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'''Israel''',{{efn|group=fn|{{IPAc-en|ˈ|ɪ|z|r|i|.|ə|l|,_|-|r|eɪ|-}}; {{lang-he|יִשְׂרָאֵל}} {{Transliteration|he|Yīsrāʾēl}} {{IPA-he|jisʁaˈʔel|}}; {{lang-ar|إِسْرَائِيل}} {{Transliteration|ar|ʾIsrāʾīl}}}} officially the '''State of Israel''',{{efn|group=fn|{{lang-he|מְדִינַת יִשְׂרָאֵל}} {{transliteration|he|Medīnat Yīsrāʾēl}} {{IPA-he|mediˈnat jisʁaˈʔel|}}; {{lang-ar|دَوْلَة إِسْرَائِيل}} {{transliteration|ar|Dawlat Isrāʾīl}}}} is a partially-recognised country in the [[Southern Levant]], [[West Asia]]. It is [[Borders of Israel|bordered]] by [[Lebanon]] and [[Syria]] to the north, the [[West Bank]] and [[Jordan]] to the east, [[Egypt]], the [[Gaza Strip]] and the [[Red Sea]] to the south, and the [[Mediterranean Sea]] to the west.<ref>{{cite web |title=When will be the right time for Israel to define its borders? – analysis |url=https://www.jpost.com/israel-news/article-709240 |website=The Jerusalem Post {{!}} JPost.com |date=12 June 2022 |access-date=25 January 2024 |archive-date=25 January 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240125202149/https://www.jpost.com/israel-news/article-709240 |url-status=live }}</ref> [[Tel Aviv]] is the country's [[financial center|financial]], [[Economy of Israel|economic]], and [[Science and technology in Israel|technological]] center. Israel's governmental seat is in its [[Status of Jerusalem|proclaimed capital]] of [[Jerusalem]], though recognition of Israeli sovereignty over [[East Jerusalem]] is [[Status of Jerusalem|limited internationally]].{{efn|group=fn|The [[Jerusalem Law]] states that "Jerusalem, complete and united, is the capital of Israel" and the city serves as the seat of the government, home to the President's residence, government offices, supreme court, and [[Knesset|parliament]]. [[United Nations Security Council Resolution 478]] (20 August 1980; 14–0, U.S. abstaining) declared the Jerusalem Law "null and void" and called on member states to withdraw their diplomatic missions from Jerusalem.{{sfn|Kellerman|1993|p=140}} See [[Status of Jerusalem]] for more information.}}<ref>Akram, Susan M., Michael Dumper, Michael Lynk, and Iain Scobbie, eds. 2010. ''International Law and the Israeli-Palestinian Conflict: A Rights-Based Approach to Middle East Peace''. Routledge. p. 119: "UN General Assembly Resolution 181 recommended the creation of an international zone, or corpus separatum, in Jerusalem to be administered by the UN for a 10-year period, after which there would be a referendum to determine its future. This approach applies equally to West and East Jerusalem and is not affected by the occupation of East Jerusalem in 1967. To a large extent it is this approach that still guides the diplomatic behaviour of states and thus has greater force in international law."</ref>
Israel is located in a region known historically as [[Canaan]], [[Palestine (region)|Palestine]], and the [[Holy Land]]. In antiquity, it was home to Canaanite [[City-state|city-states]], then the [[History of ancient Israel and Judah|kingdoms of Israel and Judah]], and is referred to as the [[Land of Israel]] in [[Jewish culture|Jewish tradition]]. Situated at a [[Levantine corridor|continental crossroad]], the region was then ruled by [[History of Israel|various empires]].<ref name="auto">{{cite book |last=Gil |first=Moshe |title=A History of Palestine, 634-1099 |pages=14 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |year=1992 |isbn=978-0-521-59984-9 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=M0wUKoMJeccC&dq=history+of+palestine+two+people&pg=PR13 |access-date=17 May 2024 |archive-date=17 May 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240517102802/https://books.google.co.uk/books?hl=en&lr=&id=M0wUKoMJeccC&oi=fnd&pg=PR13&dq=history+of+palestine+two+people&ots=CMV1-8kJav&sig=C1Eh2oIUdicDWgg_Clo6yJgumUQ#v=onepage&q=history%20of%20palestine%20two%20people&f=false |url-status=live }}</ref> Amid [[Antisemitism in Europe#19th and early 20th century|European antisemitism]], the late 19th century saw the rise of [[Zionism]], which sought a [[Homeland for the Jewish people|Jewish homeland]]. [[Occupied Enemy Territory Administration|British occupation]] led to the establishment of [[Mandatory Palestine]] in 1920. [[Aliyah|Jewish immigration]], combined with [[British foreign policy in the Middle East#Mandate for Palestine|British colonial policy]], led to [[Intercommunal conflict in Mandatory Palestine|intercommunal conflict]] between [[Jews]] and [[Arabs]].<ref>{{cite book |author= [[Benny Morris|Morris, Benny]] |title= Righteous Victims: A History of the Zionist-Arab Conflict, 1881–2001 |publisher= Knopf |year= 1999 |edition= reprint |isbn= 9780679744757 |pages= |quote= The fear of territorial displacement and dispossession was to be the chief motor of Arab antagonism to Zionism down to 1948 (and indeed after 1967 as well). |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=746mQgAACAAJ |access-date= 22 March 2024 |archive-date= 22 March 2024 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20240322131219/https://books.google.com/books?id=746mQgAACAAJ |url-status= live }} Also quoted, among many, by Mark M. Ayyash (2019). ''Hermeneutics of Violence: A Four-Dimensional Conception''. University of Toronto Press, p. [https://books.google.com/books?id=W1G_DwAAQBAJ&pg=PA195 195] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240322131220/https://books.google.com/books?id=W1G_DwAAQBAJ&pg=PA195 |date=22 March 2024 }}, {{ISBN| 1487505868}}. Accessed 22 March 2024.</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Fildis |first1=Ayse |last2=Nisanci |first2=Ensar |title=British Colonial Policy "Divide and Rule": Fanning Arab Rivalry in Palestine |year=2019 |journal=International Journal of Islamic and Civilizational Studies |volume=6 |issue=1 |publisher=UTM Press |url=https://d1wqtxts1xzle7.cloudfront.net/78420814/ea601a07a2310f41e37ea266a47b38107202-libre.pdf?1641751843=&response-content-disposition=inline%3B+filename%3DBritish_Colonial_Policy_Divide_and_Rule.pdf&Expires=1715344527&Signature=UEfPzsmbLIHNW7Sd0jLxe4OpYUu4sPt5cIaU2beASuCt0BXqpfOQmcXAcR9EAPzkenh~ohMRrZlUREfMTTfqEosnMw8oqlVa2Ap6HVteACMhsC0VpH~MUmjcYs8f8rQUrWjZTnMuKwhEtiRQ92Md~PThKvq6IbAds05mX-cJzPamGLZ7fpx8xA3ejpYDXiG1uYE7Ks550xBeDWLCCPkfuOUJXMTbmJAucKnXRZnDL78EuDeQx0CNpSWdujVlcd82klFyLverjL5AAJs5AH2eHNVpXzym0fPdbY2YJWz5sgMYZOC9oN09cDXB007r7qRj2nFSL3Zs13Un0i~~1~pwbg__&Key-Pair-Id=APKAJLOHF5GGSLRBV4ZA |access-date=10 May 2024 |archive-date=10 May 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240510121206/https://d1wqtxts1xzle7.cloudfront.net/78420814/ea601a07a2310f41e37ea266a47b38107202-libre.pdf?1641751843=&response-content-disposition=inline&%20filename=British_Colonial_Policy_Divide_and_Rule.pdf&Expires=1715344527&Signature=UEfPzsmbLIHNW7Sd0jLxe4OpYUu4sPt5cIaU2beASuCt0BXqpfOQmcXAcR9EAPzkenh~ohMRrZlUREfMTTfqEosnMw8oqlVa2Ap6HVteACMhsC0VpH~MUmjcYs8f8rQUrWjZTnMuKwhEtiRQ92Md~PThKvq6IbAds05mX-cJzPamGLZ7fpx8xA3ejpYDXiG1uYE7Ks550xBeDWLCCPkfuOUJXMTbmJAucKnXRZnDL78EuDeQx0CNpSWdujVlcd82klFyLverjL5AAJs5AH2eHNVpXzym0fPdbY2YJWz5sgMYZOC9oN09cDXB007r7qRj2nFSL3Zs13Un0i~~1~pwbg__&Key-Pair-Id=APKAJLOHF5GGSLRBV4ZA |url-status=live }}</ref> The 1947 [[United Nations Partition Plan for Palestine|UN Partition Plan]] triggered [[1947–1948 civil war in Mandatory Palestine|civil war]] between them.
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