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{{Short description|Opera by Saverio Mercadante}}
{{Mercadante operas}}'''''Il giuramento''''' (''The Oath'') is an [[opera]] in three acts by the [[Italy|Italian]] composer [[Saverio Mercadante]]. The [[libretto]], by [[Gaetano Rossi]], is based on [[Victor Hugo]]'s play ''Angélo, tyran de Padoue''. (This is the same source as [[Arrigo Boito]], under the pseudonym of Tobia Gorrio, was to use for his libretto for [[Amilcare Ponchielli]]'s ''[[La Gioconda (opera)|La Gioconda]]'').<ref name="Blaha">Blaha, Peter, (trans. Stewart Spencer), "A gratifying experience", Booklet accompanying the 1979 live Orfeo recording, 2006</ref>▼
{{italic title}}
[[File:Saverio Mercadante by Cefaly.jpg|thumb|Saverio Mercadante]]
▲{{Mercadante operas}}'''''Il giuramento''''' (''The Oath'') is an [[opera]] in three acts by the [[Italy|Italian]] composer [[Saverio Mercadante]]. The [[libretto]], by [[Gaetano Rossi]], is based on [[Victor Hugo]]'s 1835 play ''Angélo[[Angelo, tyranTyrant deof PadouePadua]]''. (This is the same source as [[Arrigo Boito]], under the pseudonym of Tobia Gorrio, was to use for his libretto for [[Amilcare Ponchielli]]'s ''[[La Gioconda (opera)|La Gioconda]]'').<ref name="Blaha">Blaha, Peter, (trans. Stewart Spencer), "A gratifying experience", Booklet accompanying the 1979 live Orfeo recording, 2006</ref>
 
The opera was first performed at [[La Scala]], [[Milan]], on 11 March 1837 and was "quickly taken up by other theatres throughout Italy".<ref name="Blaha" /> Within a year, it was staged in Vienna (April 1838) and later appeared in many European cities including London (Her Majesty's Theatre 27 June 1840) and Paris (1858) and in New York (February 1848).
 
As has been noted by Colleen Fay that, there were elementsaspects inof this operawork thatwhich moved [[Italian opera]] in a new direction:
:<blockquote>Its taut dramatic structure and vivid musical scene-painting set it apart from the operas of his day ..... Not only do we hear in its music a reliable Italian lyricism, but also the early moves away from ornamentation for its own sake. Mercadante uses the orchestra not as a pale accompaniment to dramatic action, but as a full partner in the drama.<ref>Colleen Fay, "Background to Mercadante's ''Il Giuramento''", program note for [[Washington Concert Opera]], Washington, DC's presentation on 31 May 2009, p. 6</ref></blockquote>
 
==Performance history==
'''19th century'''
After the mid-19th century the opera dropped in popularity and by 1900 it had "virtually disappeared",<ref name="Blaha"/> not to be revived until the 1950s. However, it has been noted that, before 1900, the opera received 400 performances and Mercadante's ''La vestale'' 150 performances compared to the combined total of approximately 90 performances for Verdi's ''[[Giovanna d'Arco]]'', ''[[Don Carlo]]'' (in all its versions), and ''[[Aroldo]]''.<ref>Kaufman, Tom, "Mercadante and Verdi", ''Opera Quarterly'', Vol. 13, No. 3, June 1997</ref>▼
 
▲After the mid-19th century, the opera dropped in popularity and by 1900 it had "virtually disappeared",.<ref name="Blaha" /> not to be revived until the 1950s. However, itIt has been noted that, before 1900, the opera received 400 performances and Mercadante's ''[[La vestale (Mercadante)|La vestale]]'' 150 performances compared to the combined total of approximately 90 performances for Verdi's ''[[Giovanna d'Arco]]'', ''[[Don Carlo]]'' (in all its versions), and ''[[Aroldo]]''.<ref>Kaufman, Tom, "Mercadante and Verdi", ''[[Opera Quarterly]]'', Volvol. 13, Nono. 3, June 1997</ref>
Occasional performances have been given in modern times. The opera was presented at the [[Festival dei Due Mondi]] in [[Spoleto]] in June 1970 with [[Thomas Schippers]] conducting. German conductor [[Gerd Albrecht]] gave a concert performance in Berlin in 1974 and three further performances in 1979, one of which was recorded.<ref name="Blaha"/> It was also given at the Festival della Valle d'Itria in Martina Franca, Italy in the summer of 1984, conducted by Bruno Campanella; this too was recorded and made available on CD. There were four staged performances in [[Nantes]], France, in November 1993, conducted by Giuliano Carella. It was also performed at the [[Wexford Festival Opera]] in December 2002 under Paolo Arrivabeni. The Washington Concert Opera in the US capital presented a concert version in May 2009 with Antony Walker conducting.<ref>▼
 
[http://www.concertopera.org/index.php/archives/about_opera/il_giuramento/ Washington Concert Opera Archives]</ref>
'''20th century and beyond'''
 
▲Occasional performances have been given in modern times, beginning with revivals in the 1950s. The opera was presented at the [[Festival dei Due Mondi]] in [[Spoleto]] in June 1970 with [[Thomas Schippers]] conducting. German conductor [[Gerd Albrecht]] gave a concert performance in Berlin in 1974 and three further performances in 1979, one of which was recorded.<ref name="Blaha" /> It was also given at the [[Festival della Valle d'Itria]] in Martina Franca, Italy, in the summer of 1984, conducted by [[Bruno Campanella]]; this too was recorded and made available on CD. There were four staged performances ingiven by the [[Angers-Nantes Opéra]], in France, in November 1993, conducted by Giuliano Carella. It was also performed at the [[Wexford Festival Opera]] in December 2002 under Paolo Arrivabeni. The [[Washington Concert Opera]] in the US capital presented a concert version in May 2009 with [[Antony Walker (conductor)|Antony Walker]] conducting.<ref>[http://www.concertopera.org/index.php/archives/about_opera/il_giuramento/ Washington Concert Opera Archives] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120326195717/http://www.concertopera.org/index.php/archives/about_opera/il_giuramento/ |date=2012-03-26 }}</ref>
 
==Roles==
[[File:Saverio Mercadante - Il giuramento - title page of the libretto - Milan 1837.png|thumb|Title page of the libretto, 1837]]
{| class="wikitable"
|+{{sronly|Roles, voice types, premiere cast}}
!Role
![[Voice type]]
!Premiere Castcast, 11 March 1837<ref>{{Almanacco|dmy=11-03-1837|match=Il giuramento}}</ref><br>(Conductor: - [[Eugenio Cavallini]])
|-
|Elaisa
|[[soprano]]
|Sofia Dall'Oca-Schoberlechner
|-
|Manfredo, ''Bianca's husband, but smitten with Elaisa''
|[[baritone]]
|Giovanni Orazio Cartagenova
|-
|Bianca, ''Manfredo's wife, but secretly in love with Viscardo''
|[[contralto]]
|[[Marietta Brambilla ]]
|-
|Viscardo di Benevento, ''Elaisa's rescuer''
|[[tenor]]
|Francesco Pedrazzi
|-
|Brunoro, ''Manfredo's secretary''
Line 40 ⟶ 48:
|Isaura
|soprano
|Angela Carolina Pochini
|-
|}
Line 48 ⟶ 56:
Time: 14th century
 
;Act 1: Bianca has been married against her will to Count Manfredo, although she is secretly in love with an unknown knight. Elaisa, a young woman in search of the daughter of her benefactor, and Viscardo arrive in the city. The disgraced courtier Brunoro discovers that Viscardo is the knight loved by Bianca. He tells Elaisa in order to make her jealous but she finds out that Bianca was the very woman she had been looking for.▼
===Act 1===
;Act 2: The count suspects Bianca of infidelity and locks her in the family tomb, intending to poison her. But Elaisa, who is loved by the count, manages to substitute a strong narcotic for the poison.▼
▲Bianca has been married against her will to Count Manfredo, although she is secretly in love with an unknown knight. Elaisa, a young woman in search of the daughter of her benefactor, and Viscardo arrive in the city. The disgraced courtier Brunoro discovers that Viscardo is the knight loved by Bianca. He tells Elaisa in order to make her jealous but she finds out that Bianca was the very woman she had been looking for.
;Act 3: Viscardo believes that Elaisa is responsible for Bianca's death and stabs her just as Bianca wakes from her deep sleep.▼
 
===Act 2===
▲The count suspects Bianca of infidelity and locks her in the family tomb, intending to poison her. But Elaisa, who is loved by the count, manages to substitute a strong narcotic for the poison.
 
===Act 3===
▲Viscardo believes that Elaisa is responsible for Bianca's death and stabs her just as Bianca wakes from her deep sleep.
 
==Recordings==
{| class="wikitable"
!Year
!width="140"|Cast<br>(: Manfredo,<br />Bianca,<br />Elaisa,<br />Viscardo)
!Conductor,<br>Operaopera Househouse and Orchestraorchestra
!Label<ref>[http://www.operadis-opera-discography.org.uk/CLMEGIUR.HTM Recordings of ''Il giuramento'' on], operadis-opera-discography.org.uk]</ref>
|-
|1951 || [[Rolando Panerai]],<br>[[Miriam Pirazzini]],<br>[[Maria Vitale]],<br>Amedeo Berdini || Alfredo Simonetto,<br>Chorus and [[RAI National Symphony Orchestra|Orchestra della RAI]] di Milano || Audio CD: Myto<br>Cat: MCD 905 32
|-
|1975
|Lajos Miller,<br>Benedetta Pecchioli,<br>[[Teresa Żylis -Gara]],<br>Michele Molese
|[[Maurizio Arena]],<br>Orchestra and chorus of Radio France
|Audio CD: Rodolphe<br>Cat: RPC 32417-32418
|-
| 1979 ||[[Robert Kerns (baritone)|Robert Kerns]],<br> [[Agnes Baltsa]],<br>[[Mara Zampieri]],<br>[[PlacidoPlácido Domingo]] ||[[Gerd Albrecht]],<br>Orchestra and chorus of the [[Vienna State Opera]]<br>(Recording of a concert performance in Vienna, 9 September)
|Audio CD: Orfeo d'Or<br>Cat: C 680 062 1<br>House of Opera<br>Cat: CDBB 335
|-
|1993
|Marc Barrard,<br>Martine Olmeda,<br>Giovanna de Liso,<br>Giuseppe Morino
|Giuliano Carella,<br>[[Orchestre national des Pays de la Loire]] and chorus of the [[Angers-Nantes Opéra]],<br>(A recording of a production given by the Angers-Nantes Opera)
|CD: Nuova Era,<br>Cat: 7179/80
|-
|}
 
==References==
'''Notes'''
{{Reflist}}
 
'''Sources'''
==Further reading==
*Holden, Amanda, ed. ''The New Penguin Opera Guide'', New York: Penguin Putnam, Inc., 2001 ISBN 0-14-029312-4▼
*Rose, Michael (1998), "Mercadante, (Giuseppe) Saverio (Raffaele)" in [[Stanley Sadie]], (ed.), ''[[The New Grove Dictionary of Opera]]'', vol. 3, pp.&nbsp;334–339. London: Macmillan Publishers. {{ISBN|0-333-73432-7|1-56159-228-5}}
▲*Rose, Michael (2001), in [[Amanda Holden (writer)|Holden, Amanda]], ed. ''The New Penguin Opera Guide'', New York: Penguin Putnam, Inc., 2001 {{ISBN |0-14-029312-4}}
 
==External links==
*{{IMSLP|work=Il giuramento (Mercadante, Saverio)|cname=''Il giuramento''}}
*[httphttps://wwwweb.archive.org/web/20120219193111/http://delteatro.it/dizionario_dell_opera/g/giuramento_il.php Del Teatro (in Italian)]
*[http://www.amadeusonline.net/almanacco.php?Start=0&Giorno=11&Mese=03&Anno=1837&Giornata=&Testo=&Parola=Stringa Amadeus Online]
 
{{Saverio Mercadante|state=expanded}}
{{Angelo, Tyrant of Padua}}
{{Portal bar|Opera}}
{{Authority control}}
 
{{DEFAULTSORT:Giuramento, Il}}
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[[Category:1837 operas]]
[[Category:Operas]]
[[Category:La ScalaOpera world premieres at La Scala]]
[[Category:Operas set in Italy]]
[[Category:Operas based on plays]]
[[Category:Operas based on works by Victor Hugo]]
[[Category:Libretti by Gaetano Rossi]]
[[Category:Syracuse, Sicily in fiction]]
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