Inland Northern American English: Difference between revisions

Recent evidence suggests that the Shift has largely begun to reverse in many cities of the Inland North,<ref name="lansing"/><ref name="syracuse"/> such as [[Lansing, Michigan|Lansing]],<ref name="lansing">{{cite journal |first1=S. E. |last1=Wagner |first2=A.| last2=Mason |first3=M. |last3=Nesbitt |first4=E. |last4=Pevan |first5=M. |last5=Savage |year=2016 |title=Reversal and re-organization of the Northern Cities Shift in Michigan |journal=University of Pennsylvania Working Papers in Linguistics |url=http://msusociolinguistics.weebly.com/uploads/9/3/1/9/9319621/reversalandreorganization_nwav44.pdf |volume=22 |issue=2 |at=Article 19 |url-status=dead |archive-date=2021-06-23 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210623223821/http://msusociolinguistics.weebly.com/uploads/9/3/1/9/9319621/reversalandreorganization_nwav44.pdf}}</ref> [[Ogdensburg, New York|Ogdensburg]], [[Rochester, New York|Rochester]], [[Syracuse, New York|Syracuse]],<ref name="syracuse">{{cite journal |url=https://repository.upenn.edu/pwpl/vol21/iss2/6/ |title=Reversal of the Northern Cities Shift in Syracuse, New York |first1=Anna |last1=Driscoll |first2=Emma |last2=Lape |journal=University of Pennsylvania Working Papers in Linguistics |volume=21 |number=2 |year=2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/language-variation-and-change/article/abs/escaping-the-trap-losing-the-northern-cities-shift-in-real-time/C62D519D813560095D0EB9936A96F77C |last1=Thiel |first1=Anja |last2=Dinkin |first2=Aaron |year=2020 |title=Escaping the TRAP: Losing the Northern Cities Shift in Real Time |journal=Language Variation and Change |volume=32 |issue=3 |pages=373–393 |doi=10.1017/S0954394520000137|s2cid=187646349 }}</ref><ref>Kapner, J. (2019, October 12). ''Snowy Days and Nasal A’s: the Retreat of the Northern Cities Shift in Rochester, New York'' [Poster presentation]. New Ways of Analyzing Variation 48, Eugene, OR.</ref> Detroit, Buffalo, Chicago, and [[Eau Claire, Wisconsin|Eau Claire]].<ref name="Cooperstown"/> In particular, {{IPA|/ɑ/}} fronting and {{IPA|/æ/}} raising (though raising is persisting before nasal consonants, as is the [[General American]] norm) have now reversed among younger speakers in these areas. Several possible reasons have been proposed for the reversal, including growing stigma connected with the accent and the working-class identity it represents.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Nesbitt |first=Monica |date=2021-08-01 |title=The Rise and Fall of the Northern Cities Shift: Social and Linguistic Reorganization of TRAP in Twentieth-Century Lansing, Michigan |journal=American Speech |volume=96 |issue=3 |pages=332–370 |doi=10.1215/00031283-8791754 |s2cid=228971560 |issn=0003-1283}}</ref>