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Overlordnat1 (talk | contribs) Undid revision 1206100804 by 2600:1700:49C0:14B0:15BB:4DF1:F6AA:F2D7 (talk) Unlike opinions, facts can’t be racist. It’s a fact that black Americans sound quite different, on average, to white Americans. Simply using the words ‘white’ and ‘black’ doesn’t make a person racist and no value judgments were made in the wrongly removed passage. I have this reverted the misguided edit |
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{{listen|filename=NPLighthouse.ogg|title=Speech example|description=An example of a female speaker from the [[Milwaukee]] area.}}
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'''Inland Northern''' ('''American''') '''English''',<ref>Kortmann, Bernd, Kate Burridge, Rajend Mesthrie, Edgar W. Schneider and Clive Upton (eds) (2004). ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=mtd3a-56ysUC& A Handbook of Varieties of English].'' Volume 1: Phonology, Volume 2: Morphology and Syntax. Berlin / New York: Mouton de Gruyter. p. xvi.</ref> also known in [[American linguistics]] as the '''Inland North''' or '''Great Lakes dialect''',<ref>Garn-Nunn, Pamela G.; Lynn, James M. (2004). ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=gjp3MWFuGSoC Calvert's Descriptive Phonetics]''. Thieme, p. 136.</ref> is an [[American English]] dialect spoken primarily by [[White Americans]] in a geographic band reaching from the major urban areas of [[Upstate New York]] westward along the [[Erie Canal]] and through much of the U.S. [[Great Lakes region]]. The most distinctive Inland Northern accents are spoken in [[Chicago]], [[Milwaukee]], [[Detroit]], [[Cleveland]], [[Buffalo, New York|Buffalo]], [[Rochester, New York|Rochester]], and [[Syracuse, New York|Syracuse]].{{sfnp|Gordon|2004|p=297}} The dialect can be heard as far west as eastern [[Iowa]] and even among certain demographics in the [[Twin Cities, Minnesota]].<ref name="Chapman">Chapman, Kaila (2017). "The Northern Cities Shift: Minnesota's Ever-Changing Vowel Space". Macalester College: "The satisfaction of the three NCS measures was found only in the 35-55 year old male speakers. The three male speakers fully participating in the NCS had high levels of education and strong ties to the city" (41).</ref> Some of its features have also infiltrated a [[St. Louis dialect|geographic corridor]] from Chicago southwest along [[U.S. Route 66 in Illinois|historic Route 66]] into [[St. Louis, Missouri]]; today, the corridor shows a mixture of both Inland North and [[Midland American English|Midland American accents]].{{sfnp|Labov|Ash|Boberg|2006|loc=Chapter 19|p=276}} Linguists often characterize the western Great Lakes region's dialect separately as [[North-Central American English]].
The early 20th-century accent of the Inland North was the basis for the term "[[General American English|General American]]",{{sfnp|Labov|Ash|Boberg|2006|p=190}}<ref>{{cite magazine |title=Talking the Tawk |magazine=The New Yorker |date=7 November 2005 |url=https://www.newyorker.com/archive/2005/11/14/051114ta_talk_seabrook |access-date=2018-04-09}}</ref> though the regional accent has since altered, due to the '''Northern Cities Vowel Shift''': its now-defining [[chain shift]] of vowels that began in the 1930s or possibly earlier.<ref>Gordon, Matthew J. (2005). "[http://www.pbs.org/speak/ahead/change/changin/ Vowel Shifting]". ''Do You Speak American?'' MacNeil/Lehrer Productions.</ref> A 1969 study first formally showed lower-middle-class women leading the regional population in the first two stages ([[Raising (phonetics)|raising]] of the {{sc2|TRAP}} vowel and [[Fronting (phonetics)|fronting]] of the {{sc2|LOT/PALM}} vowel) of this shift, documented since the 1970s as comprising five distinct stages.{{sfnp|Labov|Ash|Boberg|2006|p=190}} But evidence since the mid-2010s suggests a retreat from the Northern Cities Shift's features in many Inland Northern cities.<ref name="lansing"/><ref name="syracuse"/><ref name="Cooperstown">Dinkin, Aaron J. (2022). "Generational Phases: Toward the Low-Back Merger in Cooperstown, New York". Journal of English Linguistics, 50(3), 219-246. https://doi.org/10.1177/00754242221108411.</ref> Various common names for the accent exist, often based on city, for example: '''Chicago accent''', '''Detroit accent''', '''Milwaukee accent''', etc.
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