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===Resignation===
Stuart was promoted to [[Captain (U.S. Army)|captain]] on April 22, 1861, but resigned from the U.S. Army on May 3, 1861, to join the [[Confederate States Army]], following the [[secession]] of Virginia.{{efn|His letter of resignation, sent from [[Cairo, Illinois]], was accepted by the [[United States Department of War|War Department]] on May 14.<ref>Wert, pp. 45, 52; Davis, pp. 47–40.</ref>}} On June 26, 1860, Flora gave birth to a son, Philip St. George Cooke Stuart, but his father changed the name to James Ewell Brown Stuart, Jr. ("Jimmie"), in late 1861 out of disgust with his father-in-law.<ref>Wert, pp. 42, 76.</ref> Upon learning that his father-in-law, Col. Cooke, would remain in the U.S. Army during the coming war, Stuart wrote to his brother-in-law (future Confederate Brig. Gen. [[John Rogers Cooke]]), "He will regret it but once, and that will be continuously." When he learned that [[George H. Thomas]], a fellow Virginian, had also decided to stay with the Union, Stuart wrote "I would like to hang, hang Thomas as a traitor to his native state."<ref>Thomas, p. 95.</ref>
 
==Confederate Army==
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Stuart was commissioned as a [[lieutenant colonel]] of Virginia Infantry in the Confederate Army on May 10, 1861.<ref name=Eicher/> [[Major General (CSA)|Maj. Gen.]] Robert E. Lee, now commanding the [[Provisional Army of Virginia|armed forces of Virginia]], ordered him to report to [[Colonel (United States)|Colonel]] [[Stonewall Jackson|Thomas J. Jackson]] at Harper's Ferry. Jackson chose to ignore Stuart's infantry designation and assigned him on July 4 to command all the cavalry companies of the [[Confederate Army of the Shenandoah|Army of the Shenandoah]], organized as the [[1st Virginia Cavalry|1st Virginia Cavalry Regiment]].<ref>Wert, p. 49; Davis, pp. 51–52.</ref> He was promoted to colonel on July 16.<ref name=Eicher/>
[[File:Jackson-Stonewall-LOC.jpg|thumb|180px|left|[[Stonewall Jackson]] assigned Stuart to cavalry.]]
After early service in the [[Shenandoah Valley]], Stuart led his regiment in the [[First Battle of Bull Run]] (where Jackson got his nickname, "Stonewall"), and participated in the pursuit of the retreating Federals, leading to sensationalist reports in the Northern press about the dreaded Confederate "black horse" cavalry. He then commanded the Army's outposts along the upper [[Potomac River]] until given command of the cavalry brigade for the army then known as the [[Confederate Army of the Potomac|Army of the Potomac]] (later named the [[Army of Northern Virginia]]). He was promoted to [[Brig. Gen. (CSA)|brigadier general]] on September 24, 1861.<ref name=Eicher/>
 
===Peninsula===
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===Northern Virginia===
[[File:JEBStuart.jpg|thumb|CSA Cavalry General J. E. B. Stuart]]
Early in the [[Northern Virginia Campaign]], Stuart was promoted to [[Maj. Gen. (CSA)|major general]] on July 25, 1862, and his command was upgraded to the Cavalry Division--the fact that the Army of Northern Virginia's cavalry had been brigaded and were now a full division made for an important organizational advantage over the Army of the Potomac's mounted arm, which was ineffectually organized as regiments attached to infantry brigades and treated as an extension of the army signal corps.<ref name="Wert pp. 125">Wert, pp. 125–29; Davis, pp. 167–72.</ref> He was nearly captured and lost his signature plumed hat and cloak to pursuing Federals during a raid in August, but in a retaliatory raid at Catlett's Station the following day, managed to overrun Union army commander Maj. Gen. [[John Pope (military officer)|John Pope's]] headquarters, and not only captured Pope's full uniform, but also intercepted orders that provided Lee with valuable intelligence concerning reinforcements for Pope's army.<ref name="Wert pp. 125"/>
 
At the [[Second Battle of Bull Run]] (Second Manassas), Stuart's cavalry followed the massive assault by Longstreet's infantry against Pope's army, protecting its flank with artillery batteries. Stuart ordered Brig. Gen. [[Beverly Robertson]]'s brigade to pursue the Federals and in a sharp fight against Brig. Gen. [[John Buford]]'s brigade, Col. [[Thomas T. Munford]]'s [[2nd Virginia Cavalry]] was overwhelmed until Stuart sent in two more regiments as reinforcements. Buford's men, many of whom were new to combat, retreated across Lewis's Ford and Stuart's troopers captured over 300 of them. Stuart's men harassed the retreating Union columns until the campaign ended at the [[Battle of Chantilly]].<ref>Wert, pp. 136–37; Davis, pp. 183–84.</ref>
 
===Maryland===
During the [[Maryland Campaign]] ofin September 1862, Stuart's cavalry screened the army's movement north. He bears some responsibility for Robert E. Lee's lack of knowledge of the position and celerity of the pursuing Army of the Potomac under George B. McClellan. For a five-day period, Stuart rested his men and entertained local civilians at a gala ball at [[Urbana, Maryland]]. His reports make no reference to intelligence gathering by his scouts or patrols.<ref>Wert, p. 144.</ref> As the Union Army drew near to Lee's divided army, Stuart's men skirmished at various points on the approach to [[Frederick, Maryland|Frederick]] and Stuart was not able to keep his brigades concentrated enough to resist the oncoming tide. He misjudged the Union routes of advance, ignorant of the Union force threatening Turner's Gap, and required assistance from the infantry of Maj. Gen. [[Daniel Harvey Hill|D.H. Hill]] to defend the [[South Mountain (Maryland and Pennsylvania)|South Mountain]] passes in the [[Battle of South Mountain]].<ref>Wert, pp. 147–50.</ref> His horse artillery bombarded the flank of the Union army as it opened its attack in the [[Battle of Antietam]]. By mid-afternoon, Stonewall Jackson ordered Stuart to command a turning movement with his cavalry against the Union right flank and rear, which if successful would be followed up by an infantry attack from the West Woods. Stuart began probing the Union lines with more artillery barrages, which were answered with "murderous" counterbattery fire and the cavalry movement intended by Jackson was never launched.<ref>Wert, pp. 156–58; Davis, pp. 205–06.</ref>
 
Three weeks after Lee's army had withdrawn back to Virginia, on October 10–12, 1862, Stuart performed another of his audacious circumnavigations of the Army of the Potomac, his [[Chambersburg Raid]]—126 miles in under 60 hours, from [[Darkesville, West Virginia]] to as far north as [[Mercersburg]], Pennsylvania and [[Chambersburg, Pennsylvania|Chambersburg]] and around to the east through [[Emmitsburg, Maryland]] and south through [[Hyattstown, Maryland]] and [[White's Ferry|White's Ford]] to [[Leesburg, Virginia]]—once again embarrassing his Union opponents and seizing horses and supplies, but at the expense of exhausted men and animals, without gaining much military advantage. [[Jubal Anderson Early|Jubal Early]] referred to it as "the greatest horse stealing expedition" that only "annoyed" the enemy.<ref>Wert, pp. 167–76; Thomas, pp. 173–80; Davis, pp. 215–37.</ref> Stuart gave his friend Jackson a fine, new officer's tunic, trimmed with gold lace, commissioned from a Richmond tailor, which he thought would give Jackson more of the appearance of a proper general (something to which Jackson was notoriously indifferent).<ref>Robertson, pp. 653–54; Thomas, pp. 172–73.</ref>
 
McClellan pushed his army slowly south, urged by President Lincoln to pursue Lee, crossing the Potomac starting on October 26. As Lee began moving to counter this, Stuart screened Longstreet's Corpscorps and skirmished numerous times in early November against Union cavalry and infantry around [[Mountville, Virginia|Mountville]], [[Aldie, Virginia|Aldie]], and [[Upperville, Virginia|Upperville]]. On November 6, Stuart received sad news by telegram that his daughter Flora had died just before her fifth birthday of [[typhoid fever]] on November 3.<ref>Wert, pp. 179–83.</ref>
 
===Fredericksburg and Chancellorsville===
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[[File:Chancellorsville May3a.png|thumb|alt=A map showing Stuart's attack on General Daniel Sickles's position in the western outskirts of Chancellorsville.|Chancellorsville, May 3, 1863{{legend|#ff0000|Confederate/Rebels}} {{legend|#0000ff|Union/Federals}}
]]
At the [[Battle of Chancellorsville]], Stuart accompanied Stonewall Jackson on his famous flanking march of May 2, 1863, and started to pursue the retreating soldiers of the Union [[XI Corps (Union Army)|XI Corps]] when he received word that both Jackson and his senior division commander, Maj. Gen. [[A.P. Hill]], had been wounded. Hill, bypassing the next most senior infantry general in the corps, Brig. Gen. [[Robert E. Rodes]], sent a message ordering Stuart to take command of the [[Second Corps, Army of Northern Virginia|Second Corps]]. Although the delays associated with this change of command effectively ended the flanking attack the night of May 2, Stuart, who had no prior experience leading infantry, performed creditably as an infantry corps commander the following day, launching a strong and well-coordinated attack against the Union right flank at Chancellorsville. When Union troops abandoned Hazel Grove, Stuart had the presence of mind to quickly occupy it and bombard the Union positions with artillery. Stuart relinquished his infantry command on May 6 when Hill returned to duty.<ref>Wert, pp. 222–31; Davis, pp. 290–98.</ref> [[Stephen W. Sears]] wrote:
 
{{blockquote|...&nbsp;It is hard to see how Jeb Stuart, in a new command, a cavalryman commanding infantry and artillery for the first time, could have done a better job. The astute [[Edward Porter Alexander|Porter Alexander]] believed all credit was due: "Altogether, I do not think there was a more brilliant thing done in the war than Stuart's extricating that command from the extremely critical position in which he found it.<ref>Sears, ''Chancellorsville'', p. 325.</ref>}}
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Historians remain divided on how much the defeat at Gettysburg was due to Stuart’s failure to keep Lee informed. Edward G. Longacre argues that Lee deliberately gave Stuart wide discretion in his orders. Edwin B. Coddington refers to the "tragedy" of Stuart in the Gettysburg Campaign and judges that when Fitzhugh Lee raised the question of "whether Stuart exercised the discretion ''undoubtedly given to him, judiciously''," the answer is no. Agreeing that Stuart's absence permitted Lee to be surprised at Gettysburg, Coddington points out that the Union commander was just as surprised. Eric J. Wittenberg and J. David Petruzzi have concluded that there was "plenty of blame to go around" and the fault should be divided between Stuart, the lack of specificity in Lee's orders, and Richard S. Ewell, who might have tried harder to link up with Stuart northeast of Gettysburg. [[Jeffry D. Wert]] acknowledges that Lee, his officers, and fighting by the Army of the Potomac bear the responsibility for the Confederate loss at Gettysburg, but states that "Stuart failed Lee and the army in the reckoning at Gettysburg. ... Lee trusted him and gave him discretion, but Stuart acted injudiciously."<ref>Longacre, ''Lee's Cavalrymen'', pp. 215–16; Longacre, ''Cavalry at Gettysburg'', p. 271; Coddington, pp. 205–08; Wittenberg and Petruzzi, pp. 263–98; Wert, pp. 299–302.</ref>
 
Although Stuart was not reprimandedrebuked or disciplined in any official way for his role in the Gettysburg campaign, it is noteworthy that his appointment to corps command on September 9, 1863, did not carry with it a promotion to [[Lieutenant General (CSA)|lieutenant general]]. Edward Bonekemper wrote that since all other corps commanders in the Army of Northern Virginia carried this rank, Lee's decision to keep Stuart at major general rank, while at the same time promoting Stuart's subordinates [[Wade Hampton III|Wade Hampton]] and [[Fitzhugh Lee]] to major generals, could be considered an implied rebuke.<ref>Bonekemper, p. 139.</ref> Wert wrote that there is no evidence Lee considered Stuart's performance during the Gettysburg Campaign and that it is "more likely that Lee thought the responsibilities in command of a cavalry corps did not equal those of an infantry corps."<ref>Wert, pp. 308–09.</ref>
 
[[File:Bristoe Campaign.png|thumb|alt=A map of the Bristoe Campaign|[[Bristoe Campaign]]|left]]
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The [[Battle of Yellow Tavern]] occurred May 11, at an abandoned inn located {{convert|6|mi|km|spell=in}} north of Richmond. The Confederate troops resisted from the low ridgeline bordering the road to Richmond, fighting for over three hours. After receiving a scouting report from [[Texas Jack Omohundro]], Stuart led a countercharge and pushed the advancing Union troopers back from the hilltop. Stuart, on horseback, shouted encouragement from in front of Company K of the [[1st Virginia Cavalry]] while firing his revolver at the Union troopers.
[[File:GWDorsey.jpg|thumb|left|165px|Lieutenant Colonel [[Gus W. Dorsey]]]]
As the [[5th Michigan Cavalry]] streamed in retreat past Stuart, a dismounted Union private, 44-year-old John A. Huff, turned and shot Stuart with his .44-caliber revolver from a distance of 10–30 yards.<ref>Smith, p. 242; Salmon, p. 283; Starr, p. 107; Rhea, pp. 209, 390; Thomas, p. 292; Edward G. Longacre, writing in a June 2004 [http://www.historynet.com/wars_conflicts/american_civil_war/3027331.html?page=3&c=y ''Civil War Times'' article], claims that Huff's shot was from {{convert|400|yd}} away, an arguably impressive feat with a pistol; in his book, ''Lincoln's Cavalrymen'' (p. 268), Longacre states that Huff was able to advance "close enough" to Stuart to shoot him in the abdomen, although he was not aware at the time that his victim was Stuart. Private Huff was killed a month later at the [[Battle of Haw's Shop]]. Wert, pp. 347–58, disputes the possibility that Huff fired the mortal shot, stating that the evidence points to an unnamed trooper in either the 1st or 7th Michigan.</ref> Huff'sThe bulletlarge struckcaliber Stuartround in the left side, slicedcut through hisStuart's stomachabdomen and exited his back, an inch to the right of his spine.<ref>Smith, p. 357.</ref> Stuart fell into the arms of Company K's commander [[Gus W. Dorsey]]. Dorsey caught him and took him from his horse. Stuart told him: "Dorsey...save your men." Dorsey refused to leave him and brought Stuart to the rear.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wYk_AQAAMAAJ&pg=PA236|title=Southern Historical Society Papers|first=Robert Alonzo|last=Brock|date=16 June 2019|publisher=Virginia Historical Society|via=Google Books}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0RdRAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA256|title=Glorious War: The Civil War Adventures of George Armstrong Custer|first=Thom|last=Hatch|date=10 December 2013|publisher=Macmillan|isbn=9781250028501|via=Google Books}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=D5U3AQAAMAAJ&pg=PA76|title=Confederate Veteran|date=August 8, 1909|publisher=S.A. Cunningham|via=Google Books}}</ref>
[[File:J E B Stuart grave Hollywood Cemetery Richmond.jpg|thumb|200px|Stuart's gravesite after the war, with temporary marker|alt=|right]]
Stuart suffered great pain as an ambulance took him to Richmond to await his wife's arrival at the home of Dr. Charles Brewer, his brother-in-law. As he was being driven from the field in an ambulance wagon, Stuart noticed disorganized ranks of retreating men and called out to them his last words on the battlefield: "Go back, go back, and do your duty, as I have done mine, and our country will be safe. Go back, go back! I had rather die than be whipped."<ref name="McClellan, Henry B 1994">McClellan, Henry B. I Rode with Jeb Stuart: The Life and Campaigns of Maj. Gen. Jeb Stuart. Edited by Burke Davis. New York: Da Capo Press, 1994. {{ISBN|978-0-306-80605-6}}. First published 1958 by Indiana University Press.</ref>
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Stuart ordered his sword and spurs be given to his son. As his aide Major McClellan left his side, Confederate President Jefferson Davis came in, took General Stuart's hand, and asked, "General, how do you feel?" Stuart answered "Easy, but willing to die, if God and my country think I have fulfilled my destiny and done my duty."<ref name="McClellan, Henry B 1994" /> His last whispered words were: "I am resigned; God's will be done." He died at 7:38&nbsp;p.m. on May 12, the following day, before Flora Stuart reached his side. He was 31 years old. Stuart was buried in Richmond's [[Hollywood Cemetery (Richmond, Virginia)|Hollywood Cemetery]]. Upon learning of Stuart's death, General Lee is reported to have said that he could hardly keep from weeping at the mere mention of Stuart's name and that Stuart had never given him a bad piece of information.<ref>Smith, p. 244; Wert, pp. 357–62.</ref> John Huff, the private who had fatally wounded Stuart, was killed in action just a few weeks later at the [[Battle of Haw's Shop]].
 
Flora wore the black of mourning for the remainder of her life, and never remarried. She lived in [[Saltville, Virginia]], for 15 years after the war, where she opened and taught at a school in a log cabin. She worked from 1880 to 1898 as principal of the Virginia Female Institute in [[Staunton, Virginia]], a position for which Robert E. Lee had recommended her before his death ten years earlier.<ref>Lee had been a member of the board of visitors of the school in 1865–18701865–70 when he was president of Washington College in nearby Lexington, Virginia. He also had sent two daughters to the school for their educations. Wert, p. 368 for recommendation.</ref> In 1907, the institute was renamed [[Stuart Hall School]] in her honor. Upon the death of her daughter Virginia, from complications in childbirth in 1898, Flora resigned from the institute and moved to [[Norfolk, Virginia]], where she helped Virginia's widower, Robert Page Waller, in raising her grandchildren. She died in Norfolk on May 10, 1923, after striking her head in a fall on a city sidewalk. She is buried alongside her husband and their daughter, Little Flora, in [[Hollywood Cemetery (Richmond, Virginia)|Hollywood Cemetery]] in Richmond.<ref>Wert, pp. 368–69.</ref>
 
==Legacy and memorials==
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==== Schools ====
A middle school in [[Jacksonville, Florida]] is named for him.<ref>Peterson, p. 353.</ref> A [[J.E.B. Stuart High School|high school]] named after him on [[Munson's Hill]] in [[Falls Church, Virginia]], opened in 1959.<ref name="WTOP 201707">{{cite news|url=http://wtop.com/fairfax-county/2017/07/stuart-high-school-name-change/slide/1/|title=Fairfax high school boots Confederate name after years of debate|last=Basch|first=Michelle|date=July 27, 2017|access-date=2017-08-17|publisher=WTOP|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170817214833/http://wtop.com/fairfax-county/2017/07/stuart-high-school-name-change/slide/1/|archive-date=August 17, 2017|url-status=dead}}</ref> In early 2017, after a resurgence of left wing politics and black nationalism in the US since the election of Barack Obama as president, Fairfax County Public Schools established an Ad Hoc Working Committee to assist the Fairfax County School Board in determining whether to rename the Stuart High School in Virginia, in response to suggestions from students and local community members that FCPS should not continue to honor a Confederate general who fought in support of a cause dedicated to maintaining the institution of slavery in Virginia and other states. The creation of the committee followed the circulation of a petition started by actress [[Julianne Moore]] and [[Bruce Cohen]] in 2016, which garnered over 35,000 signatures in support of changing the school's name to one honoring the late [[United States Supreme Court Justice]] [[Thurgood Marshall]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cnn.com/2015/08/24/us/julianne-moore-petition-j-e-b-stuart-school-feat/index.html|title=Julianne Moore: Rename my high school|author=Brandon Griggs|website=CNN|date=24 August 2015 }}</ref>
 
On July 27, 2017, the Fairfax County School Board approved a measure to change the school name no later than the start of the 2019 school year. The measure asked that "Stuart High School" be considered as a possibility for the new name.<ref name="WTOP 201707" /> On October 27, 2017, the Fairfax County School Board voted to change the name of J.E.B. Stuart High School to "Justice High School." Board member Sandy Evans from the Mason District said that the name will honor Justice Thurgood Marshall, civil rights leader [[Barbara Rose Johns]], U.S. Army officer [[Louis Gonzaga Mendez Jr.]], and all those who have fought for justice and equality.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://wtop.com/fairfax-county/2017/10/fairfax-co-school-board-votes-new-name-j-e-b-stuart-high/|title=Fairfax Co. school board votes on new name for JEB Stuart High|date=October 27, 2017|website=WTOP|access-date=April 1, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180401212725/https://wtop.com/fairfax-county/2017/10/fairfax-co-school-board-votes-new-name-j-e-b-stuart-high/|archive-date=April 1, 2018|url-status=dead}}</ref>
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