Innovation: Difference between revisions

In the simplest [[linear model of innovation]] the traditionally recognized source is ''manufacturer innovation''. This is where an agenta (person or business) innovates in order to sell the innovation. Specifically, R&D measurement is the commonly used input for innovation, in particular in the business sector, named Business Expenditure on R&D (BERD) that grew over the years on the expenses of the declining R&D invested by the public sector.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=H. Rubin|first=Tzameret|year=2015|title=The Achilles heel of a strong private knowledge sector: evidence from Israel|url=http://nimbusvault.net/publications/koala/inimpact/papers/inkt14-011.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161224031822/http://nimbusvault.net/publications/koala/inimpact/papers/inkt14-011.pdf |archive-date=2016-12-24 |url-status=live|journal=The Journal of Innovation Impact|volume=7 |issue=1|pages=80–99}}</ref>

Another source of innovation, only now becoming widely recognized, is ''end-user innovation''. This is where ana agent (person or company) develops an innovation for their own (personal or in-house) use because existing products do not meet their needs. [[Massachusetts Institute of Technology|MIT]] economist [[Eric von Hippel]] has identified end-user innovation as, by far, the most important and criticalsource in his classic book on the subject, ''"The Sources of Innovation"''.<ref>{{cite book |url=http://web.mit.edu/evhippel/www/books/sources/SofI.pdf |title=The Sources of Innovation |last=Von Hippel |first=Eric |author-link=Eric von Hippel |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |year=1988 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061012160410/http://web.mit.edu/evhippel/www/books/sources/SofI.pdf |archive-date=12 October 2006 |access-date=3 December 2015}}</ref>