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{{Featured article}}
{{Use Canadian English|date=August 2022}}
{{Use mdy dates|date=
{{Infobox road
| province = ON
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| date = December 4, 1971
| page = 5}}</ref>
The speed limit was raised to {{Convert|110|kph|abbr=on}} for a {{Convert|26|km|abbr=on}} stretch between Woodstock and Brantford and for a {{Convert|14.5|km|abbr=on}} stretch between Brantford and Hamilton on July
| title = Hwy. 403 Hill Used to Argue Both Sides of Red Hill Case
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| work = Toronto Star
| date = April 1, 1995
| quote = Rae also announced yesterday that the province will ask for private-sector proposals to design and construct the Burlington–Oakville link of Highway{{Nbsp}}403 as part of Highway 407.}}</ref>
Highway{{Nbsp}}407 continues to the north and west, while Highway{{Nbsp}}403 turns east to follow alongside a [[hydro corridor]] through the centre of Mississauga.<ref name="2010 mapart" /> A portion of the [[Mississauga Transitway]] express bus service utilizes the freeway's right shoulders between Erin Mills Parkway and Mavis Road.<ref name="auto">{{Cite web |title = Backgrounder on Mississauga's BRT |publisher = City of Mississauga |date = March 2007 |url = http://www.mississauga.ca/portal/residents/brtbasics?paf_gear_id=9700018&itemId=102600571n |access-date = January 14, 2012 }}</ref> Between Highway{{Nbsp}}407 and Highway{{Nbsp}}401, [[high-occupancy vehicle lane|high-occupancy vehicle]] (HOV) lanes are present in the left shoulder lanes for vehicles with at least one passenger.<ref>{{Cite news |title = OPP Cracks Down on HOV Lane Abusers |author = Staff |publisher = Rogers Communications |work = CityNews.ca |date = June 26, 2006 |url = http://www.citytv.com/toronto/citynews/news/local/article/17043--opp-cracks-down-on-hov-lane-abusers |access-date = December 15, 2011 |url-status = dead |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20100130090656/http://www.citytv.com/toronto/citynews/news/local/article/17043--opp-cracks-down-on-hov-lane-abusers |archive-date = January 30, 2010 }}</ref>
Sandwiched between residential subdivisions on both sides, the freeway soon thereafter crosses the [[Credit River]].<ref name="Gmaps" /> On the other side of the river, between the interchanges with Mavis Road and Hurontario Street (formerly [[Ontario Highway 10|Highway 10]]), Highway{{Nbsp}}403 skirts to the north of [[Mississauga City Centre|downtown Mississauga]], as well as the [[Square One Shopping Centre]].<ref name="Gmaps" />
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Though one of the first divided highways conceived for Ontario,<ref name="JShragge" /> Highway{{Nbsp}}403 is one of the most recently completed freeways in the province; the multiple segments of the route did not become continuous until 2002.<ref name="concurrency" /> Planning for the route was underway by 1958, as a portion of QEW was realigned from its original alignment of Middle Road to the ''Freeman Diversion'' which also included three-legged junction for the future Highway{{Nbsp}}403.<ref name="planning1" /><ref name="dept10" /> Sections of Highway{{Nbsp}}403 through Hamilton opened between December 1963 and September 1969.<ref name="HamiltonDone" /> An isolated section known as the Brantford Bypass was opened in October 1966,<ref name="dates" /> and would remain unconnected to other freeways for over 20{{Nbsp}}years.<ref name="1987 map" /> Plans for a third segment through Mississauga were contemplated throughout the 1960s,<ref name="torontoplan" /><ref name="troublefree" /> but were not finalized until late 1977, after which construction began.<ref name="MissCC" /> Portions opened at both ends in 1980 and 1981,<ref name="MissFirst" /><ref name="1981opening" /> while the central gap, crossing the Credit River, was completed in December 1982.<ref name="MissDone" />
Construction to bridge the gaps in Highway{{Nbsp}}403 between Ancaster and Woodstock was carried out over three major phases. The first phase was a short extension of the Brantford Bypass beginning in 1975, however motorists would have to continue on Highway{{Nbsp}}2/53 to reach Highway{{Nbsp}}401.<ref name="1977 start" /> Later, work began to connect that extension with Highway{{Nbsp}}401 near Woodstock, which opened in 1988.<ref name="woodstock" /> An existing portion of Highway{{Nbsp}}2 served as the connector between the Woodstock-Brantford and Ancaster-Hamilton segments, until the last phase between Ancaster and Brantford finally opened in 1997.<ref name="AncasterSection">{{Cite news |title = Highway 403 Extension Opens Friday |work = Toronto Star |date = August 15, 1997 |url = https://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/thestar/access/13473550.html?FMT=CITE&FMTS=CITE:FT&type=current&date=Aug+13%2C+1997&author=&pub=Toronto+Star&edition=&startpage=A.11&desc=Highway+403+extension+opens+Friday |access-date = June 28, 2010 |archive-date = November 2, 2012 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20121102191054/https://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/thestar/access/13473550.html?FMT=CITE&FMTS=CITE:FT&type=current&date=Aug+13%2C+1997&author=&pub=Toronto+Star&edition=&startpage=A.11&desc=Highway+403+extension+opens+Friday |url-status = dead }}</ref>
The final discontinuity, between Burlington and Oakville, was signed as a concurrency with the QEW in 2002.<ref name="concurrency" /> Originally, this section was to have travelled along the corridor which has since been occupied by the westmost segment of Highway{{Nbsp}}407 ETR, until budget shortfalls in 1995 resulted in a change of plans.<ref name="407ext" />
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=== Recent construction ===
With the expanded capacity of the [[Burlington Skyway]], and the unanticipated traffic volumes on Highway 403, the Freeman Interchange was now faced with a capacity problem. To resolve this, the renamed Ministry of Transportation began planning for the missing link of Highway 403 between Burlington and Mississauga that would run parallel to the QEW;<ref name="freeman">{{cite report |title = Provincial Highways Construction Projects |publisher = Ministry of Transportation and Communications |year = 1991–1992<!-- May 1991 --> |issn = 0714-1149 |page = 8 }}</ref>
this right-of-way would be sold to the [[407 ETR]] consortium in 1995 and built as part of that route.<ref>{{cite news |title = Rae Announces 407 Extension |first = Theresa |last = Boyle |work = The Toronto Star |date = April 1, 1995 |department = News |page = A12 |quote = Rae also announced yesterday that the province will ask for private-sector proposals to design and construct the Burlington–Oakville link of Highway 403 as part of Highway 407. }}</ref>
Work began in August 1991 to reconfigure the [[Interchange_(road)#T_and_Y_interchanges|directional T interchange]] to modern standards which included realigning the QEW carriageways as mainline traffic, and adding a fourth leg for the future Burlington-Mississauga link, although this necessitated replacing the directional ramp with a lower-capacity loop ramp for the movement from Toronto-bound QEW to the Brantford-bound Highway 403 (as some traffic was expected to be diverted away from the Burlington Skyway to the under-construction [[Lincoln M. Alexander Parkway]] and planned [[Red Hill Valley Parkway|Red Creek Expressway]]). The reconfigured Freeman Interchange was partially opened on October 23, 1993 to serve the existing QEW and Highway 403 segments; the first sod for what would open as Highway 407 was turned that day.<ref>{{cite news |title = Sod Broken On QEW and Hwy. 403 Link |first = Eleanor |last = Tait |work = The Hamilton Spectator |date = October 23, 1993 |department = News |page = T8 }}</ref> The completed ramps (the first to be built were cast-in-place post-tensioned bridges to cross Highway 403 westbound, followed in 2000 by precast girder bridges to pass over the North Service Road<ref>https://local-news.ca/2022/07/08/how-things-work-what-makes-a-good-bridge/</ref><ref>https://www.thekingshighway.ca/PHOTOS/Hwy11photos10.htm</ref>) connecting to the future Burlington-Mississauga freeway sat unused until that segment finally opened on July 30, 2001, as part of Highway 407 ETR.<ref>{{cite report |title = Settlement of Claim of Richard Prendiville |publisher = Ontario Superior Court of Justice |date = December 12, 2001 |page = 7 |url = http://www.kmlaw.ca/site_documents/011240_SOC_18dec01.pdf |access-date = June 30, 2014 |url-status = dead |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20140727041251/http://www.kmlaw.ca/site_documents/011240_SOC_18dec01.pdf |archive-date = July 27, 2014 |df = mdy-all }}</ref>
The Hamilton-Brantford and Mississauga sections of Highway{{Nbsp}}403 were eventually planned to be linked up via an east–west extension that would run parallel to the QEW, as the current north–south routing of Highway{{Nbsp}}403 along the Mississauga-Oakville boundary to end at the QEW was intended to be temporary and eventually assumed by the proposed Highway{{Nbsp}}407. When originally opened in 1981, the Highway{{Nbsp}}403 westbound carriageway initially followed a ninety degree turn from west to south near Ninth Line, however in 1989 this was replaced by the first phase of an interchange between Highway{{Nbsp}}403 and Highway{{Nbsp}}407, while the Highway{{Nbsp}}403 westbound carriageway was shifted to a semi-directional flyover. The northern leg (to Highway{{Nbsp}}401 just west of Mississauga) and western leg of that junction would be completed later; the partially-completed interchange included a temporary east–west connector (known internally by MTO as Highway 7197) to Trafalgar Road (Halton Regional Road{{Nbsp}}3). <ref>[https://www.thekingshighway.ca/Highway403.htm]</ref><ref>{{Cite map |title = Ontario Road Map |cartography = Cartography Section |publisher = Ministry of Transportation of Ontario |year = 1990–1991 |section = K8 |url = http://ao.minisisinc.com/FS_IMAGES/I0050591.jpg |access-date = November 20, 2021 |via = Archives of Ontario }}</ref>
However, the [[Bob Rae]] government altered these plans in 1995 due to budgetary constraints.<ref name="407ext">{{Cite news
| title = Rae Announces 407 Extension
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| page = A12
| quote = Rae also announced yesterday that the province will ask for private-sector proposals to design and construct the Burlington–Oakville link of Highway{{Nbsp}}403 as part of Highway 407.}}</ref>
It was also announced the Mississauga section of Highway{{Nbsp}}403 would be renumbered as Highway{{Nbsp}}410,<ref>{{Cite news |title = Rae Announces 407 Extension |first = Bob |last = Mitchell |work = Toronto Star |date = April 6, 1995 |page = BR03 }}</ref>
although this was not done. Instead, Highway{{Nbsp}}403 was [[Concurrency (road)|signed concurrently]] along the Queen Elizabeth Way in 2002, remedying the discontinuity.<ref name="concurrency">{{Cite journal |title = Signs of the Times |publisher = Ontario Good Roads Association |date = February 2002 |journal = Milestones |volume = 2 |issue = 1 |pages = 26, 31 |url = http://www.ogra.org/lib/db2file.asp?fileid=1780 |access-date = January 2, 2012 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20120426090046/http://www.ogra.org/lib/db2file.asp?fileid=1780 |archive-date = April 26, 2012 }}</ref>
On September 4, 1998, Highway{{Nbsp}}407 opened between Highway{{Nbsp}}401 and Highway{{Nbsp}}403, and by the middle of 2001 access was added to the Burlington–Oakville segment of Highway{{Nbsp}}407 previously intended to be part of Highway{{Nbsp}}403.<ref>{{Cite report |title = Settlement of Claim of Richard Prendiville |publisher = Ontario Superior Court of Justice |date = December 12, 2001 |page = 7 |url = http://www.kmlaw.ca/site_documents/011240_SOC_18dec01.pdf |access-date = June 30, 2014 |url-status = dead |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20140727041251/http://www.kmlaw.ca/site_documents/011240_SOC_18dec01.pdf |archive-date = July 27, 2014 |df = mdy-all }}</ref>
{{multiple image
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| width2 =
| caption2 = The interchange in 2013, looking north}}
In early 2001, high-mast lighting added to the unlighted Mississauga section between Highway{{Nbsp}}407 and Eastgate Parkway.<ref>{{Cite press release |title = Ontario Government Continues to Improve Road User Safety on Highway 403 |author = Ministry of Transportation of Ontario |publisher = Government of Ontario |date = January 30, 2001 |url = http://www.mto.gov.on.ca/english/news/regional/2001/013001_1.shtml |access-date = January 14, 2012 |url-status = dead |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20140415025815/http://www.mto.gov.on.ca/english/news/regional/2001/013001_1.shtml |archive-date = April 15, 2014 }}</ref> The lighting masts are placed between the westbound carriageway and hydro corridor, rather than in the median like most other provincial freeways. In 2003, the right shoulders between Erin Mills Parkway and Mavis Road were widened for GO Transit and Mississauga Transit to run [[Mississauga Transitway|express bus service]].<ref name="auto"/>
These projects preceded the widening of Highway{{Nbsp}}403 between Highway{{Nbsp}}407 and Highway{{Nbsp}}401/410, through which a [[high-occupancy vehicle]] (HOV) lane was added in each direction; the project started on September 29, 2003 <ref>{{cite web |url = https://www.trucknews.com/products/construction-on-highway-403-in-mississauga/ |title = Construction on Highway 403 in Mississauga }}</ref> and was completed and opened on December{{Nbsp}}13, 2005.<ref>{{Cite news |title = Carpool Lanes Praised |first = Richard |last = Brennan |work = Toronto Star |date = December 13, 2006 |url = http://urbantoronto.ca/forum/showthread.php/3072-Star-Carpool-lanes-praised |access-date = January 16, 2012 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |title = First-Ever High-Occupancy Vehicle Lanes Mean Less Congestion, Better Transit |author = Ministry of Transportation of Ontario |publisher = CNW Group |date = December 5, 2005 |url = https://groups.yahoo.com/neo/groups/ontroads/conversations/topics/13434 |archive-url = https://archive.today/20140829003307/https://groups.yahoo.com/neo/groups/ontroads/conversations/topics/13434 |url-status = dead |archive-date = August 29, 2014 |access-date = August 28, 2014 }}</ref>
The HOV lanes and the dividing [[Jersey barrier|Ontario Tall Wall]] concrete barrier were constructed using the existing right-of-way provided by the grass median.<ref>{{Cite news |title = $63.6M Earmarked for HOV Lanes |first = Grant |last = Cameron |publisher = Reed Construction Data |date = September 15, 2004 |work = Daily Commercial News |url = http://dcnonl.com/article/id29120 |access-date = January 16, 2012 |url-status = dead |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20111204224339/http://dcnonl.com/article/id29120 |archive-date = December 4, 2011 }}</ref><ref name=improve>{{Cite web |url = http://gotransit.com/public/en/improve/Mississauga_BRT.aspx |title = Mississauga Transitway Project |author = |date = |publisher = GO Transit |quote = To accommodate increased demand, improve your experience and our operations, GO Transit will be constructing a new GO Bus Station at Winston Churchill Boulevard. Construction of the new station started in 2013. The station is expected to be operational in 2016. |accessdate = November 30, 2014 |archive-date = August 21, 2014 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20140821103249/http://www.gotransit.com/public/en/improve/mississauga_brt.aspx |url-status = dead }}</ref> Metrolinx began construction of the Mississauga Transitway West between Winston Churchill Boulevard and Erin Mills Parkway<ref name=construct>{{Cite web |url = http://transit.toronto.on.ca/archives/weblog/2013/12/12-constructi.shtml |title = Construction starts on west section of Mississauga Transitway |author = Robert Mackenzie |date = December 12, 2013 |publisher = Transit Toronto |quote = Metrolinx is building the west segment between Winston Churchill and Erin Mills. |accessdate = November 30, 2014 }}</ref> in October 2013, including realignment of [[Transmission tower|hydro towers]] and new bus-only lanes crossing the existing ramps on the north side of Highway{{Nbsp}}403's interchange with Winston Churchill Boulevard, which was completed on December 31, 2016.<ref name=firstwave>{{Cite web |url = http://www.metrolinx.com/en/docs/pdf/firstwave/Fact_Sheet_Mississauga_Transitway_EN.pdf |title = Mississauga Transitway West |author = |date = |work = Mississauga Transitway Project: Project Status |publisher = Metrolinx |quote = In October 2013, Metrolinx started construction on the Mississauga Transitway West (Winston Churchill Boulevard to Erin Mills Parkway). |accessdate = November 30, 2014 |archive-date = July 18, 2014 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20140718042702/http://www.metrolinx.com/en/docs/pdf/firstwave/Fact_Sheet_Mississauga_Transitway_EN.pdf |url-status = dead }}</ref>
Land was reserved at the Highway{{Nbsp}}401/403/410 junction for a loop ramp from Highway{{Nbsp}}403 eastbound to Highway{{Nbsp}}401 westbound, and a directional ramp for the opposite movement, however as a prerequisite Highway{{Nbsp}}401 first had to be widened west of this interchange.<ref name="Highway 401 Widening">{{Cite web |url = http://www.401expansion-mississauga.ca/background.html |title = Highway 401 Widening }}</ref> The existing underpasses for the Highway{{Nbsp}}403 to Highway{{Nbsp}}410 link have sufficient right-of-way to accommodate the addition of a new HOV lane to the Highway{{Nbsp}}403 eastbound collectors that would tie into the expanded Highway{{Nbsp}}410, as well as the approach to the loop ramp to Highway{{Nbsp}}401 westbound. Construction commenced on these ramps by 2017.<ref>{{Cite book |title = Highway 401 Improvements From Highway 410/403 Interchange to East of the Credit River Transportation Environmental Study Report |publisher = Aecom |date = August 2005 |volume = 1 |page = iii |url = http://www.401expansion-mississauga.ca/Downloads/2622%20TESR%20Volume_1.pdf |access-date = January 16, 2012 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title = Upgrades to Highway 401/403/410 Interchange in Ontario Will Enhance Functionality and Extend Service Life |publisher = Associated Engineering and Associated Environmental |date = April 30, 2018 |url = https://www.ae.ca/ae-today/latest-updates/details/blog/2018/04/30/upgrades-to-highway-401-403-410-interchange-in-ontario-will-enhance-functionality-and-extend-service-life |access-date = January 16, 2021 }}</ref>
The construction was completed in November 2018, allowing for full access in all directions between both freeways.<ref>{{Cite web |title = Highway 410 Widening |publisher = Aecon Canada |url = https://www.aecon.com/our-projects/recent/highway-410-widening/highway-417-bridge-rehabilitation-and-rapid-bridge-replacement |access-date = January 16, 2021 }}</ref>
Highway{{Nbsp}}403 between Woodstock and Burlington was formally dedicated as the Alexander Graham Bell Parkway on April{{Nbsp}}27, 2016.<ref name="AGBP">{{Cite news |title = Take A Drive Along Alexander Graham Bell Parkway |first = Michael-Allan |last = Marion |work = Brantford Expositor |date = April 27, 2016 |url = http://www.brantfordexpositor.ca/2016/04/27/take-a-drive-along-alexander-graham-bell-parkway |access-date = April 29, 2016 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20160429122546/http://www.brantfordexpositor.ca/2016/04/27/take-a-drive-along-alexander-graham-bell-parkway |archive-date = April 29, 2016 |url-status = dead }}</ref>
Improvements were made to the bottlenecked Highway 403/QEW/Ford Drive interchange in Oakville. Since 2017, traffic using the existing loop ramp in the NE corner to access Highway 403/QEW was directed onto a new overpass instead of sharing the existing overpass with westbound Highway 403 traffic. The existing bridges carrying QEW traffic across Ford Drive and the eastbound ramp to Highway 403 were demolished and replaced by new wider structures which can accommodate future HOV lanes and high-mast lighting.<ref>http://www.botconstruction.ca/projects/recent_projects.html {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200324081914/http://www.botconstruction.ca/projects/recent_projects.html |date=March 24, 2020 }} Projects – Bot Construction Group</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url = http://www.botconstruction.ca/pdf_projects/BPP-MTO-2015-2013-QEW-Oakville.pdf |title = Archived copy |access-date = March 14, 2020 |archive-date = December 28, 2016 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20161228145439/http://botconstruction.ca/pdf_projects/BPP-MTO-2015-2013-QEW-Oakville.pdf |url-status = live }}</ref> At the present Highway 403 only connects to the QEW west of the interchange, but a new set of flyover ramps are being proposed from Highway 403 to the QEW east of that junction using the existing right-of-way which would allow for a direct freeway connection from Milton to south Mississauga.<ref>{{Cite book |author = Central Region |date = June 2003 |url = https://www.oakville.ca/assets/general%20-%20residents/transportationstudy-403-QEW-execsum.pdf |title = Transportation Environmental Study Report: Highway 403 and Queen Elizabeth Way from Trafalgar Road to Winston Churchill Boulevard |publisher = Ministry of Transportation of Ontario |access-date = January 30, 2018 |archive-date = March 7, 2021 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20210307044309/https://www.oakville.ca/assets/general%20-%20residents/transportationstudy-403-QEW-execsum.pdf |url-status = live }}</ref>
[[File:Hwy 403 2022.JPG|thumb|left|alt=A skyline of tall buildings viewed from an overpass of a freeway|Highway{{Nbsp}}403 looking west, while passing north of [[Mississauga City Centre|Downtown Mississauga]], as seen atop the Hurontario Street overpass. Construction of the flyover for the [[Hurontario LRT]] is underway.]]
The 2017 initial design of the [[Hurontario LRT]] line had it occupying the centre median of Hurontario Street including the existing bridge crossing Highway{{Nbsp}}403. At the southern approach to the bridge, there would be a junction for an LRT branch to the Mississauga City Centre, and the junction would have crossed the southbound traffic lanes of Hurontario Street and a Highway{{Nbsp}}403 exit ramp at grade.<ref name="Metrolinx-2019/04/12">{{Cite web |url = https://blog.metrolinx.com/2019/04/12/stop-naming-changes-on-the-hurontario-and-finch-west-lrt-lines/ |title = Transit stops are given name changes on the Hurontario and Finch West LRT Lines |publisher = [[Metrolinx]] |date = April 12, 2019 |archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20190510160653/https://blog.metrolinx.com/2019/04/12/stop-naming-changes-on-the-hurontario-and-finch-west-lrt-lines/ |
There are preliminary proposals for adding HOV lanes to Highway{{Nbsp}}403 within Burlington, alongside a proposal to modify the Freeman Interchange.<ref>{{Cite web |url = https://qew403freeman.ca/wp-content/uploads/2016/07/2016-E-0005-Hwy-403-QEW-Freeman-Interchange-PIC-1-Display-Panels-Part-2.pdf |title = QEW and Highway 403 Freeman Interchange: Preliminary Design Study and Class Environmental Assessment |website = qew403freeman.ca |access-date = December 22, 2020 |url-status = dead |archive-date = July 29, 2021 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20210729122239/https://qew403freeman.ca/wp-content/uploads/2016/07/2016-E-0005-Hwy-403-QEW-Freeman-Interchange-PIC-1-Display-Panels-Part-2.pdf }}</ref>
{{Clear}}
== Exit list ==
{{ONinttop|exit|unnum=no|maint=MTO|length_ref=<ref name="km">{{Cite web |title = Annual Average Daily Traffic (AADT) counts |author = Ministry of Transportation of Ontario |author-link = Ministry of Transportation of Ontario |publisher = Government of Ontario |year = 2010 |url = http://www.raqsb.mto.gov.on.ca/techpubs/TrafficVolumes.nsf/tvweb?OpenForm&Seq=5 |access-date = February 26, 2010 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20110706192209/http://www.raqsb.mto.gov.on.ca/techpubs/TrafficVolumes.nsf/tvweb?OpenForm&Seq=5 |archive-date = July 6, 2011 |url-status = dead }}</ref>}}
{{ONint
| division = Oxford
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| exit = 78
| road = Waterdown Road
| notes = Originally designed only with an eastbound exit and westbound entrance; full interchange opened on November 1, 2010<ref>{{Cite news |title = New Burlington-Highway Interchange Open |first = Carmela |last = Fragomeni |work = The Hamilton Spectator |date = November 4, 2010 |url = http://www.thespec.com/news/local/article/273514--new-burlington-highway-interchange-open |access-date = November 5, 2010 }}</ref>
}}
{{ONint
Line 1,034 ⟶ 864:
=== Bibliography ===
{{Refbegin}}
* {{Cite book |title = From Footpaths to Freeways |last1 = Shragge |first1 = John |last2 = Bagnato |first2 = Sharon |name-list-style = amp |publisher = Ontario Ministry of Transportation and Communications, Historical Committee |year = 1984 |isbn = 0-7743-9388-2 }}
* {{Cite book |title = The Queen Elizabeth Way, Canada's First Superhighway |last = Stamp |first = Robert M. |publisher = Boston Mills Press |year = 1987 |isbn = 0-919783-84-8 }}
* {{Cite book
| ref= {{Harvid|Ontario Department of Highways|1970}}
| |||