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{{cite news |last1=Iansiti|first1=Marco |last2=Lakhani|first2=Karim R. |url=https://hbr.org/2017/01/the-truth-about-blockchain |title=The Truth About Blockchain |work=[[Harvard Business Review]] |publisher=[[Harvard University]] |date=January 2017 |access-date=17 January 2017 |quote=a foundational technology: It has the potential to create new foundations for our economic and social systems. }}</ref>{{Additional citation needed|date=August 2020}} The advent of the [[packet-switched]] communication protocol [[TCP/IP]]—originally introduced in 1972 to support a single [[use case]] for [[United States Department of Defense]] electronic communication (email), and which gained widespread adoption only in the mid-1990s with the advent of the [[World Wide Web]]—is a foundational technology.<ref name="hbr201701" />
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Another framework was suggested by Henderson and Clark. They divide innovation into four types;
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* '''Architectural innovation''': "innovation that changes only the relationships between them [the core design concepts]" (p. 12)<ref name=":1" />
* '''Modular Innovation''': "innovation that changes only the core design concepts of a technology" (p. 12)<ref name=":1" />
* '''Technological Development''' "involves the development and application of new technologies that can revolutionize industries. Think of the smartphone, which transformed how we communicate and access information.
* '''Product Development''' "focuses on creating new and improved products that meet evolving consumer needs. Companies like Apple exemplify this with their groundbreaking product releases.
* '''Process Development''' "seeks to streamline and optimize existing methods, increasing efficiency and reducing costs. It’s the backbone of continuous improvement in organizations.
<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-09-05 |title=Innovation 101: The Key to Success in the Modern World - HAANG |url=https://haang.net/innovation-101-the-key-to-success-in-the-modern-world/ |access-date=2023-09-05 |language=en-US}}</ref>
===Non-economic innovation===
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