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{{short description|Indigenous ethnic groups of Malaysia}}
{{Expert needed|1=Malaysia|reason=This is a complex politically-charged issue relying on foreign-language source material.|date=August 2022}}
}}▼
{{EngvarB|date=September 2014}}{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2014}}
{{Infobox ethnic group
|group = Orang Asli
|image = [[File:Orang asli.jpg|300px]]
|caption = A group of Orang Asli from [[Malacca]] in [[folk costume]]
|flag =
|popplace = {{flag|Malaysia}}
|rels = [[Animism]], [[Christianity]], [[Islam]], [[
|langs = {{ubl|[[Aslian languages]] ([[Austroasiatic languages|Austroasiatic]])|[[Aboriginal Malay languages]] ([[Austronesian languages|Austronesian]])}}
|related = {{ubl|[[Malay people|Peninsula Malays]]|[[Maniq people|Maniq]] of southern [[Thailand]]|
'''Orang Asli''' (''lit''. "native people", "original people", or "aboriginal people" in [[Malay language|Malay]]) are a [[Homogeneity and heterogeneity|heterogeneous]] [[Indigenous peoples|indigenous]] population forming a national minority in [[Malaysia]]. They are the oldest inhabitants of [[Peninsular Malaysia]].
As of 2017, the Orang Asli accounted for 0.7% of the population of Peninsular Malaysia
While outsiders often perceive them as a single group, there are many distinctive groups and tribes, each with its own language, culture and customary land. Each group considers itself independent and different from the other communities. What mainly unites the Orang Asli is their distinctiveness from the three major ethnic groups of Peninsular Malaysia{{Who|date=April 2024}} and their historical sidelining in social, economic, and cultural matters.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Center for Orang Asli Concerns |url=http://coac.org.my/main.php?section=about&page=about_index |access-date=2022-07-23 |website=coac.org.my}}</ref> Like other indigenous peoples, Orang Asli strive to preserve their own distinctive culture and identity, which is linked by physical, economic, social, cultural, territorial, and spiritual ties to their immediate natural environment.<ref name="TOAOPM">{{cite web|url=http://www.magickriver.net/oa.htm |title=The Orang Asli of Peninsula Malaysia |author=Colin Nicholas |publisher=Magick River |date=1997 |access-date=2016-12-22}}</ref><ref name="auto">{{cite web|title=Malaysia - Orang Asli|url=http://minorityrights.org/minorities/orang-asli/|website=Minority Rights Group International|date=19 June 2015 |access-date=5 January 2017}}</ref>
==Terminology==
[[File:Orang Asli in Malaysia.jpg|thumb|Orang Asli near [[Cameron Highlands]] playing a [[nose flute]]
Prior to the official use of the term "Orang Asli" beginning in the early 1960s, the common terms for the indigenous population of Peninsular Malaysia varied.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Center for Orang Asli Concerns |url=http://coac.org.my/main.php?section=about&article_id=3 |access-date=2022-07-23 |website=coac.org.my}}</ref> Towards the end of British colonial rule on the [[Malay Peninsula]], there were attempts to classify these disparate groups. Residents of the southern regions often called them ''Jakun'', and those in the northern regions called them ''Sakai''. Later on, all indigenous groups became known as ''Sakai'', meaning ''Aborigines''.<ref name="OAIAET">{{cite web|publisher=Center for Orang Asli Concerns|author=Colin Nicholas|title='Orang Asli' is an English term|url=http://www.coac.org.my/main.php?section=about&article_id=3|date=27 January 1994|access-date=8 February 2021}}</ref> The term "aborigines", as an official name, appeared in the English version of the Constitution of [[British Malaya]] and the laws of the country. Past colonial rule by European and Islamic powers gave both the Malay word ''Sakai'' and the English term ''Aborigines'' pejorative connotations, hinting at the supposed backwardness and primitivism of these people.<ref name="OAIAET"/><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Means |first=Gordon P. |date=1985 |title=The Orang Asli: Aboriginal Policies in Malaysia |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/2758473 |journal=[[Pacific Affairs]] |volume=58 |issue=4 |pages=637–652 |doi=10.2307/2758473 |jstor=2758473 |issn=0030-851X}}</ref> During the [[Malayan Emergency]] in the 1950s [[Malayan National Liberation Army|Communist rebels]], seeking the support of the indigenous tribes, began referring to them as [[Orang Asal]], meaning "native people", from the Arabic word,
==Ethnogenesis==
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* [[Negrito]] (or [[Semang]]), generally located in the northern portion of the peninsula, were short dark-skinned nomadic [[hunter-gatherers]] with Asiatic facial features and tightly curly hair.
* [[Senoi]] (or Sakai), residing in the central region, were wavy-haired people taller than the Negrito, engaged in [[slash-and-burn]] agriculture, and periodically changed their place of residence.
* [[Proto-Malay]] (or Aboriginal Malay), living in the southern region, were settled farmers,
This division does not claim to be scientific and has many shortcomings.<ref name="DTRARPS" /> The boundaries between the groups are not fixed, and merge into each other, and the Orang Asli themselves use names associated with their specific area or by a local term meaning 'human being'.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Andaya |first=Leonard Y. |title=Orang Asli and the Melayu in the History of the Malay Peninsula |date=2002 |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/41493461 |journal=Journal of the Malaysian Branch of the Royal Asiatic Society |volume=75 |issue=1 (282) |pages=23–48 |jstor=41493461 |issn=0126-7353}}</ref>
Semang are part of the earliest modern human migration that arrived Peninsular Malaysia 50 to 60 thousand years ago, while Senoi are part of Austroasiatic population that arrived Peninsular Malaysia 10 to 30 thousand⁸ year ago.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Norhalifah |first1=Hanim Kamis |last2=Syaza |first2=Fatnin Hisham |last3=Chambers |first3=Geoffrey Keith |last4=Edinur |first4=Hisham Atan |date=July 2016 |title=The genetic history of Peninsular Malaysia |url=https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0378111916302566 |journal=Gene |language=en |volume=586 |issue=1 |pages=129–135 |doi=10.1016/j.gene.2016.04.008|pmid=27060406 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Hoh |first1=Boon-Peng |last2=Deng |first2=Lian |last3=Xu |first3=Shuhua |date=2022-01-27 |title=The Peopling and Migration History of the Natives in Peninsular Malaysia and Borneo: A Glimpse on the Studies Over the Past 100 years |journal=Frontiers in Genetics |volume=13 |page=767018 |doi=10.3389/fgene.2022.767018 |issn=1664-8021 |pmc=8829068 |pmid=35154269 |doi-access=free }}</ref> Some earlier hypotheses pointed out the Semang and Senoi as descendants of the [[Hoabinhian]] people,<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Andaya |first=Leonard Y. |title=Orang Asli and the Melayu in the History of the Malay Peninsula |date=2002 |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/41493461 |journal=Journal of the Malaysian Branch of the Royal Asiatic Society |volume=75 |issue=1 (282) |pages=25–26 |jstor=41493461 |issn=0126-7353}}</ref> Further research showed Semang shared genetic drift with ancient genomes from Hoabinhian ancestry, suggesting that they are genetically closer to the ancestors of Hoabinhian hunter-gatherers who occupied northern parts of Peninsular Malaysia during the late Pleistocene.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=McColl |first1=Hugh |last2=Racimo |first2=Fernando |last3=Vinner |first3=Lasse |last4=Demeter |first4=Fabrice |last5=Gakuhari |first5=Takashi |last6=Moreno-Mayar |first6=J. Víctor |last7=van Driem |first7=George |last8=Gram Wilken |first8=Uffe |last9=Seguin-Orlando |first9=Andaine |last10=de la Fuente Castro |first10=Constanza |last11=Wasef |first11=Sally |last12=Shoocongdej |first12=Rasmi |last13=Souksavatdy |first13=Viengkeo |last14=Sayavongkhamdy |first14=Thongsa |last15=Saidin |first15=Mohd Mokhtar |date=2018-07-06 |title=The prehistoric peopling of Southeast Asia |url=https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.aat3628 |journal=Science |language=en |volume=361 |issue=6397 |pages=88–92 |doi=10.1126/science.aat3628 |pmid=29976827 |bibcode=2018Sci...361...88M |s2cid=206667111 |issn=0036-8075|hdl=10072/383365 |hdl-access=free }}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Bellwood |first=Peter |title=Prehistory of the Indo-Malaysian Archipelago |date=March 2007 |publisher=ANU Press |doi=10.22459/pima.03.2007 |isbn=978-1-921313-11-0 |doi-access=free }}</ref> Both groups speak [[Austroasiatic]] languages (also known as ''[[Mon-Khmer language]]'').
The Orang Asli Negrito share a common genetic origin with [[East Asian people]], but
===Semang===
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[[Senoi]] is the largest subdivision of the Orang Asli, accounting for about 54% of their population. This ethnic group includes six tribes: Temiar, Semai, Semaq Beri, Jah Hut, Mah Meri and Cheq Wong. They live mainly in the central and northern parts of the Malay Peninsula. Their villages are scattered in the states of Perak, Kelantan and Pahang, including on the slopes of the [[Titiwangsa Mountains]].<ref name="OIAC">{{cite web|publisher=Center for Orang Asli Concerns|author=Colin Nicholas|title=Origins, Identity and Classification|url=http://www.coac.org.my/main.php?section=about&article_id=2|date=20 August 2012|access-date=17 March 2021}}</ref>
Physically, the Senois in general differ from the indigenous tribals in terms of being taller in height, and having much lighter skin colour, and wavy hair
The term "Senoi" comes from the words sen-oi and seng-oi, which means "people" in [[Semai language]] and [[Temiar language]], respectively.<ref name=":0"/>
The traditional economy of the Senoi people was based on jungle resources, where they would engage in hunting, fishing, foraging and logging. In contact with the Malay and Siamese states, the Senoi people were involved in trading and were the main suppliers of jungle produce in the region. Now most of them work in the agricultural sector and have their own farms to grow rubber, oil palm, or cocoa.<ref name="Nicholas"/><ref>{{cite web|author=Rohaida
In the daily life of the Senoi people, the norms of [[customary law]]s are observed. Since the days of the colonial era, missionaries of world religions have been active among these jungle dwellers
Senoi tribes:<ref name="MOP1-38"/>
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===Aboriginal Malays===
{{main|Proto-Malay}}
[[File:Image from page 214 of "Women of all nations, a record of their characteristics, habits, manners, customs and influence;" (1908).jpg|thumb|right|An [[Aboriginal Malay]] family in [[Selangor]], 1908
[[Proto-Malay]]s, or Aboriginal Malays, are the second largest group of Orang Asli,
Their customs, culture and languages are very similar to the [[Malaysian Malays]]. They are similar to the Malays in appearance,
The group
The Aboriginal Malays are considered a race of people grouped within each smaller tribe of their own.
More significant is the differing origins of these sub-groups. In [[Indonesia]] and [[Malaysia]], some believe there are two branches of the [[Austronesian peoples]], identified as Proto-Malays and Deutero-Malays. According to this theory, the Proto-Malays inhabited the islands of the [[Sunda Islands|Sunda archipelago]] about 2,500 years ago. The migration of Deutero-Malays is attributed to later times, but more than 1,500 years ago. They mingled with the Proto-Malays who were already inhabiting the land, as well as with the [[Malaysian Siamese|Siamese]], [[Javanese people]], Sumatrans, [[South Asian ethnic groups|Indian ethnic groups]], [[Thai people]], and [[Persian people|Persian]], [[Arab]] and [[Malaysian Chinese|Chinese merchants]], resulting in the formation of the modern Malays of the Malay Peninsula. Although this theory has not been supported by scientific evidence, it is generally accepted in the attitude of the Malays toward the indigenous tribes.{{cn|date=August 2022}}
Some of the Aboriginal Malay tribes, including the [[Orang Kanaq]] and [[Orang Kuala]], are difficult to be regarded as indigenous to the Malay Peninsula, as they only migrated in the last few centuries, much later than the Malays. Most [[Orang Kuala]] still live on the eastern coast of [[Sumatra]] in [[Indonesia]], where they are also known as the Duano people.<ref>{{Cite journal |title=The Malayic-speaking Orang Laut: Dialects and directions for research |author=Karl Anderbeck |url=http://wacana.ui.ac.id/index.php/wjhi/article/viewFile/64/58 |date=October 2012 |access-date=2023-08-05 |journal=Journal of the Humanities of Indonesia |publisher=Wacana |page=272}}</ref>▼
▲Some of the Aboriginal Malay tribes, including the [[Orang Kanaq]] and [[Orang Kuala]], are difficult to be regarded as indigenous to the Malay Peninsula, as they only migrated in the last few centuries, much later than the Malays. Most
The languages of the Proto-Malays are archaic dialects of the [[Malay language]]. The only exception is the [[Semelai language]] and the [[Temoq language]], which are part of the [[Aslian languages]], as are the Senoi and Semang languages.<ref name="OAATBP"/><ref name="AGTASATL"/>▼
▲The languages of the Proto-Malays are archaic dialects of the [[Malay language]]. The only
Aboriginal Malay tribes:<ref name="MOP1-38"/>
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==Demography==
Malays make up just over 50% of Malaysia's population, followed by [[Malaysian Chinese|Chinese]] (24%), [[Malaysian Indians|Indians]] (7%) and the [[Orang Asal|indigenous of Sabah and Sarawak]] (11%), while the remaining of Orang Asli is only 0.7%.<ref name="EIAIR">{{cite journal|url=https://lr.law.qut.edu.au/article/view/562/563 |title=Ethnicity, Indigeneity And Indigenous Rights: The 'Orang Asli' Experience |author=Yogeswaran Subramaniam |journal=QUT Law Review |volume=15 |issue=1 |date=2015 |issn=2205-0507 |doi=10.5204/qutlr.v15i1.562 |access-date=2021-03-28 |pages=71–91|doi-access=free }}</ref> Their population is approximately 148,000.<ref name="OIAC"/> The largest group are the Senois, constituting about 54% of the total Orang Asli population. The Proto-Malays form 43%, and the Semang forming 3%.<ref name="OIAC"/> Thailand is home to roughly 600 Orang Asli, divided between ''Mani people'' with Thai citizenship, and 300 others in the deep south.<ref>{{cite web|author=Pranthong Jitcharoenkul|title=Indigenous people in Thailand's Deep South adapt to new lifestyle|url=https://www.thejakartapost.com/life/2018/04/08/indigenous-people-in-thailands-deep-south-adapt-to-new-lifestyle.html|publisher=The Jakarta Post |date=8 April 2018|access-date=2021-03-28}}</ref> At the same time, the number of Orang Asli has been growing steadily for many years. Between 1947 and 1997, the average growth rate averaged at 4% per year. This is largely due to the overall improvement in the quality of life of indigenous people.<ref>{{cite book|editor=Azizul Hassan
Population of the Orang Asli:
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}}
More than half of the Orang Asli live in the states of Pahang and Perak, followed by the indigenous peoples of Kelantan, Selangor, Johor, and Negeri Sembilan. In the states of Perlis and Penang, the Orang Asli are not considered indigenous. Their presence there indicates the mobility of the Orang Asli,
Distribution of Orang Asli tribes by state: <ref name="LOTP"/>
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|}
[[File:Korbu Asli Village.JPG|thumb|A typical Orang Asli [[stilt house]] in [[Ulu Kinta (federal constituency)|Ulu Kinta]], [[Perak]]
According to the 2006 census, the number of Orang Asli was 141,230. Of these, 36.9% lived in remote villages, 62.4% on the outskirts of Malay villages and 0.7% in cities and suburbs.<ref>{{cite web|author=|title=JAKOA Program|url=http://www.jakoa.gov.my/en/orang-asli/program-jakoa/|publisher=Jabatan Kemajuan Orang Asli (JAKOA)|access-date=2021-03-28|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170923134202/http://www.jakoa.gov.my/en/orang-asli/program-jakoa/|archive-date=2017-09-23|url-status=dead}}</ref> Thus, the majority of the indigenous population are in rural areas. Some of them make regular trips between their native villages and the cities where they work. Orang Asli do not show much desire to permanently settle in cities because of the high cost of living for them. In addition, they feel out of place in urban communities due to differences in education and socio-economic status, as well as language and racial barriers.
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Orang Asli is the poorest community in Malaysia. The [[Poverty threshold|poverty rate]] among Orang Asli is 76.9%.<ref name=health>{{cite web|publisher=Center for Orang Asli Concerns|author=Colin Nicholas|title=A Brief Introduction: The Orang Asli Of Peninsular Malaysia|url=https://www.coac.org.my/main.php?section=about&page=about_index|date=20 August 2012|access-date=14 June 2018}}</ref> According to the Department of Statistics of Malaysia in 2009, 50% of indigenous people in Peninsular Malaysia were below the poverty line, compared to 3.8% in the country as a whole.<ref name="EIAIR"/> In addition to this high rate, the Statistics Department of Malaysia has classified 35.2% of the population as being "very poor".<ref name=":0"/> The majority of Orang Asli live in rural areas, while a minority have moved into urban areas. In 1991, the [[literacy rate]] for the Orang Asli was 43% compared to the national rate of 86% at that time.<ref name="health" /> They have an average [[life expectancy]] of 53 years (52 for male and 54 for female) against the national average of 73 years.<ref name=":0"/> The national [[infant mortality rate]] in Malaysia in 2010 was 8.9 children per 1,000 live births but among the Orang Asli the figure was at a maximum of 51.7 deaths per 1,000 births.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.emsc08.com/theorangasli.htm|publisher=University of Essex Malaysian Society Conference 2008|title=The Orang Asli of Peninsular Malaysia|access-date=22 February 2008|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080227014747/http://www.emsc08.com/theorangasli.htm|archive-date=27 February 2008|url-status=dead}}</ref>
The Malaysian Government has undertaken various measures to eradicate the poverty level among the Orang Asli, many of them have been relocated from their nomadic and semi-nomadic dwelling to a permanent housing estate under the relocation program initiated by the government.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.utusan.com.my/berita/wilayah/negeri-sembilan/kerajaan-sedia-rumah-moden-orang-asli-1.337160 |title=Kerajaan sedia rumah moden Orang Asli |author=Haradian Shah Hamdan |publisher=Utusan Melayu |date=1 June 2016 |access-date=2017-11-23}}</ref> These settlements are equipped with modern amenities including electricity, running water and school. They were also awarded plots of [[palm oil]] land to be cultivated and as a source of income.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.mstar.com.my/artikel/?file=/2009/10/5/mstar_manusia_peristiwa/20091005145920 |title=Pembalakan ancam kehidupan moden orang asli Sungai Rual |publisher=mStar |date=5 October 2009 |access-date=2017-11-23 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161021195944/http://www.mstar.com.my/artikel/?file=%2F2009%2F10%2F5%2Fmstar_manusia_peristiwa%2F20091005145920 |archive-date=21 October 2016 }}</ref> Other programmes initiated by the government includes various special scholarship for the Orang Asli children for their studies and entrepreneurship courses, training and monetary funds for Orang Asli adult.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.jakoa.gov.my/orang-asli/pendidikan/program-bantuan-pendidikan/ |title=Program Bantuan Pendidikan |publisher=JAKOA |access-date=2017-11-23}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.jakoa.gov.my/orang-awam/usahawan-orang-asli/ |title=Usahawan |publisher=JAKOA |access-date=2017-11-23}}</ref> The Malaysian Government aims to increase the monthly household income for Orang Asli from RM 1,200.00 per-month in 2010 to RM 2,500.00 by year 2015.{{cn|date=August 2022}}
{| class="wikitable" align=center
|+ align="bottom" style="caption-side: bottom; text-align: left; font-weight: normal;"| <sup>‡</sup> <small>Excluding those living in designated Orang Asli settlements which would amount to about 20,000 more people.</small>
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Changes in the distribution of Orang Asli by religion (according to JAKOA and the Department of Statistics of Malaysia):
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center"
|-
| || 1974 || 1980 || 1991 || 1997 || 2018
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==Languages==
[[File:Paganracesofmala01skea 0446.jpg|thumb|upright|A map showing the distribution of the indigenous Orang Asli of Malay Peninsula by language branch
Linguistically the Orang Asli divide into two groups: from the [[Austroasiatic languages]] and the [[Austronesian languages]] family.
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The second group that speaks [[Aboriginal Malay languages]], except [[Semelai language]] and [[Temoq language]], is very close to the standard [[Malay language]], which form part of the [[Austronesian languages|Austronesian]] language family. These include the [[Jakun language|Jakun]] and [[Temuan language|Temuan]] languages among others.<ref>{{cite web|publisher=Ethnologue|title=Aboriginal Malay language family tree|url=http://www.ethnologue.com/show_family.asp?subid=91240|access-date=12 February 2008}}</ref> [[Semelai people]] and [[Temoq people]] speak [[Austroasiatic languages]], with the latter are not distinguished in Malaysia as a separate people.<ref name=health/>
According to Geoffrey Benjamin,<ref name="TALOMAT">{{cite journal|url=http://www.elpublishing.org/docs/1/11/ldd11_06.pdf |title=The Aslian languages of Malaysia and Thailand: an assessment |author=Geoffrey Benjamin |editor=Stuart McGill & Peter K. Austin |journal=Language Documentation and Description |volume=11 |issue= |publisher=SOAS |date=2012 |issn=1740-6234 |doi= |access-date=2021-03-28 |pages=136–230}}</ref> a leading specialist in the study of [[Aslian languages]] and project ''Ethnologue: Languages of the World (20th edition, 2017)'' classifies the 18 Orang Asli tribes of [[Peninsular Malaysia]] linguistically as the following:
*[[Austroasiatic languages]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.ethnologue.com/subgroups/aslian |title=Aslian |author= |publisher=Ethnologue |date= |access-date=2021-03-28}}</ref>
**[[Mon-Khmer languages]]
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===First settlers===
[[File:NegritoToOthers003.gif|thumb|right|Location of Orang Asli groups, and the evolution and assimilation of settlers on the Malay Peninsula
The earliest traces of modern humans in the Malay Peninsula, archaeologists date back to a period of about 75,000 years ago.<ref name="MOP1-38"/> Next, a number of evidence of ancient people living in the north of the peninsula were left about 40,000 years ago.<ref name="HHATOAISA">{{cite web|author=A. S. Baer|title=Human History and the Orang Asli in Southeast Asia|url=https://ir.library.oregonstate.edu/concern/defaults/8336h325p?locale=en|publisher=Oregon State University, Corvallis |date=17 July 2017|access-date=2021-04-04}}</ref> The climate and geography of Southeast Asia at that time were vastly different from today. During the [[Ice age]] period, the sea level was much lower, the seabed between the islands of the [[Sunda Islands|Sunda archipelago]] was then land, and the Asian mainland extended to present-day [[Sumatra]], [[Java]], [[Bali]], [[Kalimantan]], [[Palawan]], forming the so-called [[Sundaland]].
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Evidence of early human occupation of the Peninsula includes prehistoric artefacts and cave paintings such as the [[Tambun rock art]], which is estimated to be around 2,000 to 12,000 years old. About 6,000–6,500 years ago, climatic conditions stabilised.<ref name="MOP1-38"/> This period is marked by the appearance of the Neolithic on the Malay Peninsula, which is associated with the archaeological culture of [[Hoabinhian|Hòa Bình]].<ref>{{cite book|author=David Bulbeck|editor=Kirk Endicott|title=Malaysia's Original People: Past, Present and Future of the Orang Asli|year=2015|contribution=The Neolithic Gap in the Southern Thai-Malay Peninsula and Its Implications for Orang Asli Prehistory|publisher=NUS Press|isbn=978-99-716-9861-4|pages=123–152}}</ref> New groups of people genetically related to the population of [[Thailand]], [[Cambodia]] and [[Vietnam]] arrived on the [[Malay Peninsula]] bringing new technologies, better tools, and ceramics. In the peninsula, [[slash-and-burn]] agriculture was commonly practiced. Traditionally, these migrants are associated with the ancestors of the [[Senoi]] people, but genetic studies suggest that the influx of new population was small, and migrants were mixed with locals.<ref name="MOP1-38"/><ref name="HHATOAISA"/>
According to [[Glottochronology]] data, speakers of [[Aslian languages]] appeared in the Malay Peninsula, dating from about 3,800 to 3,700 years ago.<ref name="TALOMAT"/> This is consistent with the peninsula ceramic tradition of [[Ban Kao]] from [[Central Thailand]]. During 2,
===Early history===
Some groups of the [[Austronesian peoples|Austronesian speakers]] began to arrive in the Malay Peninsula, probably from Kalimantan and Sumatra, in 1000
The Orang Asli kept to themselves until the first traders from [[India]] arrived in the first millennium of the [[Common
===The emergence of the Malays===
The development of the slave trade in the region was a powerful factor influencing the fate of the Orang Asli. The enslavement of [[Negrito]] tribes commenced as early as 724
[[File:Pagan races of the Malay Peninsula (1906) (14779130654).jpg|thumb|right|The Orang Asli of [[Hulu Langat]] in 1906
However, the relationship between the Malays and Orang Asli was not always hostile, as many other groups enjoyed peaceful and cordial relation with their Malay neighbours.<ref name="BOA"/> With the easement of mobility and contact between various groups of people, the walls that separated the myriad of historical Austroasiatic and Austronesian tribal communities who once dwelled across the peninsula were dismantled, being gradually drawn and integrated into the Malay society, [[Malayness|identity]], [[Malay language|language]], culture and belief system. These [[Malayisation|Malayised]] tribes and communities would later be part of the ancestors of present-day Malay people.{{cn|date=August 2022}}
The new situation prompted many Orang Asli to migrate further inland to avoid contact with outsiders. These other smaller, closely related tribes; often located further inland compared to their coastal Malayised cousins, managed to be spared from the Malayisation process due to their secluded geographical location and nomadic and semi-nomadic lifestyle, hence preserving and developing their own endemic language, customs and pagan rituals.<ref name="BOA">{{cite web|url=https://www.hmetro.com.my/utama/2017/07/247000/bermoyang-orang-asli |title=Bermoyang Orang Asli |author=Idris Musa |publisher=Harian Metro |date=23 July 2017 |access-date=2017-11-23}}</ref><ref name="BMKOAA">{{cite web|url=http://www.utusan.com.my/berita/nasional/bangsa-melayu-keturunan-orang-asli-asal-1.81424 |title=Bangsa Melayu keturunan Orang Asli Asal |publisher=Utusan Melayu |date=16 April 2015 |access-date=2017-11-23}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|author=Rahimah A. Hamid
===Colonial period===
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Realising the absurdity and flaws of their actions, the British administration changed tactics. Two administrative initiatives were introduced to highlight the importance of the Orang Asli, as well as to protect their identity. First, the [[Department of Aborigines]] was established in 1950, which was to take over the implementation of state policy towards the Orang Asli. Secondly, the British abandoned the "new villages" and began to create so-called "forts in the jungle", located within the traditional lands of indigenous communities. These reference points were provided with basic medical institutions, schools, and points of supply of basic consumer goods, designed for Orang Asli. Subsequently, the forts ceased their activities, and the Orang Asli began to create so-called exemplary settlements called Patterned Settlements.<ref>{{cite book|author=Bernadette P. Resurreccion & Rebecca Elmhirst|title=Gender and Natural Resource Management: Livelihoods, Mobility and Interventions|year=2012|publisher=Taylor & Francis|isbn=978-11-365-6504-5|page=123}}</ref> A number of Orang Asli communities have been relocated to these settlements, which are accessible to Aboriginal and Security Department officials and yet close to traditional indigenous ancestral lands. They promised to provide their residents with wooden houses on stilts, as well as modern amenities such as schools, hospitals and shops. They also had to grow commercial crops (rubber, palm oil) and practice animal husbandry in order to be able to participate in the monetary economy. This strategy was successful, and support for the rebels from the Orang Asli weakened.<ref>{{cite book|author=Roxana Waterson|title=Southeast Asian Lives: Personal Narratives and Historical Experience|year=2007|publisher=Ohio University Press|isbn=978-08-968-0250-6|page=215}}</ref>
Finally, an attempt was made to legislate to protect the indigenous population, the Aboriginal Peoples Ordinance resolution was enacted in 1954; which, with some modifications, still operates today. Thus, the circumstances of the State of Emergency had brought the Orang Asli out of isolation.<ref>{{cite book|author=Colin Nicholas
===Post-independence===
Malaysia declared independence in 1957. Shortly before the proclamation of independence, there were about 20,000 Muslims among the Orang Asli; after independence, most of them were recognised by the Malays.<ref name="LOTP"/> The rest continued to live in inland forest areas and adhere to their traditional way of life. They remained outside the country's development until the late 1970s, forming a specific marginalized population. A 1961 government policy was created to develop and integrate Orang Asli communities into the wider Malaysian society.<ref name="colin ni"/> The Malaysian government retained the [[Department of Aborigines]], but changed its name to the Malay, ''Jabatan Orang Asli'' (Department of Orang Asli, abbreviated JOA), later renaming it to ''Jabatan Hal Ehwal Orang Asli'' (Department of Orang Asli Affairs, abbreviated JHEOA), and finally since 2011, the ''Jabalan Kemajuan Orang Asli'' (Department of Orange Asli Development, abbreviated JAKOA). This procession of government bureaus existed to manage the Orang Asli communities, providing them with medical care, education, and economic development. The Aboriginal People Act 1954, which gave JHEOA broad powers to control the Orang Asli, also remained in force. State intervention in the life of the indigenous population during the years of independence intensified markedly and measures shifted from preservation of the Orang Asli to their full assimilation into Malay society.<ref name="TAPOPM">{{cite book|author=Govindran Jegatesen|title=The Aboriginal People of Peninsular Malaysia: From the Forest to the Urban Jungle|year=2019|publisher=Taylor & Francis|isbn=978-04-298-8452-8}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|author=A. H. M. Zehadul Karim|title=Traditionalism and Modernity: Issues and Perspectives in Sociology and Social Anthropology|year=2014|publisher=AuthorHouse|isbn=978-14-828-9140-9|page=51}}</ref>
In the late 1960s, the [[Malayan Communist Party]] resumed its armed struggle and began the so-called [[Second Malayan Emergency]] (
The 1980s were a turning point in the history of the Orang Asli. During this decade, the pace of economic development in Malaysia was the highest,<ref name="AHOOAS">{{cite journal|url=https://www.academia.edu/3739067 |title= A history of Orang Asli studies: Landmarks and generations |author=Lye Tuck-Po |journal=Kajian Malaysia |volume=29 |issue=Supp 1 |date=2011 |issn= |access-date=2021-04-07 |pages=23–52 }}</ref> as Malaysia began to experience a period of sustained growth characterised by modernisation, industrialisation, and land development, which resulted in seizure of Orang Asli land. Logging and the replacement of jungles with plantations have become widespread, further encroaching on traditional Orang Asli resources.<ref>{{cite book|author=|title=Country Reports on Human Rights Practices: Report Submitted to the Committee on Foreign Affairs, U.S. House of Representatives and Committee on Foreign Relations, U.S. Senate by the Department of State in Accordance with Sections 116(d) and 502B(b) of the Foreign Assistance Act of 1961, as Amended · Volume 1|year=2005|publisher=U.S. Government Printing Office|isbn=|page=911}}</ref>
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==Culture==
[[File:Orang Asli.jpg|thumb|right|An Orang Asli man and a boy, indoors
The way of life and management of certain groups of Orang Asli differs markedly. There are three main traditions that existed in the past, the nomadic [[hunter-gatherer]]s [[Semang]]s, the settled population engaged in [[slash-and-burn]] agriculture [[Senoi]]s, and settled farmers who additionally collect jungle produce for sale [[Proto-Malay]]s. Each of these traditions corresponds to a certain social structure of society.
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The rules governing marriage differ from one tribe to another Orang Asli. In Semangs, social structures are adapted to the nomadic way of life of hunter-gatherers. They are forbidden to marry and have intimate relations with blood or related relatives through marriage. These rules of exogamy require one to look for a spouse among distant groups, thus creating a wide network of social ties. The tradition of Senoi is associated with the practice of slash-and-burn agriculture. Their local groups are more stable than those of the Semangs, therefore the prohibition of marriages between relatives is not so strict, as a result, family ties are concentrated within a certain river valley. The Malay tradition is associated with a sedentary lifestyle, so Malays and Aboriginal Malays prefer to marry within a village or locality, and marriages between cousins are allowed. This practice of local endogamy strengthens people's commitment to their own economic system and keeps them from accepting other traditions. Such differences in views on the rules of marriage allowed for several thousand years to coexist side by side and not to intermarry with groups with very different economic complexities.
Traditional Orang Asli religions consist of complex systems of beliefs and worldviews that give these people the concept of the meaning of the world, the meaning of human life, and the moral code of conduct. Orang Asli is traditionally [[animism|animists]], where they believe in the presence of spirits in various objects.<ref name="adherents">{{cite web|
Traditional Orang Asli rituals are designed to maintain a harmonious relationship between humans and supernatural beings. They offer sacrifices to the spirits, praise and gratitude, ask permission to kill animals during hunting, cut down trees, plant cultivated plants, and ask for abundant harvests of wild fruits. More complex rituals are performed by [[bomoh|shamans]], many of whom have their own spiritual guides in the spirit world. Most of these people believe that spells can cure diseases or ensure success in any field of activity, usually with the help of supernatural beings. During those ritual sessions, the shaman falls into a [[trance]], and his soul goes to travel the worlds, looking for the lost souls of sick people, or meets with supernatural beings and asks them for help.
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==Status in society==
[[File:Indigenous people of Malaysia, Orang Asli.jpg|thumb|right|An Orang Asli woman and a child indoors
The Aboriginal Peoples Act is the only law that specifically applies to the Orang Asli.<ref name="OARPS">{{cite book|author=Colin Nicholas |title= Orang Asli: Right, Problems & Solutions |url=http://www.coac.org.my/dashboard/modules/cms/cms~file/6a54e49eb50bf6af44f31ab443fb82a2.pdf|publisher=Suruhanjaya Hak Asasi Manusia (SUHAKAM), Center for Orang Asli Concerns |date=2010 |isbn=978-983-2523-65-9 |access-date=2021-04-10}}</ref> It defines and describes in detail the terms and concepts for recognising the status of Orang Asli communities. Legally, Orang Asli is defined as members of an indigenous ethnic group who are of such origin or who have been admitted into the community by adoption, or they are children from mixed marriages with the indigenous, provided that they speak the indigenous language and follow the way of life, customs and beliefs of the indigenous people. Preservation of the traditional way of life involves the reservation of land for the Orang Asli. Legislation of such matters concerning the Orang Asli is the National Land Code 1965, Land Conservation Act 1960, Protection of Wildlife Act 1972, National Parks Act 1980, and most importantly the Aboriginal Peoples Act 1954. The Aboriginal Peoples Act 1954 provides for the setting up and establishment of the Orang Asli Reserve Land. However, the Act also includes the power according to the Director-General of the JHEOA to order Orang Asli out of such reserved land at its discretion, and award compensation to affected people, also at its discretion.<ref name=coacland>{{cite web|publisher=Center for Orang Asli Concerns|url=http://www.coac.org.my/codenavia/portals/coacv2/code/main/main_art.php?parentID=11400226426398&artID=11475792539604|title=The Law on Natural Resource Management|access-date=2 February 2008}}</ref> The state government may also revoke the reserve status of these lands at any time, and the Orang Asli will have to relocate, and even in the event of such relocation, the state government is not obliged to pay any compensation or allocate an alternative site to the affected Orang Asli victims. A landmark case on this matter is in the 2002 case of [[Sagong Tasi|''Sagong bin Tasi & Ors v Kerajaan Negeri Selangor'']]. The case was concerned with the state government using its powers conferred under the 1954 Act to evict Orang Asli from gazetted Orang Asli Reserve Land. The [[High Courts of Malaysia|High Court]] ruled in favour of Sagong Tasi, who represented the Orang Asli, and this decision was upheld by the [[Court of Appeal (Malaysia)|Court of Appeal]].<ref name="coacland" /> Nevertheless, customary land disputes between Orang Asli and the state government still occurs from time to time. In 2016, the Kelantan state government was sued due to a dispute over land by Orang Asli.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.malaysiakini.com/news/343518 |title=Temiar Orang Asli get day in court against Kelantan gov't |author=Alyaa Azhar |publisher=Malaysia Kini |date=30 May 2016 |access-date=2016-12-22}}</ref>
The department has broad powers, including controlling the entry of outsiders into the areas of Orang Asli settlements, the appointment and dismissal of village heads (''batins''), the ban on planting any specific plants on Orang Asli lands, the issuance of permits for deforestation, jungle harvesting produce, hunting in traditional areas of Orang Asli, as well as determining the conditions under which Orang Asli can be hired.<ref name="Nicholas"/> When appointing village elders, JAKOA focuses primarily on the candidate's knowledge of the Malay language and his ability to follow instructions. The final decision in all matters concerning the Orang Asli are decided by the authorized state official, the General Director of JAKOA.<ref name="OARPS"/> The department is the de facto "landowner" of the Orang Asli territories, it also shapes the general decisions of the communities, and essentially effectively keeps the Orang Asli in the status of its "children", acting as their state guardian infantilising them in ways not applied to the Malays or natives in [[Sabah]] and [[Sarawak]].<ref name="EIAIR"/>
[[File:Taman Negara (30509997143).jpg|thumb|A [[Batek people|Batek]] family in [[Kuala Tahan]], [[Pahang]]]]
While Malays have been considered a "native people" in Malaysia since colonial times, the Orang Asli, according to local notions, are communities of "primitive" people who never formed an "effective statehood"<ref name="EIAIR"/> and were dependent on the Malay state with political status determined by the practice of Islam, knowledge of the Malay language, and compliance with the norms of Malay society preferring that the Orang Asli "''masuk Melayu''" which is "to become a Malay."<ref name="EIAIR"/>The Malaysian state government does not recognise the Orang Asli as a "people" at all in the sense as defined in United Nations documents.<ref name="Nicholas"/> The Orang Asli's "nativeness" is their attempt to defend a broader political autonomy. Recently, some Orang Asli groups, with the support of volunteer lawyers, have made some progress in asserting their constitutional rights to customary lands and resources in the courts. They demanded compensation in accordance with the principles of common law and the international rights of indigenous peoples.<ref name="MOP1-38"/>
In the early 1970s, the government began to introduce [[Malaysian New Economic Policy|New Economic Policy (NEP)]], as part of which created a new class of people "''[[Bumiputera (Malaysia)|bumiputera]]''", "
{{quote box
{{quote box|align=right|width=33%|quote=the ''Orang Melayu'' or Malays have always been the definitive people of the Malay Peninsula. The aborigines were never accorded any such recognition nor did they claim such recognition. There was no known aborigine government or state. Above all, at no time did they outnumber the Malays. It is quite obvious that if today there were four million aborigines, the right of the Malays to regard the Malay Peninsula as their own country will be questioned by the world. But in fact, there are no more than a few thousand aborigines. |source=—[[Mahathir Mohamad]], Malaysia's fourth and seventh Prime Minister (1981) ''[[The Malay Dilemma]]'', pp. 126-127<ref name="TCITMW">{{cite book|editor=Geoffrey Benjamin|title=Tribal Communities in the Malay World|year=2003|publisher=Flipside Digital Content Company Inc.|isbn=98-145-1741-0}}</ref>}}▼
| align = right
| width = 33%
▲
| source = —[[Mahathir Mohamad]], Malaysia's fourth and seventh Prime Minister (1981) ''[[The Malay Dilemma]]'', pp. 126–127<ref name="TCITMW">{{cite book|editor=Geoffrey Benjamin|title=Tribal Communities in the Malay World|year=2003|publisher=Flipside Digital Content Company Inc.|isbn=98-145-1741-0}}</ref>
▲}}
Malaysia's fourth and seventh prime minister, [[Mahathir Mohamad]], made controversial remarks regarding the Orang Asli, saying that Orang Asli were not entitled more rights than Malays even though they were natives to the land, as posted on his blog comparing the Orang Asli in Malaysia to [[Native Americans in the United States]], [[Māori people|Māori]] in New Zealand, and [[Aboriginal Australians]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.malaysia-today.net/mahathir-justifies-asli-oppression/ |title=Mahathir Justifies Asli Oppression |author=Aurora |publisher=Malaysia Today |date=11 March 2011 |access-date=2017-11-23 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171201041939/http://www.malaysia-today.net/mahathir-justifies-asli-oppression/ |archive-date=1 December 2017 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.valuewalk.com/2014/05/mahathir-malay-claims-to-country-stronger-than-oran-asli/ |title=Mahathir: Malay Claims to Country Stronger Than Orang Asli |author=VWArticles |publisher=Value Walk |date=15 May 2014 |access-date=2017-11-23}}</ref> He was criticised by spokespeople and advocates for the Orang Asli who said that the Orang Asli desired to be recognised as the true natives of Malaysia and that his statement would expose their land to businessmen and loggers.<ref>{{cite news|title=Mahathir slammed for belittling Orang Asli|author=Karen Arukesamy|url=http://www.thesundaily.com/article.cfm?id=58804|newspaper=thesundaily (Sun2Surf)|date=15 March 2011|access-date=10 April 2011|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110317121532/http://www.thesundaily.com/article.cfm?id=58804|archive-date=17 March 2011|df=dmy-all}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://aippnet.org/mahathir-slammed-for-belittling-orang-asli/ |title=Mahathir slammed for belittling Orang Asli |author=Karen Arukesamy |publisher=Asia Indigenous Peoples Pact |date=15 May 2011 |access-date=2017-11-23 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191116145525/https://aippnet.org/mahathir-slammed-for-belittling-orang-asli/ |archive-date=16 November 2019 |url-status=dead }}</ref>
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==Modernisation==
[[File:Orangaslifirestarter.jpg|thumb|right|An Orang Asli in [[Taman Negara]] starting a fire using traditional method
Since independence in 1957, the Malaysian government has begun to develop comprehensive Orang Asli community development programmes. The first stage, designed for the period
In 1980, the state began creating Orang Asli settlements under the so-called ''Rancangan Pengumpulan Semula'' (RPS), a "regrouping scheme". There were established 17 RPS with 6 in the state of Perak, 7 in the state of Pahang, 3 in the state of Kelantan and 1 in the state of Johor;<ref name="SSDP">{{cite web |url=http://www.jakoa.gov.my/en/orang-asli/pembangunan-orang-asli/program-pembangunan-penempatan-tersusun/ |title=Structured Settlements Development Programme |publisher=JAKOA |date= |access-date=2021-04-12 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171115212053/http://www.jakoa.gov.my/en/orang-asli/pembangunan-orang-asli/program-pembangunan-penempatan-tersusun/ |archive-date=15 November 2017 }}</ref> totaling of 3,015 families that lived in them.<ref name="MOP1-38"/> The RPS scheme targeted remote and scattered settlements and was to organise Orang Asli agricultural activities as their main source of livelihood. Programmes for the introduction of commercial crops, such as rubber trees, oil palm, coconut palm, and fruit trees, were implemented. These programmes were implemented mainly by two government agencies, namely the [[Rubber Industry Smallholders Development Authority]] (RISDA) and the Federal Land Consolidation and Rehabilitation Authority ([[FELCRA Berhad]]).<ref name="TDOTOACIPM"/> Each family received up to ten acres of land as part of large plantations and two more acres for housing and homesteading. JHEOA provided people with tools, seedlings, herbicides and fertilisers for farming.<ref name="MOP1-38"/>
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==Socio-economic situation==
[[File:Malaysian Aboriginal People (6276485835).jpg|thumb|right|Malaysians, including Orang Asli, protesting against the Australian [[rare-earth]]s mining company [[Lynas]] from operating in [[Malaysia]]
''Jabatan Hal Ehwal Orang Asli'' (Department of Orang Asli Affairs, JHEOA), a government agency that was first set up in 1954 is entrusted to oversee the affairs of the Orang Asli under the Malaysian Ministry of Rural Development.<ref name="ipieca">{{cite web |url=http://www.ipieca.org/activities/biodiversity/downloads/workshops/feb_04/Session5/Abd_Hamid_JHEOA.pdf |title=Livelihood & Indigenous Community Issues |publisher=JHEOA |date=February 2004 |access-date=2017-11-23 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090227103955/http://www.ipieca.org/activities/biodiversity/downloads/workshops/feb_04/session5/abd_hamid_jheoa.pdf/ |archive-date=27 February 2009 }}</ref> Among its stated objectives are to eradicate poverty among the Orang Asli, improving their health, promoting education, and improving their general livelihood. There is a high incidence of poverty among the Orang Asli who belong to the poorest group of the Malaysian population. In 1997, 80% of all Orang Asli lived below the poverty line; extremely high compared to the national poverty rate of 8.5%.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.oocities.org/capitolhill/parliament/4990/CH4IND.htm |title=Chapter 4: Indigenous Peoples |access-date=2017-11-23 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200620205445/http://www.oocities.org/capitolhill/parliament/4990/CH4IND.htm |archive-date=20 June 2020 }} [http://www.geocities.com/CapitolHill/Parliament/4990/CH4IND.htm&date=2009-10-25+06:51:54 Alt URL]</ref> 50.9% of households, according to the [[United Nations Development Programme]] in 2007 lived in poverty, and 15.4% hardcore poverty living below the poverty line. These figures contrast sharply with the national figures of 7.5% and 1.4%, respectively.<ref name=":0"/> In 2010, according to the Department of Statistics Malaysia, 76.9% of the Orang Asli population remained below the poverty line, with 35.2% classified as living in hard-core poverty, compared to 1.4% nationally.<ref name=":0" />
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Due to the lack of proper education, Orang Asli cannot be competitive in society at large leading them into dependence upon JAKOA.<ref>{{cite book|contribution=Poverty and primary education of the Orang Asli children|title=Policies and Politics in Malaysian Education|author=Bemen Win Keong Wong & Kiky Kirina Abdillah|editor=Cynthia Joseph|url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/345586750|publisher=Routledge|date=2017|access-date=6 September 2021|isbn=978-1-3513-7733-1|page=55}}</ref>
Under the 1954 Aboriginal Peoples Act, the Malaysian government can "degazette" the land of the Orang Asli at any time, which has no obligation to give fair compensation. In 2013 the Malaysian state attempted to weaken this legislation, which would have cost the Orang Asli 645,000 hectares of their ancestral land. The Orang Asli are frequently targeted by the Malaysian state for conversion to Islam and assimilation by the bhumiputra. In the state of Kelantan, Malay Muslim men were paid 10,000 [[ringgit]], or about US$2,200
==Notable Orang Asli==
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==Further reading==
* {{Citation | editor=Benjamin, Geoffrey & Cynthia Chou | title=Tribal Communities in the Malay World: Historical, Social and Cultural Perspectives | date=2002 | publisher=Leiden: International Institute for Asian Studies (IIAS) / Singapore: Institute of Southeast Asian Studies (ISEAS) | page=490 | isbn=978-9-812-30167-3 }}
* {{cite book |author=Benjamin, Geoffrey |editor=Karl L. Hutterer
* {{cite book |author=Benjamin, Geoffrey |editor=Ooi Keat Gin |date=2013 |
* {{cite journal |author=Benjamin, Geoffrey |date=2013 |title=Why have the Peninsular "Negritos" remained distinct? |journal=Human Biology |volume=85 |issue=1–3 |pages=445–484 |doi= 10.3378/027.085.0321|pmid=24297237 |hdl=10220/24020 |s2cid=9918641 |issn=0018-7143|url=https://digitalcommons.wayne.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=2068&context=humbiol |hdl-access=free }}
* ''Orang Asli Now: The Orang Asli in the Malaysian Political World'', Roy Jumper ({{ISBN|0-7618-1441-8}}).
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==External links==
{{Commons category|Orang Asli}}▼
* [http://www.yos.org.my/ Malaysian Orang Asli Foundation]
▲{{Commons category|Orang Asli}}
{{Orang Asli}}
{{Ethnic groups in Malaysia}}
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