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{{EngvarB|date=September 2014}}{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2014}}
{{Infobox ethnic group
|group =
|image = [[File:Orang asli.jpg|300px]]
|caption = A group of Orang Asli from [[Malacca]] in [[folk costume]]
|flag =
|popplace = {{flag|Malaysia}}
|rels = [[Animism]], [[Christianity]], [[Islam]], [[Hinduism]]
|langs = {{ubl|[[Aslian languages]] ([[Austroasiatic languages|Austroasiatic]])|[[Aboriginal Malay languages]] ([[Austronesian languages|Austronesian]])}}
|related = {{ubl|[[Malay people|Peninsula Malays]]|[[Maniq people|Maniq]] of southern [[Thailand]]|
'''Orang Asli''' (''lit''. "native people", "original people", or "aboriginal people" in [[Malay language|Malay]]) are a [[Homogeneity and heterogeneity|heterogeneous]] [[Indigenous peoples|indigenous]] population forming a national minority in [[Malaysia]]. They are the oldest inhabitants of [[Peninsular Malaysia]].
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As of 2017, the Orang Asli accounted for 0.7% of the population of Peninsular Malaysia.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Indigenous World 2020: Malaysia - IWGIA - International Work Group for Indigenous Affairs |url=https://www.iwgia.org/en/malaysia/3605-iw-2020-malaysia.html |access-date=2022-07-23 |website=www.iwgia.org}}</ref> Although seldom mentioned in the country's demographics, the Orang Asli are a distinct group, alongside the [[Malaysian Malays|Malays]], [[Malaysian Chinese|Chinese]], [[Malaysian Indians|Indians]], and the [[Orang Asal|indigenous East Malaysians]] of [[Sabah]] and [[Sarawak]]. Their special status is enshrined in law.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Aboriginal Peoples Act 1954 (Revised 1974)|url=http://www.commonlii.org/my/legis/consol_act/apa19541974255/|access-date=2021-12-13|website=www.commonlii.org}}</ref> Orang Asli settlements are scattered among the mostly Malay population of the country, often in mountainous areas or the jungles of the rainforest.
While outsiders often perceive them as a single group, there are many distinctive groups and tribes, each with its own language, culture and customary land. Each group considers itself independent and different from the other communities. What mainly unites the Orang Asli is their distinctiveness from the three major ethnic groups of Peninsular Malaysia{{Who|date=April 2024}} and their historical sidelining in social, economic, and cultural matters.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Center for Orang Asli Concerns |url=http://coac.org.my/main.php?section=about&page=about_index |access-date=2022-07-23 |website=coac.org.my}}</ref> Like other indigenous peoples, Orang Asli strive to preserve their own distinctive culture and identity, which is linked by physical, economic, social, cultural, territorial, and spiritual ties to their immediate natural environment.<ref name="TOAOPM">{{cite web|url=http://www.magickriver.net/oa.htm |title=The Orang Asli of Peninsula Malaysia |author=Colin Nicholas |publisher=Magick River |date=1997 |access-date=2016-12-22}}</ref><ref name="auto">{{cite web|title=Malaysia - Orang Asli|url=http://minorityrights.org/minorities/orang-asli/|website=Minority Rights Group International|date=19 June 2015 |access-date=5 January 2017}}</ref>
==Terminology==
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* [[Negrito]] (or [[Semang]]), generally located in the northern portion of the peninsula, were short dark-skinned nomadic [[hunter-gatherers]] with Asiatic facial features and tightly curly hair.
* [[Senoi]] (or Sakai), residing in the central region, were wavy-haired people taller than the Negrito, engaged in [[slash-and-burn]] agriculture, and periodically changed their place of residence.
* [[Proto-Malay]] (or Aboriginal Malay), living in the southern region, were settled farmers,
This division does not claim to be scientific and has many shortcomings.<ref name="DTRARPS" /> The boundaries between the groups are not fixed, and merge into each other, and the Orang Asli themselves use names associated with their specific area or by a local term meaning 'human being'.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=
Semang are part of the earliest modern human migration that arrived Peninsular Malaysia 50 to 60 thousand years ago, while Senoi are part of Austroasiatic population that arrived Peninsular Malaysia 10 to 30 thousand⁸ year ago.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Norhalifah |first1=Hanim Kamis |last2=Syaza |first2=Fatnin Hisham |last3=Chambers |first3=Geoffrey Keith |last4=Edinur |first4=Hisham Atan |date=July 2016 |title=The genetic history of Peninsular Malaysia |url=https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0378111916302566 |journal=Gene |language=en |volume=586 |issue=1 |pages=129–135 |doi=10.1016/j.gene.2016.04.008|pmid=27060406 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Hoh |first1=Boon-Peng |last2=Deng |first2=Lian |last3=Xu |first3=Shuhua |date=2022-01-27 |title=The Peopling and Migration History of the Natives in Peninsular Malaysia and Borneo: A Glimpse on the Studies Over the Past 100 years |journal=Frontiers in Genetics |volume=13 |page=767018 |doi=10.3389/fgene.2022.767018 |issn=1664-8021 |pmc=8829068 |pmid=35154269 |doi-access=free }}</ref> Some earlier hypotheses pointed out the Semang and Senoi as descendants of the [[Hoabinhian]] people,<ref>{{Cite journal |last=
The Proto-Malays, who speak [[Austronesian languages]], migrated to the area between 2000 and 1500 BCE during the [[Austronesian expansion]]. Along with the [[ethnic Malay]]s, they originated from the seaborne migration of the [[Austronesian peoples]], ultimately from [[Aboriginal Taiwanese|Taiwan]]. It is believed that Proto-Malays were the first wave of [[Proto-Malayo-Polynesian]] speakers that settled Borneo and the western [[Sunda Islands]] initially, but didn't penetrate [[Peninsula Malaysia]] due to preexisting populations of Austroasiatic speakers. Later Austronesian migrations from either western Borneo or Sumatra, settled the coastal areas of Peninsular Malaysia became the modern [[Malayic]]-speaking populations ("Deutero-Malays").<ref>{{Cite journal |last=
The Proto-Malays were originally considered [[Malays (ethnic group)|ethnic Malay]], but reclassified arbitrarily as part of Orang Asli by the British colonial authorities due to the similarity of their socio-economic and lifestyles with the [[Senoi]] and [[Semang]]. There are various degrees of admixture within all three groups. Only over time did indigenous peoples begin to identify themselves under the common name "Orang Asli" as a marker of collective identity as natives, distinct from the predominant ethnic groups more recently arrived to the peninsula.<ref>{{Cite journal |title=The Orang Asli of West Malaysia: An Update |author=Shuichi Nagata et Csilla Dallos |journal=Moussons |url=https://journals.openedition.org/moussons/3468 |date=April 2001 |issue=4 |pages=97–112 |access-date=2023-08-04 |publisher=Open Edition Journals|doi=10.4000/moussons.3468 |doi-access=free }}</ref> Orang Asli seldom associate themselves with the categories of "Negrito", "Senoi" and "Aboriginal Malays".<ref name="MOP1-38">{{cite book|author=Kirk Endicott|title=Malaysia's Original People: Past, Present and Future of the Orang Asli|year=2015|publisher=[[NUS Press]]|isbn=978-99-716-9861-4|pages=1–38|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=geXsCgAAQBAJ}}</ref><ref name="LOTP">{{cite book|author=Nobuta Toshihiro|title=Living On The Periphery: Development and Islamization Among the Orang Asli in Malaysia|year=2009|url=http://www.coac.org.my/dashboard/modules/cms/cms~file/93c38c2f6837049ec87607013c0c5404.pdf|publisher=Center for Orang Asli Concerns, Subang Jaya, Malaysia, 2009|isbn=978-983-43248-4-1|access-date=2021-02-09}}</ref>
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The term "Senoi" comes from the words sen-oi and seng-oi, which means "people" in [[Semai language]] and [[Temiar language]], respectively.<ref name=":0"/>
The traditional economy of the Senoi people was based on jungle resources, where they would engage in hunting, fishing, foraging and logging. In contact with the Malay and Siamese states, the Senoi people were involved in trading and were the main suppliers of jungle produce in the region. Now most of them work in the agricultural sector and have their own farms to grow rubber, oil palm, or cocoa.<ref name="Nicholas"/><ref>{{cite web|author=Rohaida
In the daily life of the Senoi people, the norms of [[customary law]]s are observed. Since the days of the colonial era, missionaries of world religions have been active among these jungle dwellers. Now some people among the tribes are adherents of [[Islam]], [[Christianity]], or [[Baháʼí Faith]].<ref>{{cite book|author=Barbara A. West|title=Encyclopedia of the Peoples of Asia and Oceania: M to Z|year=2009|publisher=Facts On File|isbn=978-0816071098|page=723}}</ref>
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==Demography==
Malays make up just over 50% of Malaysia's population, followed by [[Malaysian Chinese|Chinese]] (24%), [[Malaysian Indians|Indians]] (7%) and the [[Orang Asal|indigenous of Sabah and Sarawak]] (11%), while the remaining of Orang Asli is only 0.7%.<ref name="EIAIR">{{cite journal|url=https://lr.law.qut.edu.au/article/view/562/563 |title=Ethnicity, Indigeneity And Indigenous Rights: The 'Orang Asli' Experience |author=Yogeswaran Subramaniam |journal=QUT Law Review |volume=15 |issue=1 |date=2015 |issn=2205-0507 |doi=10.5204/qutlr.v15i1.562 |access-date=2021-03-28 |pages=71–91|doi-access=free }}</ref> Their population is approximately 148,000.<ref name="OIAC"/> The largest group are the Senois, constituting about 54% of the total Orang Asli population. The Proto-Malays form 43%, and the Semang forming 3%.<ref name="OIAC"/> Thailand is home to roughly 600 Orang Asli, divided between ''Mani people'' with Thai citizenship, and 300 others in the deep south.<ref>{{cite web|author=Pranthong Jitcharoenkul|title=Indigenous people in Thailand's Deep South adapt to new lifestyle|url=https://www.thejakartapost.com/life/2018/04/08/indigenous-people-in-thailands-deep-south-adapt-to-new-lifestyle.html|publisher=The Jakarta Post |date=8 April 2018|access-date=2021-03-28}}</ref> At the same time, the number of Orang Asli has been growing steadily for many years. Between 1947 and 1997, the average growth rate averaged at 4% per year. This is largely due to the overall improvement in the quality of life of indigenous people.<ref>{{cite book|editor=Azizul Hassan
Population of the Orang Asli:
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===The emergence of the Malays===
The development of the slave trade in the region was a powerful factor influencing the fate of the Orang Asli. The enslavement of [[Negrito]] tribes commenced as early as 724 CE, during the early contact of the Malay [[Srivijaya]] empire. [[Negrito]] pygmies from the southern jungles were enslaved, with some being exploited until modern times.<ref>{{cite book|title=Archives of the Chinese Art Society of America|volume=17-19|publisher=[[Chinese Art Society of America]]|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=y0ExAQAAIAAJ|year=1963|page=55}}</ref> Because Islam prohibited taking Muslims as slaves,
[[File:Pagan races of the Malay Peninsula (1906) (14779130654).jpg|thumb|right|The Orang Asli of [[Hulu Langat]] in 1906]]
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However, the relationship between the Malays and Orang Asli was not always hostile, as many other groups enjoyed peaceful and cordial relation with their Malay neighbours.<ref name="BOA"/> With the easement of mobility and contact between various groups of people, the walls that separated the myriad of historical Austroasiatic and Austronesian tribal communities who once dwelled across the peninsula were dismantled, being gradually drawn and integrated into the Malay society, [[Malayness|identity]], [[Malay language|language]], culture and belief system. These [[Malayisation|Malayised]] tribes and communities would later be part of the ancestors of present-day Malay people.{{cn|date=August 2022}}
The new situation prompted many Orang Asli to migrate further inland to avoid contact with outsiders. These other smaller, closely related tribes; often located further inland compared to their coastal Malayised cousins, managed to be spared from the Malayisation process due to their secluded geographical location and nomadic and semi-nomadic lifestyle, hence preserving and developing their own endemic language, customs and pagan rituals.<ref name="BOA">{{cite web|url=https://www.hmetro.com.my/utama/2017/07/247000/bermoyang-orang-asli |title=Bermoyang Orang Asli |author=Idris Musa |publisher=Harian Metro |date=23 July 2017 |access-date=2017-11-23}}</ref><ref name="BMKOAA">{{cite web|url=http://www.utusan.com.my/berita/nasional/bangsa-melayu-keturunan-orang-asli-asal-1.81424 |title=Bangsa Melayu keturunan Orang Asli Asal |publisher=Utusan Melayu |date=16 April 2015 |access-date=2017-11-23}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|author=Rahimah A. Hamid
===Colonial period===
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Realising the absurdity and flaws of their actions, the British administration changed tactics. Two administrative initiatives were introduced to highlight the importance of the Orang Asli, as well as to protect their identity. First, the [[Department of Aborigines]] was established in 1950, which was to take over the implementation of state policy towards the Orang Asli. Secondly, the British abandoned the "new villages" and began to create so-called "forts in the jungle", located within the traditional lands of indigenous communities. These reference points were provided with basic medical institutions, schools, and points of supply of basic consumer goods, designed for Orang Asli. Subsequently, the forts ceased their activities, and the Orang Asli began to create so-called exemplary settlements called Patterned Settlements.<ref>{{cite book|author=Bernadette P. Resurreccion & Rebecca Elmhirst|title=Gender and Natural Resource Management: Livelihoods, Mobility and Interventions|year=2012|publisher=Taylor & Francis|isbn=978-11-365-6504-5|page=123}}</ref> A number of Orang Asli communities have been relocated to these settlements, which are accessible to Aboriginal and Security Department officials and yet close to traditional indigenous ancestral lands. They promised to provide their residents with wooden houses on stilts, as well as modern amenities such as schools, hospitals and shops. They also had to grow commercial crops (rubber, palm oil) and practice animal husbandry in order to be able to participate in the monetary economy. This strategy was successful, and support for the rebels from the Orang Asli weakened.<ref>{{cite book|author=Roxana Waterson|title=Southeast Asian Lives: Personal Narratives and Historical Experience|year=2007|publisher=Ohio University Press|isbn=978-08-968-0250-6|page=215}}</ref>
Finally, an attempt was made to legislate to protect the indigenous population, the Aboriginal Peoples Ordinance resolution was enacted in 1954; which, with some modifications, still operates today. Thus, the circumstances of the State of Emergency had brought the Orang Asli out of isolation.<ref>{{cite book|author=Colin Nicholas
===Post-independence===
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The rules governing marriage differ from one tribe to another Orang Asli. In Semangs, social structures are adapted to the nomadic way of life of hunter-gatherers. They are forbidden to marry and have intimate relations with blood or related relatives through marriage. These rules of exogamy require one to look for a spouse among distant groups, thus creating a wide network of social ties. The tradition of Senoi is associated with the practice of slash-and-burn agriculture. Their local groups are more stable than those of the Semangs, therefore the prohibition of marriages between relatives is not so strict, as a result, family ties are concentrated within a certain river valley. The Malay tradition is associated with a sedentary lifestyle, so Malays and Aboriginal Malays prefer to marry within a village or locality, and marriages between cousins are allowed. This practice of local endogamy strengthens people's commitment to their own economic system and keeps them from accepting other traditions. Such differences in views on the rules of marriage allowed for several thousand years to coexist side by side and not to intermarry with groups with very different economic complexities.
Traditional Orang Asli religions consist of complex systems of beliefs and worldviews that give these people the concept of the meaning of the world, the meaning of human life, and the moral code of conduct. Orang Asli is traditionally [[animism|animists]], where they believe in the presence of spirits in various objects.<ref name="adherents">{{cite web|
Traditional Orang Asli rituals are designed to maintain a harmonious relationship between humans and supernatural beings. They offer sacrifices to the spirits, praise and gratitude, ask permission to kill animals during hunting, cut down trees, plant cultivated plants, and ask for abundant harvests of wild fruits. More complex rituals are performed by [[bomoh|shamans]], many of whom have their own spiritual guides in the spirit world. Most of these people believe that spells can cure diseases or ensure success in any field of activity, usually with the help of supernatural beings. During those ritual sessions, the shaman falls into a [[trance]], and his soul goes to travel the worlds, looking for the lost souls of sick people, or meets with supernatural beings and asks them for help.
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The Aboriginal Peoples Act is the only law that specifically applies to the Orang Asli.<ref name="OARPS">{{cite book|author=Colin Nicholas |title= Orang Asli: Right, Problems & Solutions |url=http://www.coac.org.my/dashboard/modules/cms/cms~file/6a54e49eb50bf6af44f31ab443fb82a2.pdf|publisher=Suruhanjaya Hak Asasi Manusia (SUHAKAM), Center for Orang Asli Concerns |date=2010 |isbn=978-983-2523-65-9 |access-date=2021-04-10}}</ref> It defines and describes in detail the terms and concepts for recognising the status of Orang Asli communities. Legally, Orang Asli is defined as members of an indigenous ethnic group who are of such origin or who have been admitted into the community by adoption, or they are children from mixed marriages with the indigenous, provided that they speak the indigenous language and follow the way of life, customs and beliefs of the indigenous people. Preservation of the traditional way of life involves the reservation of land for the Orang Asli. Legislation of such matters concerning the Orang Asli is the National Land Code 1965, Land Conservation Act 1960, Protection of Wildlife Act 1972, National Parks Act 1980, and most importantly the Aboriginal Peoples Act 1954. The Aboriginal Peoples Act 1954 provides for the setting up and establishment of the Orang Asli Reserve Land. However, the Act also includes the power according to the Director-General of the JHEOA to order Orang Asli out of such reserved land at its discretion, and award compensation to affected people, also at its discretion.<ref name=coacland>{{cite web|publisher=Center for Orang Asli Concerns|url=http://www.coac.org.my/codenavia/portals/coacv2/code/main/main_art.php?parentID=11400226426398&artID=11475792539604|title=The Law on Natural Resource Management|access-date=2 February 2008}}</ref> The state government may also revoke the reserve status of these lands at any time, and the Orang Asli will have to relocate, and even in the event of such relocation, the state government is not obliged to pay any compensation or allocate an alternative site to the affected Orang Asli victims. A landmark case on this matter is in the 2002 case of [[Sagong Tasi|''Sagong bin Tasi & Ors v Kerajaan Negeri Selangor'']]. The case was concerned with the state government using its powers conferred under the 1954 Act to evict Orang Asli from gazetted Orang Asli Reserve Land. The [[High Courts of Malaysia|High Court]] ruled in favour of Sagong Tasi, who represented the Orang Asli, and this decision was upheld by the [[Court of Appeal (Malaysia)|Court of Appeal]].<ref name="coacland" /> Nevertheless, customary land disputes between Orang Asli and the state government still occurs from time to time. In 2016, the Kelantan state government was sued due to a dispute over land by Orang Asli.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.malaysiakini.com/news/343518 |title=Temiar Orang Asli get day in court against Kelantan gov't |author=Alyaa Azhar |publisher=Malaysia Kini |date=30 May 2016 |access-date=2016-12-22}}</ref>
The department has broad powers, including controlling the entry of outsiders into the areas of Orang Asli settlements, the appointment and dismissal of village heads (''batins''), the ban on planting any specific plants on Orang Asli lands, the issuance of permits for deforestation, jungle harvesting produce, hunting in traditional areas of Orang Asli, as well as determining the conditions under which Orang Asli can be hired.<ref name="Nicholas"/> When appointing village elders, JAKOA focuses primarily on the candidate's knowledge of the Malay language and his ability to follow instructions. The final decision in all matters concerning the Orang Asli are decided by the authorized state official, the General Director of JAKOA.<ref name="OARPS"/> The department is the de facto "landowner" of the Orang Asli territories, it also shapes the general decisions of the communities, and essentially effectively keeps the Orang Asli in the status of its "children", acting as their state guardian infantilising them in ways not applied to the Malays or natives in [[Sabah]] and [[Sarawak]].<ref name="EIAIR"/>
[[File:Taman Negara (30509997143).jpg|thumb|A [[Batek people|Batek]] family in [[Kuala Tahan]], [[Pahang]]]]
While Malays have been considered a "native people" in Malaysia since colonial times, the Orang Asli, according to local notions, are communities of "primitive" people who never formed an "effective statehood"<ref name="EIAIR"/> and were dependent on the Malay state with political status determined by the practice of Islam, knowledge of the Malay language, and compliance with the norms of Malay society preferring that the Orang Asli "''masuk Melayu''" which is "to become a Malay."<ref name="EIAIR"/>The Malaysian state government does not recognise the Orang Asli as a "people" at all in the sense as defined in United Nations documents.<ref name="Nicholas"/> The Orang Asli's "nativeness" is their attempt to defend a broader political autonomy. Recently, some Orang Asli groups, with the support of volunteer lawyers, have made some progress in asserting their constitutional rights to customary lands and resources in the courts. They demanded compensation in accordance with the principles of common law and the international rights of indigenous peoples.<ref name="MOP1-38"/>
In the early 1970s, the government began to introduce [[Malaysian New Economic Policy|New Economic Policy (NEP)]], as part of which created a new class of people "''[[Bumiputera (Malaysia)|bumiputera]]''", "
{{quote box
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==Modernisation==
[[File:Orangaslifirestarter.jpg|thumb|right|An Orang Asli in [[Taman Negara]] starting a fire using traditional method]]
Since independence in 1957, the Malaysian government has begun to develop comprehensive Orang Asli community development programmes. The first stage, designed for the period
In 1980, the state began creating Orang Asli settlements under the so-called ''Rancangan Pengumpulan Semula'' (RPS), a "regrouping scheme". There were established 17 RPS with 6 in the state of Perak, 7 in the state of Pahang, 3 in the state of Kelantan and 1 in the state of Johor;<ref name="SSDP">{{cite web |url=http://www.jakoa.gov.my/en/orang-asli/pembangunan-orang-asli/program-pembangunan-penempatan-tersusun/ |title=Structured Settlements Development Programme |publisher=JAKOA |date= |access-date=2021-04-12 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171115212053/http://www.jakoa.gov.my/en/orang-asli/pembangunan-orang-asli/program-pembangunan-penempatan-tersusun/ |archive-date=15 November 2017 }}</ref> totaling of 3,015 families that lived in them.<ref name="MOP1-38"/> The RPS scheme targeted remote and scattered settlements and was to organise Orang Asli agricultural activities as their main source of livelihood. Programmes for the introduction of commercial crops, such as rubber trees, oil palm, coconut palm, and fruit trees, were implemented. These programmes were implemented mainly by two government agencies, namely the [[Rubber Industry Smallholders Development Authority]] (RISDA) and the Federal Land Consolidation and Rehabilitation Authority ([[FELCRA Berhad]]).<ref name="TDOTOACIPM"/> Each family received up to ten acres of land as part of large plantations and two more acres for housing and homesteading. JHEOA provided people with tools, seedlings, herbicides and fertilisers for farming.<ref name="MOP1-38"/>
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==Further reading==
* {{Citation | editor=Benjamin, Geoffrey & Cynthia Chou | title=Tribal Communities in the Malay World: Historical, Social and Cultural Perspectives | date=2002 | publisher=Leiden: International Institute for Asian Studies (IIAS) / Singapore: Institute of Southeast Asian Studies (ISEAS) | page=490 | isbn=978-9-812-30167-3 }}
* {{cite book |author=Benjamin, Geoffrey |editor=Karl L. Hutterer
* {{cite book |author=Benjamin, Geoffrey |editor=Ooi Keat Gin |date=2013 |
* {{cite journal |author=Benjamin, Geoffrey |date=2013 |title=Why have the Peninsular "Negritos" remained distinct? |journal=Human Biology |volume=85 |issue=1–3 |pages=445–484 |doi= 10.3378/027.085.0321|pmid=24297237 |hdl=10220/24020 |s2cid=9918641 |issn=0018-7143|url=https://digitalcommons.wayne.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=2068&context=humbiol |hdl-access=free }}
* ''Orang Asli Now: The Orang Asli in the Malaysian Political World'', Roy Jumper ({{ISBN|0-7618-1441-8}}).
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==External links==
{{Commons category|Orang Asli}}▼
* [http://www.yos.org.my/ Malaysian Orang Asli Foundation]
▲{{Commons category|Orang Asli}}
{{Orang Asli}}
{{Ethnic groups in Malaysia}}
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