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{{Short description|Town near the north coast of ancient Euboea}}
[[File:Euboia Histiaia 2 BMC61 1.xcf|alt=Silver tetrobol from Euboia, Histiaia|thumb|299x299px|Silver tetrobol from Euboia, Histaia. Wreathed head of the Nymph Histiaia right; [IΣTI] - AEIΩN, Nymph Histiaia seated right on stern of galley, ornamented with wing, holding naval standard; AP monogram and labrys in exergue; BMC 61; BCD 391]]
{{Coin image box 1 double
| header =
| image = Image:AR tetrobol from Histiaea.jpg
| caption_left = '''[[Obverse and reverse|O:]]''' [[Maenad]] with wine-wreath
| caption_right = '''[[Obverse and reverse|R:]]''' [[nymph]] [[Histiaea (mythology)|Histiaea]] seated on [[stern]] of [[galley]]
IΣTI / AIEΩN
| width = 300
| footer = [[Silver]] [[obol (coin)|tetrobol]]. This coin is probably a Roman imitation of an Histiaean issue struck in [[Macedonia (ancient kingdom)|Macedonia]] during the Roman's [[Third Macedonian War|military campaign]] circa 168 BC.
| position = right
| margin = 4
}}
'''Oreus''' or '''Oreos''' ({{lang-grc|Ὠρεός|Ōreos}}), prior to the 5th century BC called '''Histiaea''' or '''Histiaia''' (Ἱστίαια), also '''Hestiaea''' or '''Hestiaia''' (Ἑστίαια), was a town near the north coast of [[ancient Euboea]], situated upon the river [[Callas (river)|Callas]], at the foot of [[Mount Telethrium]], and opposite [[Antron]] on the [[ancient Thessaly|Thessalian]] coast. From this town the whole northern extremity of Euboea was named [[Histiaeotis (Euboea)|Histiaeotis]] (Ἱστιαιῶτις, {{Lang-grc-x-ionic|Ἱστιαιῆτις}}<ref name=Herodotus>{{Cite Herodotus|7.23}}</ref>) According to some it was a colony from the [[ancient Attica|Attic]] [[deme]] of [[Hestiaea (Attica)|Histiaea]];<ref>{{Cite Strabo|x. p.445}}</ref> according to others it was founded by the Thessalian [[Perrhaebi]].<ref>''Scymn. Ch.'' 578.</ref> Another foundation story had it that the name Histiaea is said to derive from the mythical figure [[Histiaea (mythology)|Histiaea]], the daughter of [[Hyrieus]].<ref>[[Eustathius of Thessalonica]] on [[Homer]], p. 280</ref><ref>Women of classical mythology: a biographical dictionary By Robert E. Bell Page 247 (1993)</ref> It was one of the most ancient of the Euboean cities. It occurs in the [[Catalogue of Ships]] in the ''[[Iliad]]'', where [[Homer]] gives it the epithet of πολυστάφυλος (rich in grapes);<ref>{{Cite Iliad|2.537}}</ref> and the ''[[Periplus of Pseudo-Scylax]]'' mentions it as one of the four cities of Euboea.<ref>''[[Periplus of Pseudo-Scylax]]'' 22</ref> It was an important city in [[classical antiquity]] due to its strategic location at the entrance of the [[North Euboean Gulf]], in the middle of a large and fertile plain.<ref name=princeton>[https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0006%3Aentry%3Dhistiaia HISTIAIA (Orei) Euboia, Greece], entry in The Princeton Encyclopedia of Classical Sites.</ref>
After the [[Battle of Artemisium]] (480 BC), when the Grecian fleet sailed southwards, Histiaea was occupied by the [[ancient Persia|Persians]].<ref name=Herodotus/> Upon the expulsion of the Persians from Greece, Histiaea, with the other Euboean towns, became subject to Attica. In the revolt of Euboea from [[ancient Athens|Athens]] in 446 BC, we may conclude that Histiaea took a prominent part, since [[Pericles]], upon the reduction of the island, expelled the inhabitants from the city, and peopled it with 2000 Athenian colonists. The expelled Histiaeans were said by [[Theopompus]] to have withdrawn to [[ancient Macedon|Macedonia]], or by [[Strabo]] to Thessaly thence they transferred the name [[Histiaeotis]].<ref>{{Cite Thucydides|1.114}}</ref><ref>{{Cite Diodorus|12.7, 22}}</ref><ref>[[Plutarch]] ''Per.'' 23; Theopomp. ''ap.'' {{Cite Strabo|x. p. 445}}</ref><ref>{{Cite Strabo|9.5.17}}</ref> From this time we find the name of the town changed to Oreus, which was originally a deme dependent upon Histiaea.<ref>{{Cite Pausanias|7|26|4}}</ref> It is true that [[Thucydides]] upon one occasion subsequently calls the town by its ancient name;<ref>{{Cite Thucydides|7.57}}</ref> but he speaks of it as Oreus, in relating the second revolt of Euboea in 411 BC, where he says that it was the only town in the island that remained faithful to Athens.<ref>{{Cite Thucydides|8.95}}</ref> Its territory was called '''Oria''' (Ὡρία).<ref>{{Cite Strabo|x. 445}}</ref>
{{See also|Oreoi}}▼
At the end of the [[Peloponnesian War]], Oreus became subject to [[ancient Sparta|Sparta]]; the Athenian colonists were doubtless expelled, and a portion at least of its ancient inhabitants restored; and accordingly we read that this town remained faithful to Sparta and cherished a lasting hatred against Athens.<ref name=Diodorus>{{Cite Diodorus|15.30}}</ref> Neogenes, supported by [[Jason of Pherae]], made himself [[tyrant]] of Oreus for a time; but he was expelled by Therippidas, the Lacedaemonian commander; and the Athenian [[Chabrias]] endeavoured in vain to obtain possession of the town.<ref name=Diodorus/> But shortly afterwards, before the [[Battle of Leuctra]], Oreus revolted from Sparta.<ref>{{Cite Hellenica|5.4.56}}</ref> [[Demosthenes]] describes the conquest of Oreus by [[Philip II of Macedon]] in his 341 BC ''[[Third Philippic]]'': in the war between Philip and the Athenians, a party in Oreus was friendly to Philip; and by the aid of this monarch Philistides became tyrant of the city;<ref>Dem. ''Phil.'' iii. pp. 119, 127, ''de Cor.'' p. 248.</ref> but the Athenians, at the instigation of Demosthenes, sent an expedition against Oreus, which expelled Philistides, and, according to Charax, put him to death.<ref>Dem. ''de Cor.'' p. 252; Charax, ''ap.'' {{Cite Stephanus|''s.v.'' Ὠρέος}}</ref>
In consequence of its geographical position and its fortifications, Oreus became an important place in the subsequent wars. In the contest between [[Antigonus I Monophthalmus]] and [[Cassander]] it was besieged by the latter, who was, however, obliged to retire upon the approach of [[Ptolemy (general)|Ptolemy]], the general of Antigonus.<ref>{{Cite Diodorus|19.75, 77}}</ref> In the [[First Macedonian War]] between the [[ancient Rome|Romans]] and [[Philip V of Macedon]], it was betrayed to the former by the commander of the Macedonian garrison in 207 BC.<ref name="auto">{{Cite Livy|28.6}}</ref> In the [[Second Macedonian War]] it was taken by the Romans by assault in 200 BC.<ref>{{Cite Livy|31.46}}</ref> Soon afterwards, in 196 BC, it was declared free by [[Titus Quinctius Flamininus]] along with the other Grecian states.<ref>{{Cite Polybius|18.28, 30}}</ref><ref>{{Cite Livy|33.31, 34}}</ref> [[Pliny the Elder]] mentions it among the cities of Euboea no longer existent in his time {{circa|77 CE}},<ref>{{Cite Pliny|4.21.21}}</ref> but it still occurs in the lists of [[Ptolemy]] writing in the second century CE, under the corrupt form of Σωρεός - '''Soreus''' or '''Soreos'''.<ref>{{Cite Ptolemy|3.15.25}}</ref>
[[Category:Ancient Greek cities]]▼
[[Category:Former populated places in Greece]]▼
[[Strabo]] says that Oreus was situated upon a lofty hill named [[Drymus (Euboea)|Drymus]].<ref>{{Cite Strabo|x. p. 445}}</ref> [[Livy]] describes it as having two citadels, one overhanging the sea and the other in the middle of the city.<ref name="auto"/>
The present towns [[Oreoi]] and [[Istiaia]] in northern Euboea were named after this city. The city is the title of a [[titular see]] of the [[Roman Catholic Church]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.catholic-hierarchy.org/diocese/d2o23.html|title=Oreus (Titular See) [Catholic-Hierarchy]|website=www.catholic-hierarchy.org}}</ref> Its site is located near the kastro of the modern village of Oreoi.<ref>{{Cite DARE|22749}}</ref><ref>{{Cite Barrington|55}}</ref>
==References==
{{reflist}}
{{DGRG|title=Oreus}}
{{coord|38.946604|N|23.090527|E|format=dms|display=title|source:http://dare.ht.lu.se/places/22749.html}}
[[Category:Populated places in ancient Euboea]]
▲[[Category:Former populated places in Greece]]
[[Category:Locations in the Iliad]]
[[Category:Athenian colonies]]
[[Category:Catholic titular sees in Europe]]
[[Category:Istiaia-Aidipsos]]
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