/æ/}} is higher and fronter than {{IPA|/ɛ/}}, while {{IPA|/ʌ/}} is more retracted than {{IPA|/ɑ/|cat=no}}.]]
A '''Midwestern accent''' (which may refer to [[Midwestern American English (disambiguation)|other dialectal accents]] as well), '''Chicago accent''', or '''Great Lakes accent''' are all common names in the United States for the sound quality produced by speakers of this dialect. Many of the characteristics listed here are not necessarily unique to the region and are oftentimes found elsewhere in the [[Midwest]].
===Northern Cities Vowel Shift===
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====Tensing of {{sc2|TRAP}} and fronting of {{sc2|LOT/PALM}}====
The first two sound changes in the shift, with some debate about which one led to the other or came first,<ref name="McCarthy"/> are the general [[:/æ/ raising|raising and lengthening]] (tensing) of the "short a" (the vowel sound of {{sc2|TRAP}}, typically rendered {{IPA|/æ/}} in American transcriptions), as well as the [[fronting (phonetics)|fronting]] of the sound of [[father-bother merger|{{sc2|LOT}} or {{sc2|PALM}}]] in this accent (typically transcribed {{IPA|/ɑ/}})
====Lowering of {{sc2|THOUGHT}}====
The fronting of the {{sc2|LOT/PALM}} vowel leaves a blank space that is filled by lowering the "aw" vowel in {{sc2|THOUGHT}} {{IPAblink|ɔ}}, which itself comes to be pronounced with the tongue in a lower position, closer to {{IPA|[ɑ]}} or {{IPA|[ɒ]}}. As a result, for example, people with the shift pronounce ''caught'' the way speakers without the shift say ''cot''; thus, shifted speakers pronounce ''caught'' as {{IPA|[kʰɑt]}} (and ''cot'' as {{IPA|[kʰat]}}, as explained above).{{sfnp|Labov|Ash|Boberg|2006|loc=Chapter 14|p=189}} In defiance of the shift, however, there is a well-documented scattering of Inland North speakers who are in a state of transition
====Backing or lowering of {{sc2|DRESS}}====
The movement of {{IPA|/æ/}} to {{IPA|[ɛə]}}, in order to avoid overlap with the now-fronted {{IPA|/ɑ/}} vowel, presumably initiates the consequent shifting of {{IPA|/ɛ/}} (the "short e" in {{Sc2|DRESS}}, {{IPAblink|ɛ}} in General American) away from its original position. Thus, {{IPA|/ɛ/}} demonstrates backing, lowering, or a combination of both
====Backing of {{sc2|STRUT}}====
The next change is the movement of {{IPA|/ʌ/}} (the {{sc2|STRUT}} vowel) from a central or back position
====Backing or lowering of {{sc2|KIT}}====
The final change is the backing and lowering of {{IPA|/ɪ/}}, the "short i" vowel in {{sc2|KIT}},
====Vowels before {{IPA|/r/}}====
Before {{IPA|/r/}}, only {{IPA|/ɑ/}} undergoes the Northern Cities Vowel Shift, so that the vowel in ''start'' {{IPA|/stɑrt/}} varies much like the one in ''lot'' {{IPA|/lɑt/}} described above. The remaining {{IPA|/ɔ/}}, {{IPA|/ɛ/}} and {{IPA|/ɪ/}} retain
=== History of the Northern Cities Vowel Shift ===
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*[[Rhoticity in English|Rhoticity]]: As in [[General American]], Inland North speech is [[Rhotic and non-rhotic accents|rhotic]], and the ''r'' sound is typically the retroflex {{IPA|[ɻ]}} or perhaps, more accurately, a bunched or molar {{IPA|[ɹ]}}.
*[[Canadian raising]]: The [[raising (phonetics)|raising of the tongue]] for the nucleus of the [[gliding vowel]] {{IPA|/aɪ/}} is found in the Inland North when the vowel sound appears before any [[voiceless consonant]], thus distinguishing, for example, between ''rider'' and ''writer'' by vowel quality ({{Audio|En-us-rider-writer.ogg|<small>listen</small>|help=no}}).{{sfnp|Labov|Ash|Boberg|2006|pp=203-204}} In the Inland North, unlike some other dialects, the raising occurs even before certain [[voiced consonant]]s, including in the words ''fire,'' ''tiger,'' ''iron'', and ''spider''. When it is not subject to raising, the nucleus of {{IPA|/aɪ/}} is pronounced with the tongue further to the front of the mouth than most other American dialects, as {{IPA|[a̟ɪ]}} or {{IPA|[ae]}}; however, in the Inland North speech of Pennsylvania, the nucleus is centralized as in General American, thus: {{IPA|[äɪ]}}.{{sfnp|Labov|Ash|Boberg|2006|p=161}}
*The nucleus of {{IPA|/aʊ/}} may be more backed than in other common North American accents (
*The nucleus of {{IPA|/oʊ/}} (as in ''go'' and ''boat''), like {{IPA|/aʊ/}}, tends to be [[conservative and innovative (linguistics)|conservative]], not undergoing the fronting common in the vast American southeastern super-region. Likewise, the traditionally high back vowel {{IPA|/u/}} is conservative, less fronted in the North than in other American regions, though it still undergoes some fronting after [[coronal consonant]]s.{{sfnp|Labov|Ash|Boberg|2006|p=187}} Also, {{IPA|/oʊ/}}, along with {{IPA|/eɪ/}}, can traditionally manifest as [[monophthong]]s: {{IPA|[e]}} and {{IPA|[o]}}, respectively.<ref>{{cite book | last=Boberg | first=Charles | title=The Handbook of Dialectology | chapter=Dialects of North American English | publisher=Wiley | date=2017-12-04 | isbn=978-1-118-82755-0 | doi=10.1002/9781118827628.ch26 | page=457}}</ref>
*The vowel in {{IPA|/ɛg/}} can raise toward {{IPA|[e]}} in words like ''beg'', ''negative'', or ''segment'', except in Michigan.<ref>{{cite journal | last=Stanley | first=Joseph A. | title=Regional Patterns in Prevelar Raising | journal=American Speech | publisher=Duke University Press | volume=97 | issue=3 | date=2022-08-01 | issn=0003-1283 | doi=10.1215/00031283-9308384 | pages=374–411| s2cid=237766388 }}</ref>
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* [[Joan Cusack]] – "a great distinctive voice" she says is due to "my Chicago accent... my A's are all flat"<ref>{{cite web|title=Joan Cusack on 'Mars Needs Moms,' Raising Kids and Her Famous Brother |url=https://china-lifestyle.blogspot.com/2011/03/joan-cusack-on-mars-needs-moms-raising.html |access-date=2022-10-11 |url-status=live |archive-date=2022-10-11 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221011080739/https://china-lifestyle.blogspot.com/2011/03/joan-cusack-on-mars-needs-moms-raising.html}}</ref>
* [[Richard M. Daley]] – "makes no effort to tame a thick Chicago accent"<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.csmonitor.com/2003/0228/p01s02-uspo.html|title=The über-mayor: what's behind Daley's longevity|newspaper=Christian Science Monitor|year=2003|last=Stein|first=Anne}}</ref>
* [[Jimmy Dore]] – "I think that Chicago comics like Jimmy Dore bring my Wisconsin/Chicago accent back with a vengence."<ref>{{cite web |last1=Kashian |first1=Jackie |title=TDF Ep 6 - Jimmy Dore and Matt Knudsen |url=https://tdf.libsyn.com/jimmy-dore-and-matt-knudsen |website=Uncut |access-date=27 November 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221127022859/https://tdf.libsyn.com/jimmy-dore-and-matt-knudsen |archive-date=27 November 2022}}</ref>
* [[Kevin Dunn]] – "a blue-collar attitude and the Chicago accent to match"<ref>{{cite web |last=Wawzenek |first=Bryan |date=May 3, 2014 |url=http://diffuser.fm/actors-best-tv-shows/ |title=10 Actors Who Always Show Up on the Best TV Shows |website=Diffuser}}</ref>
* [[David Draiman]] – "distinct Chicago accent"<ref>{{cite web|agency=The Associated Press |url=http://www.today.com/id/13326772/ns/today-today_entertainment/t/disturbed-not-if-youre-david-draiman/ |website=Today |date=June 15, 2006 |title=Disturbed? not if you're David Draiman|access-date=April 5, 2016}}</ref>
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