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{{short description|President of Liberia (1868–70, 1876–78)}}
{{Refimprove|date=August 2007}}
{{Infobox officeholder
|name=James Spriggs Payne
|office=4th and 8th [[President of Liberia]]
|order=[[President of Liberia#List of Presidents of Liberia|4th]]
|smallimage=James_Payne2.jpg
|predecessor=[[Daniel Bashiel Warner]]
|successor=[[Edward James Roye]]
|vicepresident=[[Joseph Gibson]]
|predecessor2predecessor1=[[Joseph Jenkins Roberts]]▼
|office2=President of Liberia
|successor2successor1=[[Anthony W. Gardiner]]▼
|order2=[[President of Liberia#List of Presidents of Liberia|8th]]
|vicepresident2vicepresident1=[[Charles Harmon]]▼
▲|predecessor2=[[Joseph Jenkins Roberts]]
▲|successor2=[[Anthony W. Gardiner]]
▲|vicepresident2=[[Charles Harmon]]
|party=[[Republican Party (Liberia)|Republican]]
|birth_date={{birth date|1819|12|19|mf=y}}
|birth_place=[[Richmond, Virginia]] , United States
|death_date={{death date and age|1882|1|31|1819|12|19|mf=y}}
|death_place=[[Monrovia]], [[Liberia]]
| religion = [[Methodism]]
|term_start=January 6, 1868
|term_end=January 3, 1870
|term_start2term_start1=January 3, 1876
|term_end2term_end1=January 7, 1878
}}
'''James Spriggs Payne''' (December 19, 1819 – January 31, 1882) served as the [[President of Liberia#List of Presidents of Liberia|fourth and eighth President[[president of Liberia]], from 1868 to 1870 and from 1876 to 1878.<ref name=":0">[https://books.google.com/books?id=7shamTdW7OsC&pg=PA72 Jesse N. Mongrue, ''Liberia: America's Footprint in Africa: Making the Cultural, Social, and Political Connections''], iUniverse.com, 2013, p. 72.</ref> He was the last Presidentpresident to belong to [[Liberia|Liberia's]]the [[Republican Party (Liberia)|Republican Party]].
 
==Early life==
Payne was born in [[Richmond, Virginia]], in 1819 to former slaves who were each offree [[mixed -race]], of European and African ancestryparents. Payne grew up in a highlydeeply religious [[Methodist]] family and was a devout [[Christians|Christian]].<ref name=dacb>[http://www.dacb.org/stories/liberia/payne_james.html "Payne, James Spriggs"], ''Dictionary Of African Christian Biography''</ref> His father, David M. Payne, was a Methodist minister and was ordained as a [[deacon]] by the [[Virginia Conference]] in 1824.<ref>Melton (2007), p. 58.</ref> Payne was verynoted fair;for having a rather light complexion, with some estimates claiming that he was saidindeed toan be of[[octoroon]]—having seven-eighthseights European-American ancestry, orand one-eighth African ancestry. When Payne was ten years old, his family emigrated to [[Liberia]] through sponsorship by the [[American Colonization Society]] on the shipbrig ''The Harriet'', the same ship thatas [[Joseph Jenkins Roberts]], Liberia's future first president, wasunder onthe auspices of the [[American Colonization Society]].<ref name=":1">[http://ccharity.com/liberia/shipharriet1829.htm "Roll Of Emigrants That Have Been Sent To The Colony Of Liberia, Western Africa, By The American Colonization Society And Its Auxiliaries, To September 1843"] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080705224429/http://www.ccharity.com/liberia/shipharriet1829.htm |date=2008-07-05 }}</ref>
 
Aside from religion, the young Payne showed interest in [[politics]] and [[economics]]. He later became a successful writer in these areas.<ref name=dacb/> As an adult, he was appointed by the Liberian government to work to complete the severance of Liberia's ties to the American Colonization Society.<ref name=dacb/>
 
==PoliticalPresidency career==
=== First term ===
Payne was elected as the fourth president in 1868 and served a two-year term. During his presidency, he worked to end the slave trade that still took place along Liberia's coast.<ref name=dacb/> Other reports, such as [[History of Liberia]] and [[Joseph Jenkins Roberts]] say: “The slave trade from Liberian ports was ended by the British Navy in the 1850s.”
Payne improved government relations with the [[Demographics of Liberia|native communities]] and peoples, whom he believed the newer settlers and politicians had for the most part ignored.<ref name=dacb/>
 
Payne was elected as the fourth president of Liberia in 1868 and served a single two-year term. During his presidency, he worked to end the slave trade that still took place along Liberia's coast.<ref name=dacb/> During his first term, he improved government relations with the [[Demographics of Liberia|indigenous communities]] in Liberia, whom he believed early settlers and leaders had for the most part ignored.<ref name="dacb" /> He likewise worked to extend Liberia's trading and political ties with Europe.<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=zgKA4cV8SV4C&pg=PA55 Thomas Morris Chester & R. J. M. Blackett, ''Thomas Morris Chester, Black Civil War Correspondent''.]</ref> gaining recognition from Denmark and Sweden but struggling to maintain Liberia's economy as both Europe and the United States began to industrialize.<ref name=":0" />
 
=== Second term ===
Payne was elected a second time in 1876 and served until 1878. Escalating economic difficulties began to weaken the state's dominance over the coastal [[indigenous peoples|indigenous]] population. When the financially burdened ACS withdrew its support from the colony in the years after the [[American Civil War]], conditions worsened as Liberia struggled to modernize its largely agricultural economy. The cost of imported goods was far greater than the income generated by the nation's exports of coffee, rice, palm oil, sugarcane, and timber. Payne increased the country's foreign trade.▼
 
▲Payne was elected a second time in 1876, andagain servedserving untila 1878single two-year term. Escalating economic difficulties began to weaken the stateLiberia's dominance over the coastal [[indigenous peoples|indigenous]] population. When the financially burdened ACS withdrew its support from the colonyyoung republic in the years after the [[American Civil War]], conditions had worsened as Liberia struggled to modernize its largely agricultural economy. The cost of imported goods was far greater than the income generated by the nation's exports of coffee, rice, palm oil, sugarcane, and timber. As a result, Payne increasedmade efforts to increase the country's foreign trade. However, despite his efforts, Liberia's economy dwindled. Indeed, the Liberian dollar lost more than 70% of its value due to decreasing imports and excessive exports to the industrial nations of the Atlantic.<ref name=":1" /> Payne retired after this difficult term, but he could claim a few important successes. By the end of the term in 1878, for example, most European and North American countries recognized Liberia's independence.<ref>{{Cite book |author=Vinton, David K.|url=http://worldcat.org/oclc/32856174 |title=Topic : the U.S. Liberian dollar parity : its post-war economic implications |date=1993 |publisher=[University of Liberia] |oclc=32856174}}</ref>
 
==Later life and family==
Payne married three times in his life. He was widowed twice. He had nine children in total.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=|first1=|title=James S. Payne, Second President of Liberia|journal=Liberia Today|date=June 1952|volume=1|issue=6 |pages=7|url=https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=uc1.31158011975926&seq=57|access-date=September 29, 2023|publisher=Embassy of the Republic of Liberia in the United States|jstor=|issn=|oclc=}}</ref> On leaving political office in 1878, Payne continued his lifelong involvement in church work. In 1880, he was the Liberian delegate at the General Conference of the Methodist Episcopal Church in [[Cincinnati]], [[Ohio]], United States.<ref name=dacb/> The next year, he was elected president of the Methodist Annual Conference of Liberia.<ref name=dacb/> James Spriggs Payne died in [[Monrovia]] in 1882.
 
==Legacy and honors==
* In January 1882, he was awarded an honorary doctor of divinity degree by Liberia College (now [[University of Liberia]]) for his life achievements.<ref name=dacb/>
* [[Spriggs Payne Airport]] in the [[Monrovia]] area is named after him.
* Besides Payne's descendants in Liberia, the [[Sierra Leone Creole people|Krio]] branch of the [[Blyden family]] are descended from Payne through his granddaughter Anna Erskine, who was the partner of [[Edward Wilmot Blyden]].
 
==References==
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{{succession box|title=[[President of Liberia]]|before=[[Daniel Bashiel Warner]]|after=[[Edward James Roye]]|years=1868&ndash;18701868–1870}}
{{succession box|title=[[President of Liberia]]|before=[[Joseph Jenkins Roberts]]|after=[[Anthony W. Gardiner]]|years=1876&ndash;18781876–1878}}
{{s-end}}
 
{{LiberianPresidents}}
{{incubator|vai/ꔛꕆꔻ ꔻꔪꔻ ꔪꘋ}}
 
{{Authority control}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Payne, James Spriggs}}
[[Category:1819 births]]
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[[Category:Politicians from Richmond, Virginia]]
[[Category:Americo-Liberian people]]
[[Category:American Methodists from Virginia]]
[[Category:Liberian Methodists]]
[[Category:Republican Party (Liberia) politicians]]
[[Category:19th-century Liberian politicians]]
[[Category:19th-century African-American politicians]]
[[Category:19th-century Methodists]]
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